REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

TAGUM DOCTORS COLLEGE INC.

MAHOGANY ST., RABE SUBD., VISAYAN VILLAGE, TAGUM CITY

ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY

SUBMMITED BY:
PRINCESS MAE A. MEDEL

MERRY CRIST B. MALLARI, RPh.

INSTRUCTOR
 DNA ANALYZER

A DNA analyzer, also known as a DNA sequencer, is a device used

to determine the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a
crucial tool in the field of molecular biology and genetics, enabling
scientists to study and understand the genetic information encoded
within DNA.DNA analyzers are used in clinical settings to diagnose
genetic disorders and diseases. By examining specific regions of DNA
known to be associated with certain conditions, healthcare
professionals can detect genetic abnormalities and provide appropriate
treatments or counseling.
Overall, DNA analyzers are powerful tools that contribute to
advancements in genetics, medicine, forensics, and various other
scientific disciplines by providing detailed information about the
composition and organization of DNA molecules.
 MEDICAL LABORATORY INCUBATOR

Incubators play a crucial role in medical laboratories by providing

a controlled environment for the incubation and growth of biological
samples, cell cultures, and microorganisms. These devices create and
maintain specific temperature, humidity, and sometimes even gas
composition conditions to promote optimal growth and development
of the samples being studied.Incubators are utilized in various
biochemical and molecular biology experiments that require controlled
temperature conditions. For example, incubators can be used to
perform enzyme reactions, hybridization assays, polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), DNA amplification, and other laboratory techniques that
require specific temperature settings.
Overall, incubators are essential equipment in medical
laboratories for creating and maintaining a controlled environment that
supports the growth, development, and study of various biological
samples, cell cultures, and microorganisms. They provide researchers
and healthcare professionals with the necessary conditions to carry out
experiments, diagnostic tests, and other laboratory procedures
accurately and reliably.
 MICROPLATE READERS AND WASHERS

Microplate readers and washers are essential laboratory

instruments used in medical and research settings for various
applications involving microplate-based assays.Microplate readers, also
known as plate readers or microplate spectrophotometers, are used to
measure and analyze the contents of microplate wells. These
instruments utilize optical detection systems to quantify the
absorbance, fluorescence, or luminescence signals emitted by samples
in the microplate.Microplate washers, on the other hand, are used to
perform automated washing of microplates. After samples have been
added to microplate wells and various reactions or assays have taken
place, the microplate washer is employed to remove unbound or
unwanted substances from the wells.
Both microplate readers and washers are designed to enhance
the efficiency, accuracy, and speed of laboratory assays that utilize
microplates. They enable high-throughput analysis, reduce manual
handling, and provide reliable and standardized results, making them
valuable tools in medical diagnostics, pharmaceutical research,
biotechnology, and other fields requiring microplate-based testing and
analysis.
 POINT-OF-CARE ANALYZER

A point-of-care analyzer is a medical device used for immediate

on-site testing and analysis of patient samples at the point of care, such
as a doctor's office, clinic, or bedside in a hospital. These analyzers are
designed to provide rapid results, allowing healthcare professionals to
make immediate diagnostic and treatment decisions.Point-of-care
analyzers can perform diagnostic tests to assess various health
parameters, such as blood glucose levels, cholesterol levels, electrolyte
levels, coagulation profiles, and hemoglobin levels. These tests aid in
the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions like diabetes, heart disease,
kidney disorders, and clotting disorders.
The main advantage of point-of-care analyzers is their ability to
provide real-time results, reducing the time delay between sample
collection and obtaining test results. This immediate feedback
facilitates prompt decision-making, enhances patient management, and
allows for more efficient and personalized healthcare delivery in a
variety of medical settings.
 BLOOD GAS ANALYZER

A blood gas analyzer is a medical device used to measure the

levels of various gases and pH in a patient's blood sample. It provides
important information about the respiratory and metabolic status of
the patient, helping healthcare professionals assess the patient's acid-
base balance, oxygenation, and ventilation.The blood gas analyzer
measures the levels of oxygen (O2) in the blood, specifically arterial
blood. This measurement, known as arterial oxygen tension (PaO2),
reflects the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. It helps assess the
efficiency of oxygen uptake by the lungs and the transfer of oxygen to
tissues. Monitoring PaO2 is crucial in evaluating respiratory function,
detecting hypoxemia (low oxygen levels), and guiding the
administration of supplemental oxygen.
Overall, blood gas analyzers provide critical information about the
respiratory and metabolic status of patients, aiding in the diagnosis,
treatment, and monitoring of a wide range of conditions. They play a
vital role in managing patients with respiratory disorders, critical
illnesses, and those undergoing surgical procedures, ensuring
appropriate interventions to maintain optimal blood gas levels and
acid-base balance.
 MEDICAL AUTOCLAVE

A medical autoclave, also known as a steam sterilizer, is a device

used in medical and healthcare settings to sterilize equipment,
instruments, and materials. Autoclaves use high-pressure steam to
eliminate microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
spores, thereby preventing the spread of infections.Autoclaves are
extensively used to sterilize surgical instruments, such as scalpels,
forceps, clamps, scissors, and other metal tools used in surgical
procedures. Sterilization ensures that these instruments are free from
any potentially infectious microorganisms, reducing the risk of surgical
site infections and cross-contamination.
The use of autoclaves is crucial in maintaining a sterile and safe
healthcare environment. Proper sterilization of instruments,
equipment, and supplies helps prevent the transmission of pathogens,
reduces the risk of healthcare-associated infections, and ensures the
safety of patients, healthcare workers, and laboratory personnel.
 IMMUNOASSAY ANALYZER

An immunoassay analyzer is a medical laboratory instrument used

to perform immunoassays, which are tests that detect and quantify
specific substances, such as hormones, proteins, drugs, or infectious
agents, in patient samples. These analyzers utilize immunological
reactions between antibodies and antigens to generate a measurable
signal, providing valuable information for diagnosis, monitoring, and
research purposes.Immunoassays are commonly used to monitor
hormone levels and biomarkers in patients with endocrine disorders,
such as diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, and reproductive disorders.
Immunoassay analyzers enable the precise and rapid measurement of
these analytes, allowing healthcare professionals to assess patient
status, adjust treatment regimens, and track disease progression.
Overall, immunoassay analyzers are essential instruments in
medical laboratories, enabling the accurate, efficient, and high-
throughput detection and quantification of specific substances in
patient samples. They play a vital role in diagnosing diseases,
monitoring treatment effectiveness, assessing patient status, and
advancing research in the field of immunology.
 URINE ANALYZER

A urine analyzer, also known as a urinalysis analyzer, is a medical

laboratory instrument used to analyze and evaluate urine samples. It
automates the process of urine testing, providing rapid and accurate
results for various parameters.Urine analyzers are primarily used for
routine urinalysis, which involves the assessment of physical, chemical,
and microscopic properties of urine. These analyzers measure
parameters such as urine color, pH, specific gravity, protein levels,
glucose levels, ketones, blood cells, bacteria, and crystals. Routine
urinalysis aids in the diagnosis and monitoring of various conditions,
including urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, diabetes, and
dehydration.
In conclusion, urine analyzers enhance the efficiency and
accuracy of urine testing in medical laboratories, allowing for
comprehensive assessment of urine parameters. They aid in the
diagnosis, monitoring, and research of various conditions related to
renal function, urinary tract health, pregnancy, drug use, and overall
patient well-being.
 MICROSCOPES

Microscopes are widely used in medical laboratories for the

examination and analysis of biological samples. They enable scientists,
pathologists, and other healthcare professionals to visualize and study
microscopic structures and cells, aiding in diagnosis, research, and
treatment.Microscopes are used to observe and analyze cells, including
blood cells, tissue cells, and cells obtained from bodily fluids or
biopsies. By examining cellular morphology, structure, and
characteristics, microscopes help identify abnormal cells, assess cell
function, and diagnose various diseases, including cancer, infections,
and genetic disorders.
Overall, microscopes are indispensable tools in medical
laboratories. They enable detailed visualization and analysis of cellular
and tissue structures, aiding in disease diagnosis, research, and the
advancement of medical knowledge. Microscopic examination provides
essential information for understanding diseases, guiding treatment
decisions, and improving patient outcomes.
 HEMATOLOGY ANALYZER

A hematology analyzer is a medical laboratory instrument used to

analyze and measure various components of blood samples. It provides
quantitative and qualitative information about blood cells and other
parameters, aiding in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of
various medical conditions.Hematology analyzers are primarily used to
perform a complete blood count, which provides information about the
different types of blood cells and their quantities. The analyzer
measures parameters such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells
(WBCs), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular
volume (MCV). The CBC helps in diagnosing and monitoring conditions
like anemia, infections, leukemia, and other blood disorders.
In conclusion, hematology analyzers provide rapid and accurate
information about blood cell parameters, aiding healthcare
professionals in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions.
They contribute to the efficient management of patients, allowing for
timely interventions, treatment adjustments, and improved patient
outcomes.
TEN MEDICAL LABORATORY
APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS
 DNA Analyzer

 Medical Laboratory Incubator

 Microplate Readers and Washers

 Poin- of- Care Analyzers

 Blood Gas Analyzers

 Medical Autoclave

 Immunoassay Analyzer

 Urine Analyzer

 Microscope

 Hematology Analyzer