COMPUTER WORKSHOP

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT REPORTS

By

Yash Kumar (22165)

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNA

HIMACHAL PRADESH

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TABLE OF CONTENT

S.NO EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE NO

1. Installation of Linux And Windows Operating 3-17

System.

2. INTRODUCTION TO MS EXCEL 18-24

3. INTRODUCTION TO WORD 25-30

4. Latex 31-36

5. LINUX COMMANDS 37-48

6. Computer processor 49-50

7. Memory Hierarchy 51-52

8. Network component 53-55

9. Components of CPU 56-59

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Experiment-1
Experiment Name: Installation of Linux And Windows
Operating System.

Requirements:
PC, Internet, Virtual Machine, Ubuntu ISO Image

Introduction to Operating System:

An operating system (OS) is the main software that manages a computer's hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an interface between
the user, software, and hardware. Examples of popular operating systems are Windows, MacOS,
and Linux.

Steps for the Installation:

1. To install Virtual machine,
1.1 Download VirtualBox 6.1.4
1.2 Install VirtualBox 6.1.4
1.3 Choose for Windows Host.

How to create a Virtual Machine

1. Click on New.

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2. Type a name for your machine.

3. Choose the desired location for your machine.

4. Select Type (Here Linux).
5. Select Version (Here Ubuntu (64- bit)).
6. Click on 1 (NEXT).
7. Select Memory Size. (Here 6 GB).
8. Choose Create a Virtual Hard Disk option.
9. Choose VHD (Virtual Hard Disk).
10. Choose Dynamically Allocated.
11. Give some storage space to this machine of at least 20 GB.
12. Click Create.

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Installing Operating System

• Steps to Install Linux

1. Open Virtual Machine.
2. Check if your Virtual Machine is selected.
3. Click on Settings.

4. Click on Storage.

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5. On controller IDE, click Adds Optical Drive icon.

6. Browse for ISO image of Ubuntu and open it.
7. Click Choose.
8. Click OK.
9. Start the Virtual Machine.

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10. Select Try or Install Ubuntu option.

11. Click Install Ubuntu.

12. Select Keyboard Layout (Here English US).

13. Click Continue.
14. Check for desired options (such as Normal installation or Minimal Installation) you want
and then click Continue.

15. Choose. Erase Disk and Install Ubuntu.

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16. Click Install Now.

17. Click Continue.
18. Choose your Location and click Continue.
19. Mention the required details and click Continue.

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20. Wait for some time and a screen will appear. Click on Restart Now.

21. Enter your password and press Enter and Your Ubuntu OS is ready to use.

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• STEPS TO INSTALL WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

1.Click on New button in Virtual Box to create a new virtual machine

2. Download Windows ISO file

3.Type a name for your machine.

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1. Choose the desired location for your machine.

2. Select Type (Here Microsoft Windows).
3. Select Version (Here Windows 10 (64- bit)).
4. Select Memory Size. (Here 12 GB).
5. Choose Create a Virtual Hard Disk option.
6. Choose VHD (Virtual Hard Disk).
7. Choose Dynamically Allocated.
8. Give some storage space to this machine of at least 100 GB.
9. Click Create.
10.
11. On Storage tab, Click on SATA Port 1 and then Select Choose a disk file option.
12. Browse for Windows ISO image and open it.
13. Click Start.
14. Click Next.

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15. Click Install Now.

16. Enter the product key if you have otherwise click, I don’t have a product key.

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17. Tick the terms and conditions box and click Next.

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18. Click on Custom: Install Windows only (advanced) option.

19. Divide the disk partition if you want and then click Next.

20. Select your region and then click Yes.

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21. Select Keyboard layout and then click Yes.

22. Choose Add Layout if you want to add another layout otherwise click Skip.
23. Sign into your Microsoft account.
24. Create your pin to login to windows in future.

25. Choose Skip and No Thanks for the remaining option.

26. Wait for some time and your windows screen will appear.

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• Steps to do dual boot:

As we have already installed windows, now we are going to do dual boot in our windows.

1. Start your windows virtual machine and press Win+R.

2. Type diskmgmt.msc in it.

3. Right click on the main disk partition and select Shrink Volume… option.
4. Enter amount of space to shrink (Here 51 GB) and click OK.
5. Now right click on the allocated space and click New Simple Volume… option.
6. Click Next, Next and Finish option. Your disk partition is ready.

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7. Power off the windows and click on SATA Port 1 option in virtual machine.
8. Browse for Ubuntu ISO Image and Select it.
9. Start the Virtual Machine.
10. Select Try or Install Ubuntu.

11. Now, install Ubuntu OS as usual but in between you have to click on Install Ubuntu
Alongside Windows 10 option.

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12. Then other steps are as usual and just wait for some time and then your OS will be ready
with dual boot.

Experiment-2
MS Excel
Introduction to MS Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft. It allows users to organize,
calculate, and analyse data in a grid format. With Excel, you can create and edit spreadsheets,
create charts and graphs, perform calculations with formulas and functions, and much more. It is
widely used for tasks such as budgeting, record keeping, and data analysis in both personal and
professional settings.

Functions

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Excel is a spreadsheet software that provides a wide range of functions for data management,
analysis, and visualization. Some common functions in Excel include.

• Mathematical and statistical functions: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MIN, MAX, etc.

• Text functions: CONCATENATE, LEFT, RIGHT, MID, UPPER, LOWER, etc.

• Date and time functions: NOW, TODAY, DATE, YEAR, MONTH, DAY, etc.

• Financial functions: PV, FV, PMT, RATE, NPER, etc.

• Logical functions: IF, AND, OR, NOT, etc.

• Lookup and reference functions: VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, INDEX, MATCH, etc.

• Conditional formatting: to highlight cells based on certain conditions.

SUM Function
The SUM function adds values. You can add individual values, cell references or ranges or a mix
of all three.

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AVERAGE Function
The AVERAGE function returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments.

MAX Function
The MAX function returns the maximum value from the selected cells.

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MIN Function

The MIN function returns the minimum value from the selected cells.

SUMIF Function
The SUMIF function is a premade function in Excel, which calculates the sum of values in a
range based on a true or false condition.

SUBSTITUTE Function
The Excel SUBSTITUTE function replaces text in a given string by matching

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LEN FUNCTION
The LEN function returns the number of characters in a text string.

ROUND Function
The round () function returns a floating point number that is a rounded version of the specified
number, with the specified number of decimals.

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FLOOR Function
The FLOOR function in Excel is a Math/ Trig function that rounds a number (towards zero) to
the nearest specified multiple of significance.

CEILING Function
The CEILING function returns number rounded up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple of
significance.

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Experiment-3
MS WORD

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Experiment-4

Latex
Introduction to latex
LaTeX is a typesetting system that is widely used in the scientific community for the preparation of
documents and reports. It is a high-quality typesetting system that allows users to create professional-
looking documents with mathematical equations, references, and other special symbols.

The name "LaTeX" is a play on words, as it is an abbreviation for "Lamport TeX," named after
its creator, Leslie Lamport. LaTeX uses a markup language to format documents, rather than the
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) approach used by other word processing software.

LaTeX is a powerful tool that provides great control over the appearance of a document. It
is particularly useful for typesetting mathematical equations, but it can be used for any type
of document, including reports, articles, and even books.

To use LaTeX, you will need to install a LaTeX distribution, such as TeX Live or MikTeX, and an
editor, such as TeXworks or Overleaf, to write and edit your document. The process of typesetting
a LaTeX document involves writing the text in the editor and then compiling it into a PDF or other
format.

Report on my city

Requirements:
PC, Internet, TeX Live software, MiKteK software.

Procedure:
7. Install TeX Live and MiKteK software.

8. Open TeX live studios and Select New file.

9. Save the file with the extension “. TeX” to convert the file into a latex file.

10. Start the making process of Report on your city using chapter and document

class report.

11. Search the new commands on the Search engine to make your article more attractive

using images, bullets and many other stuffs.

12. Use different packages such as ragged2e for adjustment of alignment, geometry for

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margins adjustment, Graphix for including graphics such as images, beamer class for

making presentation etc…

Results:

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Article on modern technology

Requirements:
PC, Internet, TeX Live software, MiKteK software.

Procedure:
7. Install TeX Live and MiKteK software.

8. Open TeX live studios and Select New file.

9. Save the file with the extension “. TeX” to convert the file into a latex file.

10. Start the making process of Report on your city using chapter and document

class report.

11. Search the new commands on the Search engine to make your article more attractive

using images, bullets and many other stuffs.

12. Use different packages such as ragged2e for adjustment of alignment, geometry

for margins adjustment, Graphix for including graphics such as images, beamer class

for making presentation etc…

Results:

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Experiment-5

Experiment - Linux Commands

Linux commands are a specific set of instructions used to perform some specific tasks in
Linux operating systems. These commands are written in terminal.

1.pwd - used to print current working directory.

1. Clear - used to clear terminal in linux.

2. Mkdir -
Used to create a directory inside the current working directory.

Syntax - Mkdir <directory name>

3. rmdir
This command is used to remove a directory.

Syntax - rmdir <directory name>

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4. cd
Used to open a directory.

Syntax - cd <directory name>

5. cd ..
Used to exit the current directory.

Syntax - cd ..

6. ls
Used to list all the file/directories present in the current working directory

7. touch
Used to create a text file.

Syntax - touch <filenames>

8. cp
Used to copy a file from one directory to another.

Syntax - cp <file_adress> <destination_file_adress>

9. mv
This command is used to cut a file from a directory and paste it to another directory.

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Syntax - mv <file_adress> <destination_file_adress>

10. cat
This command is used to perform multiple tasks at a time.

11.a cat > <filename>

This will create a text file and simultaneously you can edit it.

11.b cat <filename>

This will show all the contents in the file.

11.c cat -b <filename>

This will show all the contents of a file with line

numbers 11.d cat -n <filenames>

This will show all the contents of a file with line numbers, in addition it will also add line numbers to
empty lines.

11.e cat <file_name> > <destination_file_name>

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This will overwrite the content of our file to our destination file

11.f cat <file_name> >> <destination_file_name>

This will append the contents of our destination file with contents of our actual file.

11. grep
12.a grep <word> <file_name>

It will show all the line containing our particular word with the word being

highlighted. 12.b grep -c <word> <file_name>

It will show number of lines having our particular word.

12.c grep -i <word> <file_name>

It will show

12.d grep -h <word> <file_name>

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It will show all the lines having our particular word with the word being

highlighted. 12.e grep -l <word> <file_name1> <file_name2> …………<file_nameN>

It will return all the file names containing our particular word.

12.f grep -n <word> <file_name>

It will return the lines having our particular word with line numbers.

12.g grep -v <word> <file_name>

It will return the lines not having our particular word.

12. head
13.a head <file_name>

This will print first 10 lines of the given file

13.b head -n <numr> <file_name>

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This will print first num lines of the given file

13.c head -c <numr> <file_name>

This will print first num bites

13.d head -v <file_name>

To display the file name before outputting the first 10 lines

13.e head -q <file_name>

don't separate the content of multiple files with a file name tag

13. tail
13.a tail <file_name>

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This will print last 10 lines of the given file

13.b tail -n <num> <file_name>

This will print last num lines of the given file

13.c tail -c <numr> <file_name>

This will print last num bites

13.d tail -v <file_name>

To display the file name before outputting the first 10 lines

13.e tail -q <file_name>

don't separate the content of multiple files with a file name tag

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14. sort
Syntax - sort <file_name>

Sort command will print the content of the file except the consecutive duplicate lines.

15. wc
Syntax - wc <file_name>

This command will print no_of_lines, no_of_characters, no_of_words

16. nl
Syntax - nl <file_name>

This will show the content of the file with line number, line number will be given to only those
lines having some data.

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17. uniq
It will delete the same consecutive lines and show the output.

18. piping
We can execute multiple commands at some time using piping, the result of command1 will
be argument for command2

Syntax - command1 | command2 | command3

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19. Permissions
18.a ls -l

It will show all the file permissions

drwxrwx—

First bite shows weather the file is directory or text file. Next three bites shows the
permissions for owner, next three bites show permissions for group, last three bites shows
permissions for others.

r - read permission

w - write permission

x - execute permission

First name = owner

Second name = group

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20. Chmod
a. Absolute mod
b. Symbolic mod

b. Symbolic
+ Add a permission to file or directory
- Remove a permission from a file or directory
= it overwrite the permissions.

u user/owner

g group

a all

o others

Syntax - chmod <user> +/-/= <permissions> <file_name>

a. Absolute mod
Syntax- chmod n1,n2,n3 <file_name>

n1 - permissions of the owner

n2 - permissions of the group

n3 - permissions of others

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n1 , n2, n3 are hexadecimal numbers. To decode the permissions we have to convent this to
binary.

Eg - hex(4) = binary(100)

1 = permission given

0 = permission denied

First bite = read

Second bite = write

Third bite = execute

20. Owner

20.a Creating a new user.

Syntax - sudo useraddd <user_name>

20.a.a switching the user

Syntax - su <user_name>

20.b Changing the owner. Syntax - chown <user_name> <file_name>

21. Group

21.a creating a new group

Syntax - sudo groupadd <group_name>

21.b changing the group

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Syntax - sudo chgrp <group_name> <file_name

Experiment-6

Processors

Introduction
A processor is an integrated electronic circuit that performs the calculations
that run a computer. A processor performs arithmetical, logical, input/output
(I/O) and other basic instructions that are passed from an operating system
(OS). Most other processes are dependent on the operations of a processor.

Different types of processors

1.Intel core i3
The Core i3 processor is available in multiple speeds, ranging from 1.30 GHz
up to 3.50 GHz, and features either 3 MB or 4 MB of cache. It utilizes either the
LGA 1150 or LGA 1155 socket on a motherboard. Core i3 processors are often
found as dual-core, having two cores. However, a select few high-end Core i3
processors are quad core, featuring four cores.

2.Intel core i5

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The Intel Core i5 processor is a mid-range option that is suitable for more
demanding tasks such as photo and video editing, programming, and gaming.
It typically has four or six cores and a clock speed of around 3.5 GH.

3.Intel core i7
Intel Core i7 is a line of Intel CPUs which span eight generations of Intel
chipsets. They feature either four or six cores, with stock frequencies between
2.6 and 3.7 GHz. The first i7 processors were released in November 2008
and new generations of the i7 continue to be released (2020).

4.Intel core i9
the Core i9 became the top model in the Core "i" series. Also part of the Intel
Core X-series brand, the first i9 CPU (7900x) is based on 14 nm process
technology and the Skylake-X microarchitecture. It features four channels of
DDR4 RAM and 44 lanes of PCI Express (compared with 28 in the i7).

5.AMD Ryzen3

The AMD Ryzen3 processor is a budget-friendly option that is suitable for

basic computing needs such as web browsing, word processing, and light
gaming. It typically has four cores and a clock speed of around 3.5 GH.

6.AMD Ryzen5
Ryzen 5 (pronounced Rye-Zen Five) is a family of mid-range performance 64-
bit quad and hexa-cores x86 microprocessors introduced by AMD in March
of 2017. Ryzen 5 is based on the Zen microarchitecture and is manufactured
on GF's 14 nm process

7.AMD Ryzen7
The AMD Ryzen7 processor is a high-end option that is suitable for intensive
tasks such as 3 3D modelling, video rendering, and gaming at high resolutions. It
typically has eight or twelve cores and a clock speed of around 4.5 GH.

8.AMD Ryzen9
The AMD Ryzen9 processor is a top-of-the-line option that is suitable for
extremely intensive tasks such as scientific computing, machine learning, and

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gaming at 4K resolutions. It typically has twelve or sixteen cores and a clock

speed of around 4.8 GH.

Experiment-7

Memory Hierarchy
Introduction
The computer memory hierarchy looks like a pyramid structure which is used
to describe the differences among memory types. It separates the computer
storage based on hierarchy.
Level 0: CPU registers
Level 1: Cache memory
Level 2: Main memory or primary memory
Level 3: Magnetic disks or secondary memory
Level 4: Optical disks or magnetic types or tertiary Memory

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In Memory Hierarchy the cost of memory, capacity is inversely proportional

to speed. Here the devices are arranged in a manner Fast to slow, that is form
register to Tertiary memory.

Different level of memory hierarchy

Level-0 − Registers
The registers are present inside the CPU. As they are present inside the CPU,
they have least access time. Registers are most expensive and smallest in size
generally in kilobytes. They are implemented by using Flip-Flops.
Level-1 − Cache
Cache memory is used to store the segments of a program that are frequently
accessed by the processor. It is expensive and smaller in size generally in
Megabytes and is implemented by using static RAM.
Level-2 − Primary or Main Memory
It directly communicates with the CPU and with auxiliary memory devices
through an I/O processor. Main memory is less expensive than cache memory
and larger in size generally in Gigabytes. This memory is implemented by
using dynamic RAM.
Level-3 − Secondary storage
Secondary storage devices like Magnetic Disk are present at level 3. They are
used as backup storage. They are cheaper than main memory and larger in size
generally in a few TB.
Level-4 − Tertiary storage
Tertiary storage devices like magnetic tape are present at level 4. They are used
to store removable files and are the cheapest and largest in size (1-20 TB).

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Experiment-8
Network components
Introduction to Network
A computer network, also referred to as a data network, is a series of
interconnected node that can transmit, receive and exchange data, voice and
video traffic. Examples of nodes in a network include servers or modems.
Computer networks commonly help endpoint users share resources and
communicate. They commonly appear all over the place, such as homes, offices
and government administrations. The use of computer networks can overcome
geographic barriers and enable the sharing of information. Computer networks
enable the usage and sharing of any number of applications and services,
including emails, video, audio and plenty of other types of data, over the
internet.

Hardware component of network

1. Hubs
Hubs connect multiple computer networking devices together. A hub also
acts as a repeater in that it amplifies signals that deteriorate after traveling
long distances over connecting cables. A hub is the simplest in the family

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of network connecting devices because it connects LAN components with

identical protocols.
• The hub receives the data and then rebroadcasts the data to other
computers that are connected to it. Hub mainly does not know the
destination of a received data packet. Thus, it is required to send copies of
data packets to all the hub connections.
• One disadvantage of using hubs is that they do not have the intelligence
to find out the best path for the data packets which then leads to
inefficiencies and wastage.

2. Switch
Switch mainly resembles a Hub. It is a layer-2 device, and it is used for
the intelligent forwarding of messages. By intelligent we mean the
decision-making ability of the switch. As hub works in the way by
sending data to all ports on the device, whereas the switch sends the data
to only that port that is connected with the destination device.

• The switch is a network component and is mainly used to connect the

segments of the network.
• The switch is more intelligent than the network hub.
• Mainly Switches are capable of inspecting the data packets as soon as
they are received, then determine the source and destination of that
packet, and then forward it appropriately.

3. Repeaters
The repeater is a Physical layer device. As the name suggests, the repeater is
mainly used to regenerate the signal over the same network, and it mainly
regenerates before the signal gets corrupted or weak.

• Repeaters are cost-effective.

• Repeaters are very easy install, and after their installation, they can easily
extend the coverage area of the network.
• But there is a problem with repeaters and it is they cannot those networks
that are not of the same type.
• Repeaters do not help to reduce the traffic in the network.

4. Router

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The router is a network component that is mainly used to send or receive

data on the computer network. The process of forwarding data packets
from the source to the destination is referred to as Routing.

• The main responsibilities of the router are receiving data

packets, analysing them, and then forwarding the data packets
among the connected computer networks.
• Whenever any data packet arrives, then first of all the router inspects
the destination address and then consults with its routing tables in order
to decide the optimal route and then transfers the packet along this route
towards the destination.
• Routers are mainly used to provide protection against broadcast storms.
• Routers are expensive than a hub, switches, repeaters, and bridges.

5. Server
A Server is basically a computer that serves the data to other devices. The
server may serve data to other devices or computers over a local area
network or on a Wide area network with the help of the Internet. There
can be virtual servers, proxy servers, application servers, web servers,
database servers, file servers, and many more.

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COMPONENTS OF CPU

Central processing unit (CPU)

CPU is the brain of the computer. All types of data processing operations and
all the important functions of a computer are performed by the CPU. It helps
input and output devices to communicate with each other and perform their
respective operations. It also stores data, which is input, intermediate results in
between processing, and instructions.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC

Components of CPU
1. Motherboard
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of
a computer together. It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical
drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards
directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.
Features of motherboard
• Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of
components.
• Motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of
memories.
• Video cards, hard disks, sound cards have to be compatible with the
motherboard to function properly.

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• Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to

work properly together.

2. Heat sink and fan

A heat sink and fan (HSF) is an active cooling solution used to cool down
integrated circuits in computer systems, commonly the central processing
unit (CPU). As the name suggests, it is composed of a passive cooling
unit (the heat sink) and a fan.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

3. RAM (Random access memory)

RAM stands for random access memory, and it’s one of the most
fundamental elements of computing. RAM is a temporary memory bank
where your computer stores data it needs to retrieve quickly. RAM keeps
data easily accessible so your processor can quickly find it without

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having to go into long-term storage to complete immediate processing

tasks.

4. Hard disk
A computer hard drive (or a hard disk or HDD) is one kind of technology
that stores the operating system, applications, and data files such a
documents, pictures, and music that your computer uses. The rest of the
components in your computer work together to show you the applications
and files stored on your hard drive.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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5.Processor
The processor also known as CPU is a piece of hardware. It is often
referred to as the “Brain of a PC” because all the computations and
processing are carried out directly or indirectly by the processor
containing millions of transistors. It is a single chip that is capable of
processing data. In fact, the performance, capability, and pricing of a
computer system are largely determined by the processor to present in it.
It controls all the components in a PC.

5. SATA Power cable

In a PC setup, SATA cables can be used to connect the hard disk to the
motherboard. Hard disks typically feature multiple inlet ports, at least one
of which will be SATA compatible. The SATA cable is also responsible
for supplying power to the hard disk so additional hard drive power
cables may not be required.

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