Philosophy

Philosophy is understood as a great desire for a particular object while wisdom

is understood as a correct application of knowledge. It is the strong desire of a
person to possess knowledge and apply it correctly.

Traditionally philosophy is defined as a science that studies the ultimate causes of

beings through reason

Philosophy is born in curiosity=ask questions

-Ordinary questions: are concrete, we ask them to secure knowledge as a means
to some other end.
-Philosophical questions: require deep thought. They do not always have answers
and sometimes create further Qs.

Ordinary answers: two people making different claims (points).for example: why
is boca better than river?

Philosophical arguments: involve people making different claims and backing

them up with supporting reasons. reason can support a conclusion only if the
whole argument is logical

The fourth branches of the philosophy:

Metaphysics:based on Greek ta meta ta phushika. the things after the physics
Epistemology : from ancient Greeks episteme. meaning knowledge (logical
discourse)
Logic: logos. the science of the correct thinking
Axiology: from Greek axios. the theory of the value. (what is right or wrong?)

Philosophy:-- ancient greek:-Greek mythology(storytelling)

-Greek philosophy( rational thought)

Greek myths explained all the religious rituals to the weather and gave meaning
to the world that people saw around them. The earliest Greek myths were part of
an oral tradition that began in the bronze age.
Homer was the father of geography. The world is enclosed by fixed dome healens
with clouds and mist. The sun , the moon and stars base from the eastern water
and moved to the western waters.
His world was populated by humans and non-human. there were gods, titans,etc.

begging of empiricism( knowledge is based in experience)

Hesiod Order (theogony)

Theogony explains the origins of gods and how the acquired influence in
mythological stories and begging for rational explanations. there is definite logic
to what comes from what (next). First, there is chaos. by saying that chaos exist
first, we understand that emptiness or nothingness is the beginning of everything

Greek Mythology
The first philosophers
-Thales (620-550 bce)
-Anaximander (610-546 bce)
-Anaximenes (585-528 bce)

all from the city of miletus,iona,turkey

+they were physiologist(nature/origin)

+to answer the Qs they investigate the world and found 2 characteristics
-everything is constantly changing (in flux) and everything is becoming
something else
-there is an infinite plurality of things that exist that are different from
anything else that exists.
+they change the course of history
-invented rational answers

there is an infinite plurality of things in flux

Thales (620-550 bce):

What is the world made of?
underneath all things exist and their transformation, there is a single and
permanent substance. This stuff is called Arche.

Arche is the single and permanent substance that is underneath everything in the
world

thales–>arche—>water

He separated the natural world from the supernatural, recognizing that natural
events fall in general classes, for example earthquakes, that can be explained by
cause and effect.

1-water is the arche. he turned to biology to understand how the universe was
produced
2-all things are full of gods.-He don't personify water in greek mythology
-He believes in divines and controls the force of
nature
3-the souls produce motion: He thinks that magnets have souls.

Anaximander (610-546 bce)

The Greeks believed that the world was made of 4 elements: water,fire,air and
earth. He thought these elements were ilimited.

He thinks that the arche was a non perceptible substance( the apeiron) was the
source of the world.

the apeiron: (absence of limits). is unlimited, it is boundless. These 4 elements

were basic to the universe but they were limited . The apeiron were
unlimited,boundless, eternal and invisible.

kosmos is changeable and finite—->what can be observed. comes from the

unbounded

the anaximander, the spice of the world was made a boundless and non-
perceptible material substance that surrounds the world.
he thought that the world was made up of two opposite.
+hot and cold
+wet-dry
The apeiron is an eternal notion so the opposites separated out from the world.
The elements separate constantly. things are constantly being born while
simultaneously other things are dying and returning back into the apeiron. This
is how we can explain the flux we perceive in the world.

Anaxímenes (585-528 bce)

-pupil of anaximander
-arche—-->air
-gave a scientific explanation of how air is transformed into all things we
perceived

2 physical processes
+condensation:when water changes for gaseous to liquid state
+evaporation:when water changes from liquid to gaseous state