Forensic Investigation

Name: Muhammad Shahid Cholistani

Roll # 12
Introduction:

Forensics is a scientific method used to solve crime. A forensic investigation is the

collection and analysis of all evidence relating to a crime in order to reach a

conclusion about a suspect. Investigators will look for blood, fluid, or fingerprints,

debris, hard drives, computers, or other technology to determine if a crime has been

committed
Types of forensic investigation:

 Forensic auditing
 Cyber forensics
 Crime scene forensics
 Forensic odontology
 Forensic archaeology
 Forensic toxicology
 Forensic entomology
 Forensic graphology
 Forensic pathology
 Forensic psychology
Forensic auditing:

 Forensic auditing helps the victims of fraud or financial crime.

 This type of analysis uses methods of intelligence, accounting, business and communication.

 This type also called as financial investigation.

 Investigator investigate the tax evasion and theft of company assets. They also look at
insurance claims and higher payments.

 Forensic auditing services involve in following matters.

1. Searching for undeclared assets

2. Calculation of lost wages

3. Investigating the illegal funds

Cyber forensics:

 This forensic investigation receives data from computers and hard drives to solve a

crime or to find evidence of misconduct.

 Computer investigators investigate the sale of goods on the black market, fraud, sexual

trafficking, online harassment and threats.

 Forensic computer searches can find information on cell phones and hard drives

including emails, browsing history, downloaded files, and deleted data.

Crime scene forensics:

 Crime scene forensics involves the investigation at the place of crime to investigate that
particular case.

 It involves gathering of physical evidence and investigate those evidence to solve the case
or to reach the criminals.

 Forensic investigators use different techniques to solve the case such as photography,
sketching and making notes of whole crime scene.

 Crime scene forensics involves the trajectory analyst, odontologists, archaeologists and
other experts to solve the case
crime scene forensic
Evidence collection
Forensic odontology:

 Odontology means the study of teeth.

 Forensic odontology means the use of dental science to solve the crime scene.

 Teeth is the most reliable type of the evidence found at crime scene.

 Crime can be solved with the help of bite marks.

 DNA can be extracted from teeth.

 Bite marks can be found on the body of victim and on other things present on crime scene
such as pencil, half eaten apple, cake etc.

 Age can be determined through teeth.

Forensic odontology
Forensic archaeology:
 Archaeology means the study of human skeleton.

 Forensic archaeology involves the investigation of crime scene through human skeleton

 Age and sex can be determined through forensic archaeology.

 Age and sex can easily be determined through skull and pelvis.

 Chin of female is less square.

 Eye ball of female is round.

 It helps in identifying the dead bodies in case of large number of deaths in any disaster or
accident when the facial identification is lost.
Forensic archaeology
Forensic toxicology

 Toxicology is the study of toxic effect of different chemical substances and drugs om
human being.

 Toxicology is usually called as science of poisons.

 Forensic toxicology is the use of principles of analytical chemistry and toxicology for
medico-legal purposes.

 Forensic toxicology involves in the investigation of deaths, civil matters of drug use, sports
doping, drug abuse cases and in matters of environmental pollution.

 Forensic toxicology is used to detect the toxicants in body and to check either that toxicant
is involved in death and behavioral change
Forensic entomology:
 Entomology is the study of insects.

 Forensic entomology is the scientific study of the succession pattern of arthropods with their

developmental stages on dead bodies.

 It is also known as medico-criminal entomology.

 Medico-criminal entomology used mostly in cases of homicide.

 The use of arthropods as evidence in criminal investigations dates from 13th century in

China.
Forensic entomology
Forensic graphology
 Graphology is a process that is used to determine personality traits and details about a person

because of their handwriting

 It was first used in 1871 by Jean-Hippolyte Michon.

 it is still popular in Europe, especially France.

 Forensic graphology is the study of handwriting for the analysis of character

 It is used when there are ransom notes, signatures, blackmailing letters, suicide notes and other

frogged documents

 Forensic investigators use handwriting pattern in determining the personality traits of a person.
Forensic pathology:
 Forensic pathology is the study of dead bodies to determine the cause of death during
postmortem.

 The forensic pathologists usually examine the wounds and injuries at crime scene, during
autopsy, or in clinic in case of sexual assault,

 Forensic pathology is one of the most important types of crime scene investigation.

 Death can be;

1. Homicide

2. Accidental

3. Suicide

4. Natural
Forensic psychology:

 Forensic psychology is the use of psychological principles and laws for crime scene

investigations to solve a criminal case

 Forensic psychology has some major roles in a court such as defendant is pretending that

he/she have a mental illness

 Forensic psychologist watch for signs of deception or errors in the defendant’s story

 Forensic psychology has been in existence for a little over 50 years.

Techniques:

1. Fingerprint analysis

2. Hair analysis

3. Facial reconstruction

4. PCR

5. DNA sequencer

6. Analytical techniques
Fingerprint analysis:

There are different method of finger print analysis because fingerprints are classified

into three groups, plastic prints, patent prints, and latent prints that each vary

depending on the type of surface the print was discovered on. The forensic scientists

use black granular powder to locate the prints and then lift them with an adhesive

tape, though the powder does have the potential to contaminate the evidence. 
Hair analysis:

DNA evidence can range from bodily fluids such as blood or seminal fluids and
fingerprints. However, clothing fibers and hair are just as important. It was recently
announced that human hair protein could potentially replace DNA as a key tool in
forensics because of special markers that could  allow the hair to distinguish an
individual from a large group of people, say one million.
Facial reconstruction:

The first time a facial reconstruction was done was back in 1883 and then again in
1895. This technique combines several different fields i.e. anthropology, anatomy,
osteology, forensic science, and artistry in order to help solve the identity of someone
that isn’t known by using their skeletal remains. Even though it’s not completely
accurate it has proven useful in identifying victims and putting away perpetrators
behind bars. 
Polymerase Chain Reaction:

It takes a single copy of DNA and replicates it around thousands to millions of times

enough to where forensic scientists are able to successfully test it to match the DNA

evidence of the potential suspect. This was a major breakthrough for cases that didn’t

have enough DNA evidence to solve their cases and allowed these cases to be solved

decades after they were committed.

DNA sequencer:

This scientific device is used to help figure out the order in which the four bases of

DNA are arranged in in a specific sample of DNA. Crime lab technicians and

forensic scientists alike use a DNA sequencer when their DNA sample is too

deteriorated in order to get a special DNA pattern that can aid in identifying the

criminal.
Analytical techniques:
Various analytical techniques including Gas/Liquid Chromatography, HPLC, Mass

Spectrometry, Immunoassays, enzymatic assays, DNA profiling techniques, PCR,

LC-MS is efficient in telling the chemical nature of almost all kind of samples.
References:

 https://www.technologynetworks.com/applied-sciences/videos/14-amazing-forensic-scienc
e-techniques-298104
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/forensics-investigation
 https://www.pinow.com/investigations/forensic-investigations
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/forensic-odontology
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/forensic-pathology
THANK
YOU