Brian Fernanda

140310190044

TPB Class 19

Use of Solar Cells in 1000 Watts Power Plants

ABSTRACT

Solar power is one renewable energy sources that are environmentally friendly.Solar
energy is still rarely used in Indonesia because it is a little bit expensive and also
many Indonesia people still does not know about this technology advancement at
once .Solar power is harnessed by solar power plants to generate electricity from heat
absorption. Electricity energy generated is converted to light energy by solar cells.
Collection of solar cells arranged in such a way as to produce solar panels. The
electrical energy produced will be stored in a medium called a battery. In the storage
and use of electrical energy, we need to be considered in order to avoid overcharge
and overdischarge. Therefore we used battery charge controller that will regulate the
charging or discharging enrgy, beside that battery charge controller also server as a
system protection. To use AC load, we used inverter to regulate the voltage’s output
becomes VAC

Keywords - Solar panels, battery charge controller, battery, inverter.

 Introduction

The condition of our earth is getting more and more pathetic due to
environmental pollution from the greenhouse effect (greenhouse effect) which causes
global warming (global warming), acid rain, damage to the ozone layer to increase
tropical forests. All types of emissions are on average from the use of fossil fuels
such as petroleum, coal and others that are unrelenting. We know that fossil fuels
cannot be reused, unlike non-fossil fuels.
With poor conditions, energy-saving movements are a must throughout the
world. One of them is by saving fuel and using non-fossil fuels that can be renewed
such as wind power, hydropower, geothermal energy, solar energy, and others. But
the most important is the solar energy.
The solar cell system can be done through solar cell power plant because it
can be used for any purpose and anywhere: large buildings, factories, housing, and
others. In addition to its unlimited supply, solar power has almost no adverse impact
on the environment compared to other fuels.
The power generated by this PLTS will certainly be channeled from the
power plant to the consumer which consists of various systematic processes, starting
from the generation process to the distribution of power. The quality of the power
generated is affected by the voltage value, therefore the voltage to be sent needs to be
set to match what is needed. Through this research, the author discusses the
regulation of solar cells power plant voltage of 1000 watts.
 Problems

1. Definition of Solar Cells

Solar cells (solar cells) or photovoltaic cells derived from English,

namely "photovoltaic". Photovoltaic comes from two words namely "photo"
which means light and the word "volt" is the name of the unit of measurement
of electrical voltage. Solar cell (solar cell) is a semiconductor device that has a
wide surface and consists of a series of diode type "p" and "n", which is able
to convert solar energy into electrical energy. Solar cells depend on the
photovoltaic effect to absorb solar energy and cause currents to flow between
two opposing charged layers1
The main difference from solar cell panels is the production material
of solar cells. The most common solar cell material is crystalline silicon.
Crystalline ingredients can consist of monocrystalline and polycrystalline.
1) Polycrystalline bluish with patches of light blue and dark blue. This type is
most widely used in small scale solar power plants. Its efficiency is around a
dozen percent rate.
2) Monocrystalline has better efficiency, but the price is also relatively more
expensive. This type can be identified by its plain bluish color without
spotting.
3) In addition there are solar cell panels made of thin layers of amorphous
silicon, rather dark black in color and commonly used in devices with very
low power consumption such as calculators. The efficiency of this type is
lowest at around 3-5%.

2. Photovoltaic Effect
1
Pennicott, Katie, "Solar cell edges towards endless energy”
 Solar radiation energy can be converted into direct current using thin
layers of pure silicon (Si) or other semiconductor materials. At this time
silicon is the most widely used material. Silicon is an element that is widely
found in nature. For use as semiconductors, silicon must be purified to a very
high degree of purification.
At absolute zero temperature (0 K) all covalent bonds are intact and
complete. When the temperature rises, the atoms will experience a state of
thermal vibration. These vibrations, which increase with temperature, can one
day interfere with some covalent bonds.
The disruption of covalent bonds in semiconductor crystals at
ordinary ambient temperatures has several major effects on the crystal's
electrical properties and is important in the explanation of the photovoltaic
effect.2

3. Photovoltaic Work Principle

If a semiconductor material such as silicon material is stored in the
sun, then the silicon material will release a small amount of electricity which
is commonly called the photoelectric effect. Photoelectric effect is the release
of electrons from the metal surface caused by the collision of light. This effect
is the physical basic process of photovoltaics converting light energy into
electricity.
Sunlight consists of particles called "photons" which have an
amount of energy that depends on the wavelength of the spectrum of light.
When a photon hits a solar cell, the light will be reflected or absorbed or
maybe just continued. The absorbed light will generate electricity.
In the event of a collision, the energy contained by the photon is
transferred to the electrons contained in the solar cell atoms which are
semiconductor materials. With the energy obtained from photons, electrons
2
Guarnieri, M. (2015). "More light on information". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine
 break away from the normal bonds of semiconductor materials and become an
electric current that flows in existing electrical circuits. By releasing from the
bond, the electron causes the formation of a hole or "hole"3

Fig.1. Sunlight Conversion

4. Daily Radiation of the Sun on the Earth's Surface

The solar radiation constant of 1353 W / m2 is reduced in intensity
by absorption and reflection by the atmosphere before it reaches the earth's
surface. Ozone in the atmosphere absorbs radiation with short wavelengths
(ultraviolet) while carbon dioxide and water vapor absorbs part of the
radiation with longer wavelengths (infrared). In addition to the direct
reduction in earth's radiation or spotlight by absorption, there is still radiation
scattered by molecules of gas, dust, and water vapor in the atmosphere before
reaching the earth which is referred to as radiation spread.

5. Photovoltaic Efficiency
In assessing a photovoltaic work well or not, and determine its
quality, depending on the efficiency produced by the photovoltaic. If

3
Tsokos, K. A.Physics for the IB Diploma Full Colour
 photovoltaic has good efficiency, then the power generated will be maximal
and loss will be smaller. photovoltaics with high efficiency and small losses is
what can be said as good photovoltaics. Efficiency in photovoltaic is
influenced by several things, including solar insulation (I), area of
photovoltaic collector (Ac) and photovoltaic collector power.
In mathematic can be written as

where, ηp = photovoltaic efficiency

= maximum collector power (W)

I = solar insulation (W / m2)

Ac = area of photovoltaic collector (m2)

The efficiency value of a solar module is highly dependent on the

value of Peak Sun Hour (PSH). PSH is very subjective depending on
environmental characteristics including the length of sun exposure and the
brightness index in a place.

6. Conversion Proccess
The process of converting or converting sunlight to electricity is
possible because the materials that make up solar cells are semiconductors.
More precisely it is composed of two types of semiconductors; namely type n
and type p. The type n semiconductor is a semiconductor that has an excess of
electrons, so the excess charge is negative, (n = negative). While the p type
semiconductor has excess holes, so it is called p (p = positive) because of the
positive overload. How, by adding other elements to the semiconductor, then
we can control the type of semiconductor.
 Initially, the manufacture of these two types of semiconductors was
intended to increase the level of conductivity or the ability of electric
conductivity and heat of natural semiconductors. In this natural semiconductor
(called intrinsic semiconductor), electrons and holes have the same number.
Excess electrons or holes can increase the electrical conductivity and heat of a
semicoductor.
These two types of n and p semiconductors when combined will
form p-n or p-n diodes (another term they call metallurgical junctions) which
can be described as follows.

7. Designing Electricity Load

Before describing the voltage regulation of each component, it is necessary to
know the specifications used on PLTS 1000 W so that the work of each
component is more optimal. To determine the component specifications, we
first design or estimate what loads will be used.
TABLE 4.1
Electrical Loads

Time Electricity Loads Total (b) Power Hours of Power Netto (watt
(a) (watt) Using (jam) hour/Wh)
(a x b)
18.00-05.00 Terrace 1 10 11 110
Lamp
10 W
18.00-06.00 Bathroom Lamp 1 10 12 120
10 W
18.00-22.00 Kitchen 1 10 4 40
Lamp
10 W
18.00-22.00 Living Room 1 15 4 60
Lamp 15 W
19.00-22.00 Bedroom Lamp 1 15 5 75
04.00-06.00 15 W
 12.00-15.00 TV 14 „‟ 1 70 8 560
16.00-18.00 70 W
19.00-22.00
12.00-17.00 Fan 1 35 5 175
35 W
04.00-06.00 Charge HP 1 25 4 100
20.00-22.00 25 W
06.00-07.00 Rice Cooker 1 350 1 350
22.00-02.00 AC ½ PK 1 368 4 1472
368 W
Netto 3062

8. Determine Solar Cell Specifications

By designing the load to be used, we can determine the specifications of the
solar panel used. The capacity of solar panels can be determined using the
following equation
Total Power
Panel Capacity= × Band Gap Energy
4,5
3062
Panel Capacity= ×1,1=748,49 W
4,5
TABLE 3
Solar Cell Characteristic
Materials Band Gap Energy (eV) Measured
Silikon (Si) 1.11 8
Indium Phosphide (InP) 1.25 3
Galium Arsenide (GaAs) 1.35 1
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 1.45 7
Gallium Phosphide (GaP) 2.25 1
Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) 2.40 7
Taking into account the system losses of 15% (Bien, Kasim, & Wibowo, 2008: 41 in
his book Mark Hankins, 1991: 68), the large solar panel capacity required by
considering system losses is as follows:
Solar CellCapacity=P+(15 % × P)
Solar CellCapacity=748,49+ ( 15 % × 748,49 ) ≈ 1000 W
 From the above calculation we can determine that the solar panel that will
be used has a 1000 WP panel specifications, because there are no specifications in the
market with a value of 1000 WP, then 10 solar panels with 100 WP specifications are
used.

9. Determine Battery Specification

Determination of the capacity of the battery to be used is influenced
by the total daily energy consumption (Wh), the battery working voltage (V),
and the Deep of Discharge (DOD) of the battery 80%.

24 Volt voltage is chosen because the total energy used per day is
quite large, so the 24 volt voltage is used so that the current gets smaller and
losses can be minimized.
            The battery used is an internal
battery, so it has a DOD of 80% or 0.8, so the capacity of the battery used is

Batteries are only used 50% to meet electricity needs because

batteries that are often used more than 40% - 50% will reduce lifetime. So
used 200 Ah 24 V batteries as many as 2 pieces installed in parallel.

Discussion
The results of the above experiments that we can use a standalone solar
panel to meet the daily electricity needs at home.Then to determine which solar
panels are suitable for use in 1000 W power is to make a calculation of household
appliances used and count them for a month of use.

Conclusion
1. Voltage regulation is very important in a generation system, because if the voltage
is unstable it can damage electrical equipment.
2. The voltage regulation by the battery charge controller is intended to prevent over
charging, over discharge and over loading which can cause a reduced battery life.
3. Voltage is strongly influenced by the intensity of the light absorbed by the solar
panel, the higher the intensity of the light absorbed the greater the voltage produced,
in contrast to the temperature of the solar panel which also affects the voltage
produced, the higher the panel temperature the voltage will decrease
4. The battery is one of the brains of solar power plants, therefore the determination
of the battery voltage specifications need to be considered, which battery voltage is
also the system voltage
5. The voltage regulation by the inverter is to change the 24VDC voltage to 220
VAC, so that the user can use an AC load.

References
1. Guarnieri, M. (2015). "More light on information". IEEE Industrial Electronics
Magazine.
2. Jansen, Ted, J, Teknologi Rekayasa Surya, diterjemahkan oleh Prof.Wiranto
Arismunandar ( Jakarta, PT.Pradnya Paramita, 1995 )
3. Kadir, Abdul, Energie : Sumber Daya, Inovasi, Tenaga Listrik dan Potensi
Ekonomi (Jakarta : UI Press, 1990)
4. Suhono, Inventarisasi Permasalahan pada Instalasi Solar Home System Di
Wilayah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Laporan Kerja Praktek, Universitas Gadja
Mada. (Yogyakarta : 2009)
5. Suriadi dan Syukri, Mahdi, “Perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya
(PLTS) Terpadu Menggunakan Software PVSYST Pada Komplek Perumahan Di
Banda Aceh”, Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika, Vol.9 No.2, hal.77-80, 2010. Tsokos, K.
A.Physics for the IB Diploma Full Colour.

6. Pennicott, Katie, "Solar cell edges towards endless energy”