GE 7 STS Module 11

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY | GE 7 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY STS
SPECIFIC ISSUES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS:

SCIENCE, HEALTH, & POLITICS
SUGGESTED TIME ALLOTMENT | 3 HOURS
Genetic engineering and genetic modification (GM) are terms for the process
of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside of the organism’s LEARNING OUTCOMES
normal reproductive process. In this lesson, it presents the existence of genetic
engineering, specifically GMOs in the different areas of life, the impact to 1) Explain what GMOs and GM
humankind, and the controversies that surround them. crops are.
2) Identify issues on genetically
modified organisms.
WEEK 15
3) Discuss the ethics and
implications of GMOs and
Materials and Media To do for OL/B/FLEX Expected Output potential future impacts.
 Course Packet  Problem-Based  Completed outputs

Module Activities on the learning
 Critique Paper activities VOCABULARY LIST
 Pretest, Lesson
Activity with  Research Work  Post Test (quiz/
Questions, Reading formative GENETICALLY MODIFIED
Materials  Video Watching assessment) ORGANISMS. organisms whose
 Assessment genetic material has been altered
 Video Clips Questions using genetic engineering.
(optional)
 Post Test / Quiz GENETIC ENGINEERING
(Genetic Modification) The
 Assignment
modification of an organism's
phenotype by altering its genetic
make-up.
GENOME. The complete set of
genetic material present in an
organism.
RECOMBINATION. The process
Answer the Pretest. Submit your answer sheet to your
through which a new gene is
instructor for checking.
inserted into a bacterial DNA "the
If you got a high score, good job! It means that you have plasmid".
already know much about the topics to be discuss in this
module. PLASMID. A genetic structure in
a cell that can replicate
If you got low score, take it as a challenge! This means that independently of the
you will learn more on this module. chromosomes, typically a small
circular DNA strand in the
cytoplasm of a bacterium or
protozoan.
continued on the next page…
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SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY | GE 7 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY MODULE 11
This module in Genetically Modified Organisms discusses VOCABULARY LIST continued….

the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually
outside of the organism’s normal reproductive process. RESTRICTION ENZYME. An
Within the lesson are embedded assessment questions and enzyme produced chiefly by
learning tasks to evaluate your learnings and share your certain bacteria, having the
thoughts regarding the topic. You will write your answers in property of cleaving DNA
the answer sheet provided in this material. molecules at or near a specific
sequence of bases.
Do the Learning Task/Assignment. Instructions and scoring
rubric will be provided in the module. HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER.
The transmission of DNA between
different genomes.
Accomplish and submit Posttest.
TRANSGENE. A gene that has
been transferred naturally, or by
any of a number of genetic
engineering techniques from one
organism to another.
GENE EXPRESSION. The process

by which the instructions in our
DNA are converted into a
functional product, such as a
protein.
PRETEST
Directions: Read each statement carefully and ENCIRCLE the LETTER of the correct answer
1. Which would NOT be a reason to use Genetically Modified crops?

a. Using GM crops can increase crop yields.
b. Using GM crops can reduce use of insecticide sprays.
c. Using GM crops may be able to feed more people faster.
d. Using GM crops can increase pesticide resistance in pests.
2. The following are some GMO issues of concern for the environment except one.
a. The capability of the GMO to escape and potentially introduce the engineered genes into wild
populations
b. The introduction of resistance against plant diseases caused by insects or viruses or through increased
tolerance toward herbicides.
c. The susceptibility of non-target organisms (e.g., insects which are not pests) to the gene product.
d. The potential generation of new plant pathogens.
3. What is NOT a reason to genetically modify plants?

a. To make the plants poisonous to insects c. To produce fewer plants
b. Make plants drought resistant d. Improve the nutrition of food grown
4. In recombinant DNA technology, plasmids may be used to:

a. Introduce foreign DNA into bacteria c. Cut DNA at a specific location
b. Activate restriction enzymes d. Introduce foreign DNA into human cells
5. What effect does eating genetically modified foods have on your genes?
a. It could cause your own genes to mutate.
b. It could cause your own genes to absorb the excess genes.
c. It has no effect on your genes.
d. The effects on human genetics aren't known.
6. Which of the following is NOT a way farmer would traditionally modify plants in the past?
a. transgenic manipulation c. saving seeds
b. selective breeding d. cross-pollinating
7. The following statement about GMO is correct, EXCEPT.

a. GMO’s are engineered to introduce a new trait into the species.
b. There are numerous harms in consuming genetically modified foods
c. An organism that has had its DNA altered or modified.
d. GMO’s market have passed risk assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health
8. Genetic Engineering
a. is the modification of an organism's phenotype by altering its genetic make-up.
b. is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.
c. is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease.
d. is the indirect manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
PRETEST
9. What happens to plants and animals during genetic modification?
I. more desirable genes are transferred to a new species
II. genes are removed from one organism
III. plants or animals’ genetic traits are deleted and exchanged with traits they typically have
IV. involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism
a. I, II, III b. I and IV c. III and IV d. II and III
10. The procedure illustrated in the Figure is an example of:
a. Recombination c. Transformation
b. Mutation d. Insertion
11. Which statement below might be used by someone who is arguing against the use of GM crops?
a. GM crops reduce the amount of land and energy that need to be devoted to agriculture because they
have high yields.
b. GM crops need more insecticide to be used than other crops because they grow faster.
c. The patents for the seeds of GM crops are held by big companies, which may raise prices and force small
farmers out of business.
d. No studies have shown that GM crops are dangerous to human health.
12. Which of the following steps is NOT essential in producing recombinant DNA?
a. Cut out a piece of DNA from a DNA molecule.
b. Insert a piece of DNA from one organism into the DNA another organism.
c. Use a restriction enzyme to cut DNA and form sticky ends.
d. Read the sequences of bases in a piece of DNA.
13. In genetically modified organisms, bacteria are often used as vectors for delivering genes of interest. What
is the name of the extra, circular pieces of chromosomes that are used for this process?
a. Plastids c. Restriction enzymes
b. DNA d. Plasmids
14. Most foods derived from genetically modified crops contain:

a. The same number of genes as food produced from conventional crops.
b. The same number of genes as foods produced from hybrid crops.
c. One or two additional genes.
d. Hundreds of additional genes.
PRETEST
15. Despite the continuous practice of modifying organisms for food consumption, there still several issues
raise especially on the effect in human. Which of the following concern human health the most?
a. Allergenicity b. cancer c. hypertension d. asthma
16. Which of the following is NOT true of transgenic or genetically modified organisms?
a. They can produce crop yields
b. They can be used as medicines
c. They can be used to cultivate crops in various climates
d. They are accepted universally
17. What are the current benefits of having foods made from genetically modified crops?
a. They improve farm profitability and make some farmers' jobs easier.
b. They allow farmers to greatly increase the amount of crops produced.
c. They improve convenience for consumers, e.g. by creating foods with longer shelf lives.
d. They cause less damage to the environment than conventional chemical-intensive agriculture.
18. Which of the following is an example of a GMO?

a. Golden rice enriched with beta-carotene to overcome Vitamin A deficiency.
b. Tobacco plants expressing the vaccine for hepatitis B.
c. Animals expressing antibiotics to prevent illness.
d. Fish expressing genes that allow them to mature faster than normal fish.
19. A con of GMOs is that

a. They are creating herbicide tolerant crops.
b. There is insufficient research to know the long term impacts they may have.
c. There is higher crop production.
d. They require fewer materials to grow crops.
20. Which of the following findings, if true, would support an argument IN FAVOR of GM foods?
a. Farmers using herbicide-resistant crops pollute groundwater more than farmers growing non-GM crops.
b. The cost of using GM crops is prohibitively expensive for 75 percent of all farmers.
c. Farmers who grow GM crops have much higher yields than farmers growing unmodified crops.
d. The populations of bees on farms growing insect-resistant crops are half as large as bee populations on
other farms.
21. Does Bt corn or Bt cotton only kill specific pests that damage the crop?
a. The Bt toxin kills all insects.
b. The Bt toxin kills European corn borer and other flying insects.
c. The Bt toxin kills the European corn borer and its close relatives.
d. The Bt toxin only kills the insects for which it is targeted
22. What are the positive effects of GMO use?

a. Use of GMOs increase overall crop yield
b. Increase the use of pesticides
c. Increase the amount of time farmers spend in the field
d. Use of GMOs increase the fertility of soil
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED ORGANISMS
WHAT IS A GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM?

SCIENCE is the study of the nature
and behavior of natural things and GMOs, or genetically modified organisms are organisms whose genetic material
the knowledge that we obtain about has been altered using genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the
them. It is a system of acquiring modification of an organism's phenotype by altering its genetic make-up.
knowledge based on the scientific Genetic engineering is primarily performed by simple mating or gene
method. It is also an organized body recombination. A latter section in this module elaborates further on how
of knowledge gained through genetically modified crops are created. GMOs range from microorganisms like
research. It is done through yeast and bacteria to insects, plants, fish and mammals. Genetically modified
observation of natural phenomena, crops (GM crops) are those engineered to introduce a new trait into the species.
and/or through experimentation that Purposes of GM crops generally include resistance to certain pests, diseases, or
tries to simulate natural processes environmental conditions, or resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance
under controlled conditions. to a herbicide). Other purposed of genetic modification of crops is to enhance
its nutritional value, as seen in the case of golden rice.
It is from the Latin word ‘scientia’, The use of GM crops is widely debated. At the moment there is no known harm
meaning "knowledge“. It is a in consuming genetically modified foods. GM foods are developed – and
systematic enterprise that builds and marketed – because there is some perceived advantage either to the producer
organizes knowledge in the form of or consumer of these foods. This is meant to translate into a product with a
testable explanations and predictions lower price, greater benefit (in terms of durability or nutritional value) or both.
about nature and the universe.
GM foods currently available on the international market have passed risk
It is also the human attempt to assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no
understand the natural world, with effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of
or without concern for practical uses such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been
of that knowledge. The natural world approved.
includes volcanoes, gravity, atoms,
plants and animals, people, societies
and galaxies. HOW ARE ORGANISMS GENETICALLY MODIFIED?
Science tries to discover facts and Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's phenotype by
relationships and then tries to create manipulating its genetic material. Some genetic engineering uses the principle
theories that makes sense of these of recombination.
facts and relationships. Recombination is the process through which a new gene is inserted into a
bacterial DNA the “plasmid". The DNA needs to be cut with an enzyme called a
TECHNOLOGY came from two (2) restriction enzyme. The restriction enzyme used must have a specific shape that
Greek words: “techne” (skill, allows it to move along the DNA that is to be cut. The restriction enzyme looks
craftsmanship, art) and “logos” for a specific point in the DNA sequence at which to cut the DNA. When the
(discourse, reason). It is the skills, restriction enzyme cuts, it leaves a "Sticky end" which helps a new gene to
methods and processes used to attach at that point. Another enzyme is used to attach the new DNA segment;
achieve goals. It refers to tools and this is called "DNA ligase". Genetically engineered bacterium is cultured and
machines that may be used to solve many new copies of the bacteria with the new gene are grown. Genetic
real-world problems. It is the human modifications can be made to both plants and animals.
attempt to change the world. It is a
human activity involved with making Agrobacterium is bacteria that uses a Horizontal gene transfer (HGT). HGT is the
and using of material artifacts. transfer of DNA between different. HGT can occur in bacteria through
transformation, conjugation and transduction. However, it is also possible for
Technology involves tools, HGT to occur between eukaryotes and bacteria though the mechanism for this
techniques and procedures for transfer is not well understood.
putting the findings of science to
practical use.
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Bacteria have three ways of transferring bacteria between cells:

ACTIVITY GUIDE 1. Transformation: The uptake and incorporation of external DNA into the cell
thereby resulting in the alteration of the genome
1) Watch the study

video of
“How 2. Conjugation: The exchange of genetic material through cell-to-cell contact
SCIENCE is the theAre
nature of two bacterial cells. A strand of plasmid DNA is transferred to the
Genetically Modified
and behavior of natural things and
Organisms (GMO) created? recipient cell and the donor cell then synthesis DNA to replace the strand
the knowledge that we obtain about that was transferred to the recipient cell.
them. It is a system of acquiring
knowledge based on the scientific 3. Transduction: A segment of bacterial DNA is carried from one bacterial cell
method. It is also an organized body to another by a bacteriophage. The bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell
of knowledge gained through and takes up bacterial DNA. When this phage infects another cell, it
research. It is done through transfers the bacterial DNA to the new cell. The bacteria can then become a
observation YOUTUBE LINK:
of natural phenomena, part of the new host cell.
https://www.youtube.com/watc
and/or through experimentation that
h?v=2G-yUuiqIZ0
tries to simulate natural processes
under controlled conditions.
It is from the Latin word ‘scientia’,

meaning "knowledge“. It is a
systematic enterprise that builds and
organizes knowledge in the form of
testable explanations and predictions
It is also the human attempt to

understand the natural world, with
or without concern for practical uses
of that knowledge. The natural world
and galaxies.
Science tries to discover facts and Summary of process illustrated in the diagram (above):
relationships and then tries to create  The agrobacterium cell contains a bacterial chromosome and a tumor
theories that makes sense of these inducing plasmid- "Ti Plasmid".
facts and relationships.
 The Ti plasmid is removed from the agrobacterium cell and a restriction
TECHNOLOGY came from two (2) enzyme cleaves the T-DNA restriction site.
Greek words: “techne” (skill,  Next foreign DNA, which is also cleaved by the same enzyme, is inserted
craftsmanship, art) and “logos” into the T-DNA at the site that was cleavage site.
(discourse, reason). It is the skills,
methods and processes used to  The modified plasmid is then reinserted in the agrobacterium and the
achieve goals. It refers to tools and bacterium inserts the T-DNA, which now carries a foreign gene into the
machines that may be used to solve plant cell.
real-world problems. It is the human  The plant cell is then cultured and results in a new plant that has the
attempt to change the world. It is a foreign DNA trait.
human activity involved with making
and using of material artifacts.
Technology involves tools, CURRENT USE OF

techniques and procedures for GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
practical use. Agricultural plants are one of the most frequently cited examples of genetically
modified organisms (GMOs). Some benefits of genetic engineering in
agriculture are increased crop yields, reduced costs for food or drug

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production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition and

food quality, resistance to pests and disease, greater food security, and
medical benefits to the world's growing population. Advances have also been
made in developing crops that mature faster and tolerate aluminum, boron,
salt, drought, frost, and other environmental stressors, allowing plants to grow
in conditions where they might not otherwise flourish (Takeda & Matsuoka,
SCIENCE is the study of the nature 2008).
the knowledge that we obtain about Other applications include the production of nonprotein (bioplastic) or
them. It is a system of acquiring nonindustrial (ornamental plant) products. A number of animals have also been
knowledge based on the scientific genetically engineered to increase yield and decrease susceptibility to disease.
method. It is also an organized body For example, salmon have been engineered to grow larger and mature faster,
of knowledge gained through and cattle have been enhanced to exhibit resistance to mad cow disease
research. It is done through (United States Department of Energy, 2007).
observation of natural phenomena, According to Phillips (2008), one of the frontier for the use of GMOs is the
and/or through experimentation that pharmaceutical industry. In 1986, human growth hormone was the first protein
tries to simulate natural processes pharmaceutical made in plants (Barta et al., 1986), and in 1989, the first
under controlled conditions. antibody was produced (Hiatt et al., 1989). Both research groups used tobacco,
which has since dominated the industry as the most intensively studied and
It is from the Latin word ‘scientia’, utilized plant species for the expression of foreign genes (Ma et al., 2003). As of
meaning "knowledge“. It is a 2003, several types of antibodies produced in plants had made it to clinical
systematic enterprise that builds and trials. The use of genetically modified animals has also been indispensible in
organizes knowledge in the form of medical research. Transgenic animals are routinely bred to carry human genes,
testable explanations and predictions or mutations in specific genes, thus allowing the study of the progression and
about nature and the universe. genetic determinants of various diseases.
It is also the human attempt to Table 1

understand the natural world, with Examples of GMOs Resulting from Agricultural Biotechnology
of that knowledge. The natural world Genetically Conferred Trait Example Organism Genetic Change
plants and animals, people, societies APPROVED COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
and galaxies.
Glyphosate herbicide
Science tries to discover facts and (Roundup) tolerance conferred
relationships and then tries to create by expression of a glyphosate-
theories that makes sense of these tolerant form of the plant
facts and relationships. Herbicide Tolerance Soybean enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-
3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS)
isolated from the soil bacterium
TECHNOLOGY came from two (2) Agrobacterium tumefaciens,
Greek words: “techne” (skill, strain CP4
craftsmanship, art) and “logos”
methods and processes used to Resistance to insect pests,
specifically the European corn
achieve goals. It refers to tools and Insect Resistance Corn borer, through expression of the
machines that may be used to solve insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from
real-world problems. It is the human Bacillus thuringiensis
human activity involved with making High laurate levels achieved by
and using of material artifacts. Altered fatty Acid inserting the gene for ACP
Canola
Composition thioesterase from the California
bay tree Umbellularia californica
Technology involves tools,
techniques and procedures for Resistance to plum pox virus
putting the findings of science to Virus Resistance Plum conferred by insertion of a coat
practical use. protein (CP) gene from the virus

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GMOs IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES

Serafica, et.al (2018) summarized the roles of GMO’s in the food and
agricultural industries consolidated from the report of the Center for
Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (CEEH, 2013).
SCIENCE is the study of the nature 1. Pest Resistance – genetically modified plants to resist certain pests. An
and behavior of natural things and example is Bt Corn. The DNA (genome) of the Bt Corn has been modified
the knowledge that we obtain about with the gene of Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium that produces
them. It is a system of acquiring proteins which is toxic to corn borers (worms).
Bt Corn
knowledge Credits:
based on the scientific
Pepper.ph
method. It is also an organized body 2. Virus Resistance – genetically modified plants to resist certain viruses. An
of knowledge gained through example is GM papaya or rainbow papaya. The papaya ringspot virus
research. It is done through (PRSV) is known to be detrimental to papaya plants. The protein PRSV was
observation of natural phenomena, introduced to the papaya plant through plant tissue which turned out to
and/or through experimentation that be resistant to the virus itself. The effect was like the vaccine’s humans
tries to simulate natural processes have against measles or influenza virus.
under controlled conditions. 3. Herbicide Tolerance – genetically modified plants to tolerate herbicide.
An example is Roundup Ready soybean. Glyphosate, an herbicide for
It is from the Latin word ‘scientia’, weeds, was introduced to soybeans making it tolerant to the herbicide
meaning "knowledge“. It is a itself. Farmers then can spray the herbicide killing the weeds but not the
systematic enterprise that builds and soybeans.
GM Papaya
organizes / Rainbow
knowledge in Papaya
the form of
Credits: Sutori
testable explanations and predictions 4. Fortification – genetically modified plants with certain minerals. An
about nature and the universe. example is Golden Rice. Beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, was
introduced through biosynthesis genes to the rice, making the rice grains
It is also the human attempt to fortified with vitamin A.
understand the natural world, with 5. Cosmetic Preservation – genetically modified plants resist natural
or without concern for practical uses discoloration. An example is Arctic Apple. The apple variety was genetically
of that knowledge. The natural world modified to suppress the browning of apple due to superficial damage.
plants and animals, people, societies 6. Increase the Growth Rate –
and galaxies. genetically modified plants that
Roundup Ready Soybean
Credits: farming.org.ua has higher yield in growth than
Science tries to discover facts and normal species. An example is
relationships and then tries to create AquAdvantage salmon. A gene
theories that makes sense of these from an ocean pout, an eel-like
facts and relationships. fish was introduced to Pacific
Chinook salmon, making the
TECHNOLOGY came from two (2) salmon grow faster than its
Greek words: “techne” (skill, normal rate. AquAdvantage Salmon
Credits: aquabounty.com
methods and processes used to GMOs IN NON-FOOD CROPS AND MICROORGANISMS
achieve goals.Golden Rice to tools and
It refers
Credits: Wikipedia
machines that may be used to solve Serafica, et.al (2018) condensed the Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in
real-world problems. It is the human non-food crops and some microorganisms in the following:
human activity involved with making 1. Flower Production – GMO’s in flower production are seen in modified
and using of material artifacts. color and extended vase life of flowers.
2. Paper Production – modified characteristics of trees for higher yield of
Technology involves tools, paper production.
techniques and procedures for
putting the findings of science to 3. Pharmaceutical Production – modified plants to produce pharmaceutical
practical use. products.
Arctic Apple
4. Bioremediation – use of modified plants that can assist in the
Credits: Wired bioremediation of polluted sites.

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5. Enzyme and Drug Production – use of modified microorganisms that can

produce enzymes for food processing and medicines.
6. GMO in the Medical Field – genetic engineering is playing a significant
role from diagnosis to treatment of human-dreaded diseases. It helps in
the production of drugs, gene therapy, and laboratory researches.
SCIENCE is the study of the nature
the knowledge that we obtain about BENEFITS OF GMO
knowledge based on the scientific Studies shows some of the potential benefits of GMO’s (Serafica, et.al, 2018):
method. It is also an organized body
of knowledge gained through 1. Higher efficiency in farming- with the use of pesticide-resistant/herbicide-
research. It is done through tolerant GMO crops, there will be less use of pesticides/herbicides, and
observation of natural phenomena, lower cost for labor and cultivation.
and/or through experimentation that 2. Increase in harvest- GMO crops resistant pests and disease means increase
tries to simulate natural processes in potential growth and harvest.
under controlled conditions.
3. Control in fertility- controlling the purity of the hybrid seeds (GMO seeds)
It is from the Latin word ‘scientia’, ensures higher yields.
meaning "knowledge“. It is a 4. Improvement of desirable characteristics- GMOs offer longer shelf life,
systematic enterprise that builds and enhanced color and taste, enhanced production or reduction of enzymes,
organizes knowledge in the form of and other modified characteristics of plants, animals, and microorganisms.
about nature and the universe. 5. Nutritional and pharmaceutical enhancement- GMO crops like maize
fortified with lysine and Golden Rice fortified with vitamin A and iron.
It is also the human attempt to There are edible vaccines for viral and diarrheal diseases.
understand the natural world, with 6. Reduce of use of fertilizer and pesticides.
of that knowledge. The natural world
plants and animals, people, societies POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
and galaxies. The issue of GMOs is a polarizing one. Those who are pro-GMO claim that
GMOs are not only safe for us and the environment, but also potentially, a very
Science tries to discover facts and beneficial development. Those who are anti-GMO argue that the risk of
relationships and then tries to create negative consequences to our environment is high and very difficult to predict.
theories that makes sense of these It is important to determine the magnitude of potential damage to our
facts and relationships. environment due to the spread of GMO genes into wild plants and microbes.
GM crops can cause short and long term effects on the environment.
TECHNOLOGY came from two (2)
Greek words: “techne” (skill, Different kinds of modifications are being bred into crops. The most common
craftsmanship, art) and “logos” kinds of modification include: pesticide resistance, disease resistance, and
(discourse, reason). It is the skills, drought tolerance. Other, more superficial, changes can be made to crops we
methods and processes used to encounter regularly.
achieve goals. It refers to tools and Base from the book of Serafica, et.al (2018) they identified major risks perceived
machines that may be used to solve as potential environmental risks caused by GMOs as follows:
real-world problems. It is the human
attempt to change the world. It is a 1. Risk in Gene Flow – there is a potential environmental risk of the modified
human activity involved with making gene to be transferred from the GMO crop to its wild relative or organism
and using of material artifacts. in the soil and human intestine (when ingested). For example, a decaying
GMO plant could possibly transfer the modified genes to the bacteria and
Technology involves tools, fungi in the soil. Bacteria and fungi are capable of using a genetic material
techniques and procedures for from their surroundings. There are no studies yet on the effects of the
putting the findings of science to absorbed modified gene to the other organisms.
practical use.
2. Emergence of New Forms of Resistance and Secondary Pests and
Weed Programs – GMO crops resistant to certain pesticides may trigger
new form of pest resistance while GMO herbicide-tolerant crops may lead

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to the over use of the herbicides which may trigger new form of weed
resistance.
3. Recombination of Virus and Bacteria to Produce New Pathogens – the
modified gene can be transferred and integrated in the viral or bacterial
genes which may lead to viral or bacterial gene modification or mutation.
SCIENCE is the study of the nature This living modified virus and bacteria may them cause new diseases that
and behavior of natural things and may affect other organisms including human beings.
the knowledge that we obtain about
knowledge based on the scientific POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH RISKS
method. It is also an organized body
of knowledge gained through Research studies present conflicting arguments as to whether consuming GM
research. It is done through crops is beneficial or harmful to human health. With every alleged GMO health
observation of natural phenomena, risk, there are counterarguments either opposing health risk claims or
and/or through experimentation that suggesting GMOs provide more benefits than harm. The most notable GMO
tries to simulate natural processes risks to humans are the potential development of allergens to GM related crops
under controlled conditions. and toxicity from GM crops. However, studies also show GM crops have
benefits including the increased nutritional value in foods.
meaning "knowledge“. It is a ALLERGENS
systematic enterprise that builds and
An allergen is a type of antigen that sets off an abnormal vigorous immune
response, triggering the immune system to fight off perceived threats that are
harmless to the body. Barber Rodriguez and Salcedo (2008) are only some
researches that have looked into the allergenic properties GM crops have and
their impact on human health. Researchers outline multiple ways for an
It is also the human attempt to
individual to develop allergies from consuming GM crops.
understand the natural world, with
or without concern for practical uses The first is due to transgene genetic materials with inherent allergic properties.
of that knowledge. The natural world Transgene genetic materials present in GM crops are transferred into the
includes volcanoes, gravity, atoms, human body through using a change in the gene expression. Changes in gene
plants and animals, people, societies expression can encompass changes in storage tissue or in other parts of the
and galaxies. plant. The interaction of the transgenetic material with the exposed population
will determine the magnitude of the allergic reactions (or lack thereof).
Science tries to discover facts and Examples of GM crops that have transgenetic material include Bacillus
relationships and then tries to create thuringiensis (Bt) corn/maize, Bt potato and soybean resistant to the herbicide
theories that makes sense of these glyphosate.
Newly expressed proteins from GM crops have the potential to sensitize the
immune system to react abnormally to similar proteins due to cross-reactivity
with another allergen to which individuals have already been sensitized.
Greek words: “techne” (skill,
Allergopharma states "a cross-reactivity allergy is present when the antibodies
against a specific allergen are also capable of identifying other allergens from
other allergen sources and may thus induce an allergic reaction to those
methods and processes used to
allergens as well. Cross-reactivity is usually due to the cross between pollen and
achieve goals. It refers to tools and
foods. Some cross-reactive GM crops include soy, rice, and tomato.
machines that may be used to solve
real-world problems. It is the human One other contributing factor for the increase incidences of allergens is the role
attempt to change the world. It is a of gene transfer(s). Gene transfer(s) can cause change in gene expression
human activity involved with making creating abnormal immune responses to perceived threats that were previously
and using of material artifacts. coded as harmless. Additionally, allergenic potential can directly be a result
from new proteins or by interactions between new and usual proteins.
Example: Gene transfer of an allergen occurred in the 1996 transgenic soybeans
case. The gene for a 2S albumin, a major group of seed storage protein, from the
Brazil nut, a common allergen, was transferred to enhance the methionine
practical use.
content of animal feed. The introduction of allergenic proteins contained in the
Brazil nut in soy products contributed to the increased sensitivity of soybean
products for those already allergic to the nut protein.

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TOXICITY
GM crop studies found an association between tryptophan consumption, L-
tryptophan specifically, and an increased number of deaths as well as
neurologic disability. Tryptophan acted as the causal toxic agent. L-tryptophan
is used plant proteins of crops such as GM maize and dietary supplements. The
SCIENCE is the study of the nature use of L-tryptophan was associated with an outbreak of eosinophilia-myalgia
and behavior of natural things and syndrome (EMS), a flu-like neurological condition. Large doses of tryptophan
the knowledge that we obtain about produced metabolites, which hindered normal degradation of histamine.
knowledge based on the scientific Example: Seralini and colleagues looked into the effects of R-tolerant GM maize
method. It is also an organized body in rodents. The study found life-long toxic effects. Tumors developed considerably
of knowledge gained through faster in rodents with a diet of R-tolerant GM maize in comparison to control
research. It is done through rodents.
observation of natural phenomena, Studies suggests that many traditional foods such as potatoes and beans are
and/or through experimentation that considered safe to consume, even if the food contains anti-nutrients, toxins
tries to simulate natural processes and/or allergens. Furthermore, studies found no expected toxicities by the
under controlled conditions. preparation of Bacillus thuringienses, a pesticide associated with increased
allergen sensitivity.
meaning "knowledge“. It is a
systematic enterprise that builds and ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
testable explanations and predictions Antibiotic resistance is attributed to Horizontal Gene Transfer. Antibiotics are
about nature and the universe. used in early stages of genetic modification from HGT to eliminate chances of
bacterial mutation and antibiotic resistant. A study done by Indiana State
It is also the human attempt to University and University of California San Diego found that hospitals observed
understand the natural world, with decreased effectiveness of antibiotic drugs Hug (2008) found antibiotic
or without concern for practical uses resistance could be due to the HGT of GM crops via the transformation of
of that knowledge. The natural world bacteria in the food chain. Being exposed to the production or consumption
includes volcanoes, gravity, atoms, GM crops can decrease antibiotic efficiency.
and galaxies.
Science tries to discover facts and

relationships and then tries to create
theories that makes sense of these

Greek words: “techne” (skill,
methods and processes used to
achieve goals. It refers to tools and
machines that may be used to solve
real-world problems. It is the human
human activity involved with making
and using of material artifacts.

practical use.

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RESEARCH WORK
INSTRUCTIONS
Give one example of genetically modified organism in non-food crops and some microorganisms mentioned
in the lesson.
RESEARCH WORK
INSTRUCTIONS
Research 3 other potential risk that raise major concern in GMOs.
GMO, OMG!
PART I - Directions: Read the short story of Soledad and Margarita.
Soledad and Margarita are dairy farmers. They need to make a decision that could mean
whether or not they stay in business. They need to decide whether to inject their cows with a
drug that increases the amount of milk their cows produce. The drug was developed through
genetic research. The government has approved the use of this drug. Hundreds of studies
show that milk from cows given the drug is safe and healthy to drink. However, many
consumers are afraid of drinking milk from treated cows. They don't trust the studies that
say the milk is safe. They point out that sometimes scientific claims are proven to be wrong
as new evidence is collected. Soledad and Margarita run a family farm. They pride
themselves on being "natural" and "old-fashioned" farmers. However, if they don't use the
drug, their farm may not be as productive as other dairy farms that do use it. On the other
hand, they really can't afford any more expenses. They already are having trouble keeping
up.
1. If you were Soledad and Margarita, what would you do? Go or No?
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PART II – Answer the following questions.
1. What are the benefits/positive impacts of GMOs? Explain your answer in your own words.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the potential risks/negative impacts of GMOs? Explain your answer in your own words.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the industries that uses GMOs. Give 2 examples and explain why.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the environmental risks caused by GMOs? Elaborate your answer
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
GMO: GO or NO?
Genetically Modified Organisms: The “Golden Rice” Debate (NYU Langone Health, n.d.)
Objectives
1) Appreciate that malnutrition is a global health problem
2) Learn how “Golden Rice” seeks to solve malnutrition in
developing countries
3) Discuss ethical questions raised by “Golden Rice” and
other GMOs
Golden Rice Project

Golden rice is a genetically modified, biofortified crop. Biofortification increases the
nutritional value in crops. Golden rice is genetically modified in order to produce beta
carotene, which is not normally produced in rice. Beta carotene is converted into Vitamin
A when metabolized by the human body. We need Vitamin A for healthier skin, immune
systems, and vision.
The Golden Rice Project was first introduced in 1999, when two professors Ingo Potrykus
and Peter Beyer, proposed their project to Rockefeller Foundation to genetically engineer
rice to increase its nutrients. Rockefeller Foundation supported their goal to provide a
sustainable biofortification approach to combat vitamin A deficiencies in developing
countries. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is prevalent in developing countries whose diets are
dependent on rice or other micronutrient-poor carbohydrate foods, which do not contain
vitamin A. The World Health Organization estimates that about 250 million preschool
children are affected by VAD and about 2.7 million children die because of the deficiency.
VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead
to blindness if untreated; reduced immune system response, and an increase in the
severity and mortality risk of infections. VAD is one of the main causes of preventable
blindness of young children from developing countries.
The Golden Rice Project began as a proposed solution for VAD; however, despite the
establishment of a Humanitarian Board and abiding by national and international
regulations governing GMOs, opposition to the project has blocked the roll-out of the
Golden Rice Project in developing countries.
The Golden Rice Debate

When the Golden Rice Project was first announced, it was advertised as an exciting
solution to the prevalence VAD in developing countries. However, opposition to the GMO
formed, blocking the expansion of the project. Countless people and organizations made
arguments trying to halt Golden Rice Project, such as Friends of the Earth, MASIPAG (a
farmer-led network of organizations based in the Philippines), and Greenpeace, the At the
same time, supporters of The Golden Rice Project continued flouting its benefits,
including the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), and the Humanitarian Board for
Golden Rice. It is clear that the golden rice debate is about not only golden rice but also
genetically modified organisms in general.
The Opposition
Golden Rice may seem like a realistic solution for VAD (VAD), but those opposed say the
project is deeply flawed. For starters, Friends of the Earth and MASIPAG agree that merely
planting Golden Rice will not solve the VAD crisis. They point out that there are multiple
recourses for malnutrition planned and currently in place, that are cheaper and do not
require GMOs, that should make golden rice unnecessary. For example, UNICEF employs a
vitamin A supplementation programs that improves a child’s survival rate by 12-24% with
the price of only a few cents. In addition, golden rice may specifically target the deficiency
of vitamin A but it could not address the countless additional social, economic, and
cultural factors that contribute to vitamin A deficiencies. Friends of the Earth stated that
golden rice produces too little beta-carotene to eradicate VAD, solely 1.6 micrograms per
gram of rice and 10% of the daily requirement of vitamin A. The amount of golden rice
needed for sufficient vitamin A intake would be too great in comparison to the rice
available in developing countries.
Another source of opposition to the project stems from questions regarding the motives
of the Golden Rice Project and its ties to several large biotech industries. Is it a ploy to
enhance public support for GMOs, which could take funding away from cheaper, more
realistic solutions? Or are they out to make a profit? The biotech industry’s push of their
technology raises concerns about their motives and contributes to the negative
connotations of GM crops. (Those involved with the Golden Rice Project vehemently reject
that their ties to biotech companies undermines their integrity.)
Then there are concerns about the employment of the Golden Rice Project such as the
cost to set up, technology transfer, the accessibility of the project, the sustainability and
credibility of the rice, and stable support from governments (MASIPAG).
Finally, there are social and cultural roadblocks. There are eating preferences deeply
rooted in longstanding tradition. The yellow color of the rice may not be accepted
because of different countries’ social and cultural history. (MASIPAG). Resistance to GM
crops exists worldwide.
The Supporters
The supporters of The Golden Rice Project consistently flout its public health benefits.
Golden rice may significantly decrease disease morbidity due to VAD in developing
countries. This would be a great thing. They do not share the opposition’s skepticism as to
whether golden rice would be an effective solution. Even if it didn’t totally eliminate VAD
in developing countries, it might make an impact. Planting and consuming golden rice
alongside other interventions (like UNICEF’s supplement program) will make more of a
difference than any one intervention alone. We should use all tools at our disposal to
prevent disease and lifelong disability.
Supporters of the project also reject the opposition’s concern over the fact that the
Golden Rice Project has partners in the biotech industry and for-profit companies. The
Golden Rice Project has freedom to operate under humanitarian use, therefore the
technology can be provided free of charge in developing countries.
Against another opposing view, the Golden Rice Project claims to be a sustainable project
in contrast to the ongoing supplementation and fortification programs (Potrykus, 2001).
The existing programs need millions of dollars per country and per year to run while in
contrast the Golden Rice Project supplies free technology transfer to support the
developing countries.
Finally, supporters of the project consistently point out that anti-golden rice groups also
have their own political agenda. They are not focusing on helping the consumer, but
rather they represent the radical fight against technology and political success.
Greenpeace argues against GMOs for the fear of the advancement of biotechnology;
however, when enhanced it could improve conditions in developing countries other than
solely micronutrient malnutrition. Biotechnology could improve the productivity and
sustainability of developing countries’ agricultural systems, supply greater quantities and
availability of micronutrients, and reduce large quantities of chemical inputs in both
economically and environmentally sustainable ways (Potrykus, 2001).
International Rice Research Institute’s mission is to objectively evaluate the new proposed
resolutions that biotechnology may offer the rice industry, and they work with the
National Agricultural Research system to test the sustainability of the strategies in
different countries. In their analysis, the IRRI has deemed golden rice an “exciting new
option provided by biotechnology” (IRRI, 2000-2001). A clinical trial was conducted in
2009, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, testing the effectiveness of
vitamin A conversion from golden rice in humans, children in china. The results supported
the effective conversion of vitamin A in humans. The results showed the potential for
golden rice to have a more advantageous bioconversion rate compared to any other
biofortified crop, and while supplying 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of
vitamin A from a cup of rice, consumed daily. In addition, the Food Allergy Resource and
Research Program of the University of Nebraska researched the rice in 2006 and the
conclusion showed that no allergenic properties were found in the proteins from the new
genes, an imminent fear from the GMO debate about potential new allergens in GM
crops.
The Current Debate

As a result of opposition, the Golden Rice Project employed golden rice in fewer
developing countries than originally proposed. Currently Golden Rice Project has 16
national rice research institutions under the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board including
those in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, India, South Africa, The Philippines, and Vietnam.
Despite opposition, the Golden Rice Project continued to gradually gain support such as
the blessing from the Pope and the 2015 Patents for Humanity award (Golden Rice
Project). Nevertheless, time passed without much headlining news from the Golden Rice
Project, until June 2016, when 110 Laureates (out of the living 296 Nobel Laureates)
among 5591 scientists and citizens signed a letter against Greenpeace’s opposition to
genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and in support of GMOs. Sir Richard Roberts,
winner of the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, led the letter campaign entitled
“Laureates Letter Supporting Precision Agriculture (GMOs).” The letter addressed
Greenpeace’s opposition to biotechnological innovations in agriculture, and asks for
reexamination their stance as the scientists believe them to misunderstand the risks,
benefits, and impacts that GMOs could have, especially in developing countries. This letter
specifically addressed Golden Rice, and the potential benefits it could have if fully
employed in developing countries. The letter stated, “We call upon Greenpeace to cease
and desist in its campaign against Golden Rice specifically, and crops and foods improved
through biotechnology in general.”
With the letter came opposition. Authors of a recent article in the Journal of Agriculture
and Human Values, “Disembedding grain: Golden Rice, the Green Revolution, and
heirloom seeds in the Philippines,” argue that opposition from anti-GMO activists is not to
blame for the lack of progress on the Golden Rice Project. They argue that even after 24
years of research and billions of dollars spent, the project is still many years away from
being released to developing countries. Many research questions remain about golden
rice such as: Is beta-carotene converted into Vitamin A in malnourished individuals? Does
the crop sustain after long periods between harvest seasons? Could golden rice be
incorporated into traditional cooking methods? These questions remain because of a lack
of studies that show the future safety of golden rice in regards to health and the
environment. As many years before, the fight for and against GMOs is still in progress
with no immediate sense of resolution.
What Are the Ethical Issues Raised?

Despite numerous and various research on golden rice, there remain many unanswered
questions and ethical concerns about golden rice. In addition to weighing risks and
benefits, there is a question about who should decide whether golden rice is employed.
1. Consequentialism: Do the benefits outweigh risks?

A consequentialist ethical framework says that we should look at whether planting
golden rice will bring about more good, or more harm. An analysis of the risks of
planting golden rice and the benefits of doing so may yield clarity about whether The
Golden Rice Project will have an overall positive or negative effect on the world.
Risks
Many anti-GMO activists actively voice potential negative consequences of planting and
consuming golden rice. Risks include potential allergies or potential antibiotic resistance.
There is also the possibility that genetically modified foods enter the food supply
inadvertently from planting GMO crops near non-GMO crops, without knowledge from
the consumer. As genetically modified crops would have to be grown, there are concerns
about the effect they would have on the surrounding environment. Therefore ethical
concerns arise from the unknown effect on the environment. Could the crops negatively
impact the environment and possibly its biodiversity? A possible threat to biodiversity
arises when genetically modified crops breed with wild species (Murnaghan 2016).
Another issue concerns the spreading, ‘escaping,’ or crossing of genes from genetically
modified crops. This could create unwanted resistance of a pesticide or herbicide, or
could increase the strength of weeds. As with human safety concerns, there is the
possibility that other animals that eat genetically modified crops will be affected. This
could created inadvertent risks to these species, harming them and possibly biodiversity
too (McLean, 2005). Studies of the long-term impacts of planting and/or consuming
golden rice have been minimal, because it would take decades to really learn anything.
Even though these very minimal risks are still discussed in popular discourse, many
scientists now agree that genetically modified crops are just as safe to consume and to
plant as traditional crops.
On a different note, there are possible socioeconomic implications that genetically
modified foods can have on developing countries. Since for-profit companies back
genetically modified foods, there is the fear of negative effects on small-scale farmers
because market dominance may arise. This could negatively impact poor farmers who
cannot compete with large biotech companies for land and a share of the rice market.
Benefits
Golden Rice has the promise to help prevent millions of deaths and to alleviate sufferings
of children and adults afflicted with VAD and micronutrient malnutrition in developing
countries. In addition, allowing further golden rice development may open up more
possibilities of enhancing genetically modified, biofortified crops to combat micronutrient
malnutrition in developing countries. This is the main benefit of golden rice. Supporters of
the project believe that the improvement of public health in developing countries trumps
the risks associated with golden rice.
2. The Unheard Voices in the Debate
In a debate dominated by anti-GMO activists and Nobel Laureates, some views are left
in the dark. Ironically, the unheard voices are those of the inhabitants of the developing
countries, the intended receivers of the proposed resolutions in the fight against
micronutrient malnutrition. Ethical decision-making demands that we consider an issue
from a variety of perspectives. Drowning out the voices of the poor impedes our ability
to do so.
Luckily, with the support of both anti-GMO activists and pro-GMO activists, voices from
the developing countries are starting to emerge. For example, as told to Jill Kuehnert for
IRRI, Edwin Paraluman presented his story of his Golden Rice harvest in the Philippines as
a rice farmer. He gave his approval, saying that like other farmers in countless countries
dreaming that their crops feed their families, communities, and countries with healthy
food, golden rice meets his needs. At the end, he gave his enthusiastic support to the
development and expansion of golden rice. Other Philippine farmers gave contrasting
reports, however. Some raised concerns about small farmers becoming indebted to larger
corporations for seeds, exploitation of farmers, health concerns for humans and the
environment. The voices of farmers are often broadcast by activist organization, which
may lead us to wonder: what are the developing country farmers true beliefs? Their
viewpoints are lost in the debate, prompting ethical concerns over who should get to
decide what crops to plant in a particular country or region.
1. What is “Golden Rice?” What issues is the Golden Rice Project trying to address?
2. Summarize the main arguments of the two sides in the Golden Rice Debate.
3. Do you think the benefits of planting and consuming golden rice outweigh the risks?
4. What are the main ethical issues that the opposition and the supporters bring up?
5. What is another example of a genetically modified organism debate?
ACTIVITY GUIDE
1) Watch the interview of Prof.

YOUTUBE LINK:
Winnie Monsod with Nobel Prize
https://www.youtub
Awardee Dr. Richard Robert on
e.com/watch?v=q5j
the Issues on Golden Rice Project
VwIbg15c
in the Philippines.
POSTTEST
DIRECTIONS: Read carefully and answer the following Questions.
PART 1. Fact or Myth

__________ 1. No case of illness has ever been reported by people who have eaten foods that have been
genetically modified, or by people who ingested products in which genetically modified
organisms were used.
__________ 2. The top 5 most planted GMO crops worldwide are soybean, maize, cotton, canola, and alfalfa.
__________ 3. GMOs cause cancer, autism, allergies, gluten intolerance, and other illnesses.
__________ 4. If livestock eats genetically modified grain, there will be GMO milk, meat, and eggs.
__________ 5. GM foods can contribute to the gap between the rich and the poor.
__________ 6. Pests can develop immunity to the built-in pest aside in GM crops.
__________ 7. Due to the way GM foods are made they are unsafe.
__________ 8. GM fruits are made by changing an ordinary fruit into a GM fruit individually.
__________ 9. Organic food is free of genetically modified organisms.
__________ 10. Animal studies show that infertility and reproductive problems are the only health risks
associated with GMOs.
PART 2.
1. In your own words, what are genetically modified (GM) organisms and GM foods?
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why grow GMOs?
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Author | CYRA
ELDENMAE
GRENCIO
ROMANORGELA
SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA
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POSTTEST
3. What are the GMO crops which are legally marketed?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Are GMOs safe?
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5. What are the issues of concern for the health and environment?
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Author | CYRA
ELDENMAE
GRENCIO
ROMANORGELA
SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA
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BOOKS
Serafica, J.P.J., et. al. 2017. Science, Technology, and Society. First Edition. Rex Book Store, Inc. (RBSI), 856 Nicanor
Reyes Sr., Sampaloc, Manila/Tel.
WEB RESOURCES
Barber, D., Rodrigues, R. & Salcedo, G. (2008) Molecular profiles: A new tool to substantiate serum banks for
evaluation of potential allergenicity of GMO. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: S35-S40.
Genetically Modified Organisms. (2013). https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/GMOs/GMOs2.html
GMO Answers. (2013 August 2). How are GMOs Made? The Genetically Modified Hawaiian Papaya Case Study.
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G-yUuiqIZ0
GMA Public Affairs. (2019 January 8). Bawal ang Pasaway: 'Golden rice,' solusyon ba para maibsan ang Vitamin
A deficiency sa bansa? YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5jVwIbg15c
NYU Langone Health. (n.d.). HIGH SCHOOL BIOETHICS. Genetically Modified Organisms: The “Golden Rice”
Debate. https://med.nyu.edu/highschoolbioethics/
Phillips, T. (2008) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Transgenic crops and recombinant DNA technology.
Nature Education 1(1):213 https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-
transgenic-crops-and-732/
PRETEST ANSWER KEY
1) D
2) B
3) C
4) A
5) C
6) A
7) B
8) A
9) B
10) A
11) C
12) D
13) D
14) C
15) A
16) D
17) A
18) A
19) B
20) C
21) C
22) A

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GE 7 STS Module 11

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SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY | GE 7 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY STS

SPECIFIC ISSUES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS:

SUGGESTED TIME ALLOTMENT | 3 HOURS

 Course Packet  Problem-Based  Completed outputs

continued on the next page…

This module in Genetically Modified Organisms discusses VOCABULARY LIST continued….

GENE EXPRESSION. The process

1. Which would NOT be a reason to use Genetically Modified crops?

3. What is NOT a reason to genetically modify plants?

4. In recombinant DNA technology, plasmids may be used to:

7. The following statement about GMO is correct, EXCEPT.

10. The procedure illustrated in the Figure is an example of:

14. Most foods derived from genetically modified crops contain:

18. Which of the following is an example of a GMO?

19. A con of GMOs is that

22. What are the positive effects of GMO use?

WHAT IS A GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM?

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

Bacteria have three ways of transferring bacteria between cells:

1) Watch the study

It is from the Latin word ‘scientia’,

It is also the human attempt to

Technology involves tools, CURRENT USE OF

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition and

It is also the human attempt to Table 1

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

GMOs IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

5. Enzyme and Drug Production – use of modified microorganisms that can

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

Science tries to discover facts and

TECHNOLOGY came from two (2)

Technology involves tools,

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

PART I - Directions: Read the short story of Soledad and Margarita.

PART II – Answer the following questions.

Golden Rice Project

The Golden Rice Debate

The Current Debate

What Are the Ethical Issues Raised?

1. Consequentialism: Do the benefits outweigh risks?

1) Watch the interview of Prof.

DIRECTIONS: Read carefully and answer the following Questions.

PART 1. Fact or Myth

2. Why grow GMOs?

3. What are the GMO crops which are legally marketed?

4. Are GMOs safe?

PRETEST ANSWER KEY

Author | CYRA MAE ROMAN SOREDA Contributor | FREDELYN DIONEDA

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