forensic science, the application of the methods of the natural and physical

sciences to matters of criminal and civil law.

forensic scientists apply the methods and techniques of established sciences to
legal matters.
physical anthropology deals with skeletal biology, which includes bone and
bone system structures and their relationships to characteristics such as gender,
age, race, socioeconomic status, and so forth.
major type of forensic anthropological evidence is the complete (or nearly
complete) skeleton.
If a possible match to the skeleton is found and there are ante mortem pictures
available, then a new video superimposition technique may be used.
Criminalistics can be defined as the application of scientific methods to the
recognition, collection, identification, and comparison of physical evidence
generated by criminal or illegal civil activity.
Forensic engineering uses the concepts of mechanical, chemical, civil, and
electrical engineering as tools in the reconstruction of crimes and accidents and
the determination of their cause.
A major component of that work involves traffic accident reconstruction.
Some forensic engineers specialize in marine incidents or aircraft crashes.
Another major area of forensic engineering is failure analysis.
Most members of the jurisprudence section of the American Academy of
Forensic Sciences are lawyers.
Forensic odontology Perhaps a more familiar term for this branch would be
forensic dentistry.
The forensic dentist can obtain an X-ray of the surviving teeth and compare it to
ante mortem dental X-rays.
Forensic dentists also have an important role in the analysis of facial injuries
received in a suspected battering.
A relatively recent application of forensic dentistry is in the area of bite mark
analysis.
In cases of suspicious death, a forensic pathologist is charged with determining
the cause and manner of death.
The chief medical examiner will, in turn, have a number of associate medical
examiners who perform the actual duties of the forensic pathologist.
Forensic pathologists determine the cause and manner of death by use of the
postmortem examination, or autopsy.
The autopsy entails careful dissection of the body to search for injury patterns,
disease, or poisoning that may point to the ultimate cause of death.
The role of the forensic entomologist is mainly to help determine the
postmortem interval by examining which insect populations inhabit the body.
Forensic psychiatrists (and to some extent psychologists) have long been
involved in determining whether persons are mentally competent to stand trial
and to aid in their own defense.
A very important role of a behavioral forensic scientist is in interviewing and
interrogating suspects and witnesses to crimes.
The most familiar area of questioned-document examination is handwriting
analysis.
Toxicology is the analysis and identification of poisons and drugs in the body.
The role of the forensic toxicologist is to measure the quantity of alcohol in the
body, usually by blood analysis, and then to explain the effects of that quantity
on the person’s ability to drive.
Hair is superior to urine as a medium for drug testing in that it is less invasive to
obtain and can provide a drug history of many months’ duration.
Fingerprints afford an infallible means of personal identification, because the
ridge arrangement on every finger of every human being is unique and does not
alter with growth or age.
Early anatomists described the ridges of the fingers, but interest in modern
fingerprint identification dates from 1880.
when the British scientific journal Nature published letters by the Englishmen
Henry Faulds and William James Herschel describing the uniqueness and
permanence of fingerprints.
Sir Francis Galton, who suggested the first elementary system for classifying
fingerprints based on grouping the patterns into arches, loops, and whorls.
Galton’s system served as the basis for the fingerprint classification systems
developed by Sir Edward R. Henry, who later became chief commissioner of
the London metropolitan police, and by Juan Vucetich of Argentina.
The Galton-Henry system of fingerprint classification, published in June 1900,
was officially introduced at Scotland Yard in 1901 and quickly became the basis
for its criminal-identification records.
Juan Vucetich, an employee of the police of the province of Buenos Aires in
1888, devised an original system of fingerprint classification published in book
form under the title Dactiloscopía comparada.
Dactyloscopy, the technique of fingerprinting, involves cleaning the fingers in
benzene or ether, drying them, then rolling the balls of each over a glass surface
coated with printer’s ink.

The word “Forensic”, derived from the Latin word, “Forensis” which means
forum (a place where trials were conducted in Roman time).
Ronald Roesch suggests a norrow defination:“A clinical psychologists who are
angaged in clinical practice within legal system.”
Police and Correctional Psychology are more applied brances of FP and all
others are more research focused.
The first seeds of Forensic Psychology were planted in 1879, when Wilhelm
Wundt, often called the father of psychology, founded his first lab in Germany.
James Cattell He conducted some of the earliest research on the psychology of
testimony.
He posed a series of questions to students at Columbia University, asking them
to provide a response and rate their degree of confidence in their answer with
series of 4 questions.
He found a surprising degree of inaccuracy, some students were confident
regardless of whether their answers were correct.
Binet made a study that proved that witnesses have a poor memory in regards to
the events they witnessed.
Binet mentioned two types of memory errors-
1. Logical
2. Imagination
William Stern Witnesses' ability to recall information.
Stern continued to study issues related to court testimony and later established
the first academic journal devoted to applied psychology.
Albert von Schrenck-Notzing In 1896 he testified at a murder trial about the
effects of suggestibility on witness testimony.
Hugo Munsterberg in 1908 He has been referred to as the “father of forensic
psychology” due to the publication of his book, On the Witness Stand: Essays
on Psychology and Crime in 1908.
Lewis Terman in 1916 Adapted Binet’s intelligence test Made the Stanford-
Binet Intelligence Scales
William Marston in 1917 The first professor of "Legal Psychology" in America.
First to attempt lie detection using systolic BP to measure deception (became lie
detector test) Invented polygraph detector.
In 1960, Hans Toch, 1st psychologist to edit book on psychological criminology
“Legal and Criminal Psychology.” Consider 1st book about psychology and
law written by psychologist.
In 2001, the APA officially recognised forensic psychology as a specializezation
within psychology.
In 2006, the Committee on the Revision of the Specialty Guidlines for Forensic
Psychology recomand a broader defination.

Questions

The Work of forensic psychologist in criminal investigation is criminal justice

system and Civil investigation. Behavioral consistency means Understand the
behavior of offenders consistency and series of crime. Understanding the types
of crimes and criminals, personality of criminals and different crimes and how
criminal act after crime. More concerned Help the police in making decision
Help the court system and victims. Advise police How handle the wide range of
criminals
uses of investigative psychology
Burglary, murder, Rape , Terrorism

Question No: 2
The role of forensic psychologist in Criminal profiling to understand the nature
of crime and personality of crime and other characteristics, identify the specific
individual, track the suspect because the only profiling is not accepted in courts
Reason why not only profiling accepted because the criminal profiling is Not
scientific evidence and not reliable and valid
In Criminal profiling process evaluation of criminal act, crime scenes
comprehensive evaluation, comprehensive analysis of victim, evaluation of
police report, medical autopsy evaluation, develop the characteristics of
offenders investigation suggestion
Uses
Rapists,sexual murder, arsonists, identification the threatening letters

Question no: 3 Types of criminal profiling

In Geographic profiling the forensic psychologist understand the offenders past

crimes and predict the location, After 5 crimes we find the accurate the location
of offenders.
In Investigative psychology the peer reviewed research determine the offenders
facts, Past crimes true psychological techniques
Criminal investigating analysis(CIA)
crime scenes analysis
established FBI
identify the criminals behavior
Behavioral evidence analysis
examine the evidence how and when the action?
examine the physical evidence of crime scene
Knife, Footprints, blood stains are the behavioral evidences.

Question no 4: Crime scenes

home
Buildings
vehicles
jungle and super markets
Out door
evidence loss and contamination change
short period of time
evidence destruction due to environment
night time
In door
Easy secure and door close
Primary crime scene
Crime
Secondary crime scene
related crime and evidence found

Steps of crime scene

Define areas contain evidence
Secure areas contain evidence
Examine scene
Document scene
Collect physical evidence
Preserve & package - physical evidence

Evidence - crime scenes

1) Biological Evidence
DNA
(blood, semen, saliva, breath, hair, urine, teeth, fingerprints & body part prints)
2) Fibers
pieces - material (clothing - torn)
pieces - weapons (attack – break)
3) Documentary Evidence
Photographs, videos, drawings, receipts, travel tickets, bank statements
Question no 5: Psychological Autopsy
 Autopsy
derive - Greek – “to see for oneself” determine the cause and nature of death
Natural causes
Suicide
Accident
Homicide
Collect the large amount of information from Personal information (history of
drug/alcohol abuse, known stresses, lifestyle) Secondary information (criminal
record, family history) Biographical information (birth date, occupation, marital
/ relationship status) Family members interview.

 Types of Psychological Autopsy

Equivocal Death Analysis (EDA)
Brent Turvey in 2008 review the psychosocial aspects of the life of victim.
Suicide Psychological Autopsies (SPA)
manner of death suicide or Self-injury and what is the evidence