PUNDRA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY
Dept. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT
Course name: Renewable Energy Technology
Course code: EEE-419

SUBMITTED BY, SUBMITTED TO,

PROF. MD. JAHANGIR ALAM
MD.TAUFIQUL AMIN
BATCH : 1ST
SEM: 8TH HEAD, Dept. OF ELECTRICAL &
ID: 00117109009 ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
1.What is renewable energy? How energy can be classified into
types and what are these?
Ans: Renewable energy is energy that has been derived from
earth’s natural resources that are not finite or exhaustible, such as
wind and sunlight. Renewable energy is an alternative to the
traditional energy that relies on fossil fuels, and it tends to be much
less harmful to the environment.
types of energy:
 Thermal (Heat) Energy:
Thermal energy is created from the vibration of atoms and
molecules within substances. The faster they move, the more
energy they possess and the hotter they become. Thermal energy is
also called heat energy.
 Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy - is moving energy. It is the form that we most
see around us. All moving objects produce mechanical energy. The
movements within machines is also mechanical energy.
Examples: People, a rolling bicycle, moving gears, and running cars.
 Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy - Energy produced by electrons moving through a
substance is known as electrical energy. We mostly see electric
energy in batteries and from the outlets in our homes. Electrical
energy lights our homes, run motors, and makers our TVs and
radios work.
Examples: CD players, TVs and Video games.
  Radiant Energy
Radiant Energy - is a combination of heat and light energy. Light
energy, like sound energy, travels out in all directions in waves.
Examples: A light bulb, the glowing coils on a toaster, the sun, and
even headlights on cars.
 Chemical Energy
Chemical Energy - is really a form of potential energy and is the
energy stored in food, gasoline or chemical combinations.
Examples: Striking a match, combining vinegar and baking soda to
form CO2 Gas, breaking light sticks releases chemical energy.
 Atomic Energy
Atomic Energy - is produced when you split atoms. A tremendous
amount of energy is released when this happens.
Examples:Atomic bombs, nuclear power plants, nuclear
submarines, and the sun.
2.Explain how wind turbines generate wind energy? How many
types of wind turbines are there? Which one is more efficient?
Ans:Wind turbines convert the energy in wind to electricity by
rotating propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor turns the
drive shaft, which turns an electric generator.
There are two different types of wind turbines. These turbines are
often used for microgeneration, meaning that they can be installed
for a home to generate electricity. Both of these types of wind
turbines have advantages and disadvantages.
Horizontal axis wind turbines are the most commonly used turbines
due to their strength and efficiency. The base of the towers have to
be extremely strong, allowing the rotor shaft to be installed at the
top of the tower which allows the turbine to be exposed to stronger
winds.
3.What is meant by the term Photovoltaics(PV) and what is a
photovoltaic cell or solar cell? What semiconductor material is
mainly used to make photocells? How PV cells work?

Ans:Photovoltaics is the conversion of light into electricity using

semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a
phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and
electrochemistry.

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts

the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect,
which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.

The semiconductor materials like arsenide, indium, cadmium,

silicon, selenium and gallium are used for making the PV cells.
Mostly silicon and selenium are used for making the cell.

A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a thin wafer consisting of an

ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a
thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon. An electrical field is
created near the top surface of the cell where these two materials
are in contact, called the P-N junction. When sunlight strikes the
surface of a PV cell, this electrical field provides momentum and
direction to light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of current
when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load
4.State and explain each labeled term in the figure given below.
What is an inverter and why it is needed here ?

1.Solar Panel:
The term solar panel is used colloquially for a photo-voltaic module.
A PV module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a
framework for installation. Photo-voltaic cells use sunlight as a
source of energy and generate direct current electricity.

2:charge controller :
A charge controller or charge regulator is basically a voltage and/or
current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It regulates
the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the
battery. Most batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully
charged.

3.Battery system :
A solar battery system stores surplus solar power for later use. The
solar battery extends the use of a PV-system’s generated energy and
will provide free, sustainable power even when the sun is not
shining and the panels don’t produce energy.
4.Inverter System :
A solar inverter or PV inverter, is a type of electrical converter
which converts the variable direct current (DC) output of a
photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating
current (AC) that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or
used by a local, off-grid electrical network.
5.Observe the figure below and list all the parts and explain
how the solar cell works? How the photons knock out the
electrons in Si semiconductors? What is meant by the term
“doping”?

Ans: list of the Parts:

1.PN junction
2. negative electrode
3. negative dropped silicon
4.positive dropped silicon
5. positive electrode
6. serial port connector
7.Back contact
8.Light

How solar cell works:

A solar cell is a sandwich of n-type silicon (blue) and p-type silicon
(red). It generates electricity by using sunlight to make electrons
hop across the junction between the different flavors of silicon:
When sunlight shines on the cell, photons (light particles) bombard
the upper surface.

In the photovoltaic effect, rays of photons in the sunlight strike the

surface of the silicon semiconductor material liberating free
electrons from the materials atoms. There are a variety of different
materials that a solar cell can be made from and all convert solar
radiation into direct current (DC) electricity.

Doping:In semiconductor production, doping is the intentional

introduction of impurities into an intrinsic semiconductor for the
purpose of modulating its electrical, optical and structural
properties. The doped material is referred to as an extrinsic
semiconductor.