Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reasioning Questions
Reasioning Questions
Reasoning Questions
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
All reasoning questions can be classified in three classes:
(i) Physical Properties
(ii) Acidic & Basic Nature
(iii) Preparation & Chemical Properties of compounds
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Physical Properties
1. Dipolar Nature:
The dipolemoment order is: R – Cl > R – F > R – Br > R – I
Though fluorine is more electronegative than chlorine yet the dipolemoment of R – Cl is greater
than that of R – F because the dipole moment vector is a product of charge and distance
μD = q × d
and bond length of C – Cl bond is greater than C – F bond.
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
CH3Cl
In CH3Cl the polarity vectors of 3 H atoms and Cl atoms add up and give it a large dipole moment
In CH2Cl2, all bond moments are in the same direction. so they are additive and the net resultant μ
is more than CHCl3.
In CHCl3, the bond moment of one of the Cl atoms opposes the net moment of the other two, so
the net resultant μ is less than that of CH2Cl2.
Dipole moment for symmetrical Molecules CCl4 is zero
∴ Order CCl4 < CHCl3 < CH2Cl2 < CH3Cl
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
In Chlorobenzene, the Cl-atom is linked to a sp2 hybridized carbon atom ∴ has more s-character &
more electronegative & thus density of electrons of C−Cl bond is less near the Cl-atom in
chlorobenzene Also −R effect of the benzene ring decreases the electron density of the C−Cl bond
near the Cl-atom & less dipole.
In Cyclohexylchloride, the Cl-atom is linked to a sp3 hybridized carbon atom ∴ has less s-
character & less electronegative & thus density of electrons of C−Cl bond is more near the Cl-
atom in cyclohexyl chloride & more dipole.
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Amongst isomeric di chloro benzenes, the p-isomer being symmetrical has zero dipole moment
because here the two equal and opposite dipoles cancel each other. The dipole moments of the o-
and m-isomer decreases as the angle between the two halogen atoms increases. Thus, o-isomer
with a bond angle of 60° between the two chlorine atoms has the highest dipole moment (2·54 D)
while the m-isomer with a bond angle of 120° between the two chlorine atoms has a dipole
moment of 1·72 D which is approximately equal to that of the chlorobenzene (1·69 D).
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Q. 1. Arrange each set of compounds in order of Property indicated & give reasons:
(i) CH2Cl2, CHCl3, CCl4 (Dipole moment) [NCERT][SP 15]
(ii) Chlorobenzene & cyclohexyl chloride (Dipole moment) [NCERT][DB 10C,
11C][AI 10C][F 12]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
3. Melting & Boiling Points:
a. Melting & boiling points ∝ Number of C - atom
CH3Cl < CH3CH2Cl
b. Melting & boiling points ∝ Molecular mass of the Compounds
CH3Cl < CH2Cl2 < CHCl3 < CCl4
CH3Cl < CH3Br
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
c. In isomeric compounds:
(i) Branching increases molecule will tend to become spherical & surface area decreases ∴
vonderwaal force decreases ∴ boiling point decreases.
1
Boiling points ∝
Branching in Parent Chain
Hydrocarbons < Halogen < Ethers < Aldehyde < Ketone < Amine < Alcohol < Acid
Q. 2. Arrange each set of compounds in order of boiling points & give reasons:
(i) Bromomethane, Bromoform, Chloromethane, Dibromomethane. [NCERT]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Q. 3. Explain why:
(i) p-dichlorobenzene has higher melting point than those of o & m isomers. [AI 09C][SP
15][DB 13][NCERT]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(ii) Propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon, butane? [NCERT]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(iii) While separating mixture of ortho & para nitrophenols by distillation, Which isomer will
be volatile. [NCERT][DB 14]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(v) Why do primary amines have higher boiling point than tertiary amines? [NCERT][AI
14][F 10]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(vi) Carboxylic acids have higher boiling point than alcohols. [SP 09][F 13]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(vii) The boiling points of aldehydes and ketones are lower than of the corresponding acids.
[DB 08]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
3. Solubility:
All organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents (like: Alcohol, phenol, ether,
benzene…….etc) as like dissolves like
All organic compounds which are soluble in water is only due to formation of hydrogen bonding
(eg: Alcohol, phenol, ether, amines, …….etc) and which are insoluble is due to inability to form
hydrogen bond as like dissolves like
Solubility ∝ Extant of Hydrogen bonding
1
Solubility ∝
Sterric Hindrance
(thus as R group increases solubility decreases also Aromatic compounds are less soluble in
water)
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Q. 4. Explain why
(i) Alkyl halides, though polar, are immiscible with water? [NCERT][AI 10C][F 12]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(iii) Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of comparable
molecular masses. [NCERT][AI 12]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(iv) Acetone is highly soluble in water but benzophenone is not. [SP 13]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
(vi) Ethylamine is freely soluble in water whereas aniline is only slightly soluble. [AI 08, 11][F
13]
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Through resonance, halogen tends to stabilize carbocation and effect is more pronounced at
ortho- and para- positions. The inductive effect is stronger than resonance & causes net electron
withdrawal & thus causes net deactivation. The resonance effect tends to oppose the inductive
effect for the attack at ortho- and para positions and hence makes the deactivation less for
ortho- and para attack. Reactivity is thus controlled by the stronger inductive effect and
orientation is controlled by resonance effect.
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
4. The treatment of alkyl chlorides with aqueous KOH leads to the formation of alcohols but in
the presence of alcoholic KOH, alkenes are major products. Explain. [NCERT][DB 13]
Ans: In aqueous Solution, KOH is almost completely ionized to give OH– ions which being a
strong nucleophile brings about a substitution reaction on alkyl halides to form alcohols.
Further in the aqueous solution, OH– ions are highly solvated (hydrated). This solvation
reduces the basic character of OH – ions which, therefore, fail to abstract a hydrogen from the β
carbon of the alkyl chloride to form an alkene.
In contrast, an alcoholic solution of KOH contains alkoxide (RO –) ions which being a much
stronger base than OH – ions preferentially eliminates a molecule of HCl from an alkyl chloride
to form alkenes.
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
8. The presence of a base is needed in the ammonolysis of alkyl halides. [SP 09]
Ans = To remove HX formed so that the reaction shifts in the forward direction.
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Alcohol, Phenol
& Ethers
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
1. Explain how does the −OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring activate it towards
electrophilic substitution?
Answer: - The −OH group is an electron-donating group. Thus, it increases the electron density
in the benzene ring as shown in the given resonance structure of phenol.
As a result, the benzene ring is activated towards electrophilic substitution.
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
2. Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers (i) The alkoxy group activates the benzene ring
towards electrophilic substitution and (ii) It directs the incoming substituents to ortho and para
positions in benzene ring.
Answer: - (i) In aryl alkyl ethers, due to the +R effect of the alkoxy group, the electron density
in the benzene ring increases as shown in the following resonance structure.
NCERT &
NCERT Exemplar
Questions
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230
Simplified Chemistry (Simple Approach for difficult Concepts) Contact Sharma Sir 9826259230