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ABSTRACT sun’s spectrum between 0.3 to 1.1 micron, even though other
The Power System of a Spacecrafts is the most vital system of wavelengths are present. The free space sun-energy at 1
a satellite, which has a major role in ensuring the complete Astronomical unit distance from sun is 135.3mW/sq.cm. The
success of the mission. Solar array meets the total power direct conversion of sunlight into energy using solar cells is
requirements of the spacecrafts during entire mission life. Solar called the photovoltaic effect. Semiconductor materials are
array consists of number of solar panel substrates on which mainly group IV elements as their properties lie between those
solar cells are laid down in series and parallel to generate the of metals and insulators. This is due to the energy gap required
required power. The solar cells are either Silicon, GaAs/Ge or to push the electrons from valence band to the conduction
Multijunction. The paper presents a brief idea about the band. This energy gap for semiconductors is midway to that of
characteristics and testing of some of the most widely used metals and insulators. Regions of semiconductors doped with
Space Solar Cells. donor impurities have an increase number of electrons in the
conduction band at normal temperatures and are known as n-
KEYWORDS type materials. Those doped with acceptors are known as p-
Space solar cells, Solar arrays, Cell characterization type. The most common Solar Cells are essentially just very
large area p-n junction diode. Semiconductors can divided in to
NOMENCLATURE ―direct‖ and ―indirect‖ band gap types, depending upon the
Isc solar cell short circuit current form of the relationship between the energy of electron in the
IL load current conduction band and their crystal momentum[1].
Iph photo-induced current The energy between the initial and final state is equal to the
r solar cell series resistance energy of the original photon:
Vjd solar cell diode voltage under dark Ef –Ei = hv Equation 1
Vjd solar cell diode voltage under illumination
Vmp maximum power point voltage Where Ef and Ei are the final and initial energies, respectively.
Voc solar cell open circuit voltage In terms of electron momentum (p), the energy relation is:
Vt solar cell terminal voltage
Ef –Ec=p2/2me Equation 2
1 INTRODUCTION Eν –Ei =p2/2mh Equation 3
Solar panels are the key elements in the onboard satellite power
subsystem and they provide the electrical power for operation Where me and mh are the mass of electron and holes,
of all subsystems and charge the batteries to use the power in respectively.
eclipse period. Various type of solar cells and structural solar In case of an indirect band gap semiconductor, the minimum
panel substrates of body mounted to large deployable solar energy in the conduction band and the maximum energy in the
arrays are used for meeting the power requirements of small valence band occur at different values of crystal momentum
satellites to big communication satellites. (p0). In this case the transition occurs by two step process
involving not only photons and electrons but also a third
1.1 THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION particle called phonon. As opposed to photons, the phonons
have less energy but relatively high momentum.
1.1.1 SOLAR CELLS & SEMICONDUCTORS
Solar cell is the major cost deciding component of solar array. 1.1.2 AIR MASS STANDARDS
Solar cells are large area semiconductor diodes with the Total radiation from sun impinging above earth atmosphere is
junction very near to the surface to facilitate the conversion of defined as AM0. The energy available (per unit area) is 135.3
the energy in the shorter wave length regions. Solar cells mW/Cm2. This is also known as one solar constant.Total
directly convert light into electricity. Most of the energy in the radiation from sun passing through earth’s atmosphere to the
1.1.4 TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS For our practical purposes, we take the mirror image of the
characteristic curve as shown in figure 3.
Space solar cells can be broadly classified as Single Junction
Solar Cell and Multi Junction Solar Cells.In multi junction
solar cells, we have 2 or 3 layers of different semiconductor
one above the other.With only one semiconductor layer (as in
single junction cells) the whole spectrum of the Sun cannot be
covered. For example, Silicon gives a good response only in
the wavelength region 400nm-1000nm. In order to exploit the
various regions of solar spectrum, we use multi junction cells
which utilise almost all the energy incident on it. Efficiency is
also high in the case of Multi junction cells.
Type of solar cells depending upon material are
Polycrystalline devices (Si – 8 to 10% , CdS/Cu2S - 9% ,
CdS/CuInSe2 - 12%) , Amorphous devices (Si - 5.5%) , Plastic Figure 3 : Mirror image of characteristic curve
Solar cells , Organic Solar cells , Quantum dot Solar cells , Series Resistance
Nano Solar cells and Rainbow solar cells
q V IRS V IRs
I I ph I 0 e kT 1 Equation 4
1.2 WORKING OF SOLAR CELLS Rp
The basic device requirement for photovoltaic energy is shown
in figure 1. A p-n junction has required asymmetry. N-Type 1.3 PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR CELLS
regions have large electron densities but small hole densities.
Hence, electron flow readily through such material but holes The sun spectrum consists of various photons of different
find it very difficult. Exactly opposite is true for p-Type energy. The behavior of cells depend upon the energy content
material. The inherent asymmetry encourages a flow of of the photons so different cells have different regions of
generated electrons from p-type region to n-type, and a flow of wavelength where they give good response.
holes in opposite direction. When the illuminated p-n junction Spectral response is defined as short circuit current (I sc) at a
is electrically shorted, a current will flow in the short circuiting particular wavelength for a unit power. Spectral Response
lead. gives the richest information about the cell output at each
wavelength.
SR= short circuit current / power incident Equation 5
Vmp I mp Equation 9
FF
Voc I sc
Temperature Coefficient
Cell 1: βv oc = -1.723
Cell 2: βv oc = -1.7231
FUTURE SCOPE
In order to ensure the proper working of all the electronic
gadgets present within a spacecraft, it is essential to maintain
proper power supply by solar cells. Very high accuracy is
needed in the design and implementation of power generation
by solar cells. Power systems of spacecraft plays very vital role
in ensuring the success of a particular mission. Mass
minimization is the major challenge in the field of power
systems. As the size of satellite is getting reduced the space and
mass available is also getting reduced. So apart from the
conventional power systems , it is important to develop some
advanced solar cells, which may have less mass but have high
efficiency power generation.
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