Revisiting The

Black Power
Movement

Frida Calvo Huerta, Katelyn Melkonians,

Jessica Pan, Shreya Ramesh, Stephanie Rios,
Katrina Rivera, Julie Vu
 Introduction
In this class, we have discussed the lost histories of many
Black people in America, understanding their feelings and
lives as slaves and as descendants of slaves, all while seeing
how these injustices have fit into the narrative of American
history. We have talked about what it’s like to be marginalized
and the pain that the Black community feels when they
are unable to connect with their ancestors and understand
their full history through our readings of Octavia E. Butler’s
Kindred and Saidiya Hartman’s Lose Your Mother. However,
we haven’t spent as much time focusing on ways that Black
community and other minority communities have been
empowered and continue to take pride in their heritage and
culture.
At this point in history, we are beginning to see a major
movement (#blacklivesmatter) calling for the equality and
justice for the Black community, especially through the lens
of police brutality. The ideas and actions that inspired this
movement stem from the Black Panther Party, a political
organization that sought to empower Black students through
the monitoring of police through their open carry policies.
Their fearlessness and dedication to the fight for equality
served as an inspiration for many in the community and other
minority communities, and as a result, empowered many
within their community to fight for justice for all despite the
circumstances and consequences.
Through this research project, we have seen the impacts
of the Black Panther Party on the Black community and future
generations by creating a sense of pride in their heritage and
empowering them by spreading messages about Black Power.
We’ve begun to see a narrative shift from one of timidness and
conformity to one of acceptance and empowerment, something
that can be attributed partly to the Black Panther Party.

i
CONTENTS
Black Power Movement (BPM) Timeline 1
Black Panther Party’s 10 Point Plan 17
Biographies of Activists 23
BPM’s Cultural Impact 29
BPM’s Economic Impact 37
BPM’s Social Impact and Then & Now Comparisons 39
U.S. Government Intervention - COINTELPRO 45
The Fall of the Black Panther Party 59
Interview with Andrew S. Banderas 63
Outro & Sources 65

ii
 A TIM
SURROUN
BLACK P
MOVE

1961
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale meet
while attending Merritt College of
Oakland, California. They are both
politically active on campus,
attending rallies and protests.
Together they form the Negro
History Fact group, to help develop
integration of black history into the
school’s curriculum.

1
MELINE
NDING THE
PANTHER
EMENT
FEBRUARY 21, 1965

Civil Rights leader, Malcolm X, is

assassinated while attending a
rally. Despite his controversial
reputation, his death sparked
much grief among the black
community. Many of Malcolm X’s
ideas went on to build foundations
for the Black Panther Party’s
philosophies, such as armed
self-defense and black
nationalism.

2
 SEPTEMBER 27, 1966
Sixteen year old Matthew Johnson
was shot and killed by the San
Francisco Police Department. Violent
riots broke out immediately and
lasted for three days following his
death; this became the largest riot in
the Bay Area up until that time, and
was officially named the Hunter’s
Point Uprising. Newton observed the
way the black community rebelled as
a social force and drew inspiration
from the uprising.

3
 OCTOBER 1966
The Black Panther Party for
Self-Defense (the party’s original
name) was created by Newton
and Seale. The earliest tasks of
the Party included police
patrolling and monitoring around
the black communities of the Bay
Area with hopes to prevent police
brutality in these areas.
Patrolers would listen to radio
calls, flee to the place of the
arrest, and inform the citizens of
their constitutional rights.

4
 JANUARY 1967
The weekly newspaper of the Black Panther
Party was first published. Originally sold at
25 cents, the paper informed the public on
internal news within the Party and news
stories involving police brutality and social
justice. The paper was controversial
compared to mainstream press as the
authors were very vocal about their work. It
became incredibly popular, circulating
around 250,000 copies at its peak point. The
Black Panther was extremely effective at
attracting new recruits as papers circulated
throughout cities as the movement grew
nationwide.

5
 MAY 2, 1967
The Mulford Bill was proposed to repeal the
allowance of citizens to carry loaded weapons
in public as long as they were in plain sight.
Armed Black Panthers protested at the
California state capitol in Sacramento, where
the members read aloud Executive Mandate
Number 1, opposing the Mulford Bill.
Despite the protest, the bill passed; however,
this stimulated the first instances of media
attention to the Black Panthers. The
member population significantly grew
following this event, before there were only
about 75 members.

6
 MAY 15, 1967
The “What We Want Now!”
Ten-Point program is
published in The Black
Panther newspaper. It
addressed the party’s goals
beyond ending police brutality,
including freedom, education,
housing, and more. The
platform became essential for
the Panthers as it outlined the
practices for the members to
live by, and the needs of the
party for non-members to
understand.

7
 AUGUST 1967
COINTELPRO was a program initiated
by the FBI, and was instructed to
dismantle black nationalist groups,
including the Black Panthers.
COINTELPRO underwent a number of
activities in hopes of deconstructing the
party, such as creating rivalries within
the party’s members by sending forged
letters. The bureau struck heavily on the
party’s community programs such as
Free Breakfast for Children by harassing
supporters and donors. The program
took a special liking to the Panthers, as
233 of 296 actions against groups were
targeted at the Panthers, by 1969.

8
 OCTOBER 28, 1967
Huey Newton is convicted of shooting and killing John
Frey of the Oakland Police Department. Shootings took
place after Newton was stopped at a traffic check,
leaving Newton and another officer wounded as well.
Newton claimed he was unconscious when Frey was
shot, but spent three years in jail until his conviction
was overturned. During his trial and time in prison, the
“Free Huey” campaign drew national attention to the
Black Panthers, and allowed for the party to create
strong bonds with other political organizations
throughout the country.

9
 APRIL 4-6, 1968
On the fourth, civil rights leader Martin Luther
King, Jr. was assassinated, creating civil unrest
throughout the United States for days following his
death. Marches and protests, peaceful and violent,
took place in cities nationwide, in what became “the
greatest wave of social unrest since the Civil War”.
On the sixth, a 17-year-old Black Panther named
Bobby Hutton was shot and killed during a
shootout with a group of Oakland Police officers.
Hutton was the first party member to be killed by
police.

10
 LATE 1968
The Black Panther Party
reached its peak, with over 35
chapters nationwide and
around 5000 members. The
majority of the group focused
on political action at this
point in time; however, there
were always disagreements
between members about their
key interests for the party.
Slogans of the party spread;
celebrities publicly endorsed
and donated to the Black
Panthers, and American
medalists gave the black
power salute during that
year’s Summer Olympics.

11
 1969

The importance of education was supported by the

Black Panthers and even outlined in the Ten-Point
Program. The Liberation School Initiative created
after-school programs, and later full-time schools
throughout the US. The schools provided an
education from a non-traditional perspective, and
focused on black history and culture that was
primarily excluded from a mainstream school. The
largest school, named the Oakland Community
School, reached enrollment as high as 150.

12
 LATE 1969
Seale is arrested for conspiracy to incite
riots during the Democratic National
Convention the previous year. David
Hilliard leads the party, and endorses
violent revolution. Disputes escalated,
violence and tortures occured, and
differences heightened within the party.
Membership was declining drastically
compared to the peak during 1968.

13
 EARLY 1970
Black Panther members travel to
Asia, developing relations with
leaders of China, North Vietnam,
and North Korea with the goal of
ending American imperialism in
mind. Ideas shared throughout
anti-imperialist conferences in Asia
included self-reliance, autonomy,
and adapted Marxism-Leninism
ideals. Strong alliances were built
between the Black Panther Party
and a few governments of Asia.

14
 THROUGHOUT
1970
Disagreements between leaders of the party
cause factions within the party to be
created. A portion wanted to focus on social
and communal services while the other
portion wanted to focus on police
antagonisation. The split caused Eldridge
Cleaver, editor of the newspaper, to lead a
splinter group that became violent with the
Black Panthers, resulting in deaths on both
sides. Many members quit the party.

15
 EARLY 1972
Newton closed down
chapters all over the
country, and called
key members back
to Oakland. The
Black Panthers
sought to have roles
in office. Seale ran
for mayor, but lost
to Oakland’s
incumbent. A few
members take small
roles in commissions
of the government,
but the party
continues to
disintegrate.

16
 The Ten Po
The document was created in 1966 by founders of the Black P
ideals and demands the

1. WE WANT FREEDOM. WE WANT

POWER TO DETERMINE THE
DESTINY OF OUR BLACK AND
OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.
We believe that Black and oppressed people will not be free
until we are able to determine our destinies in our own
communities ourselves, by fully controlling all the
institutions which exist in our communities.
2. WE WANT FULL EMPLOYMENT FOR
OUR PEOPLE.
We believe that the federal government is responsible and
obligated to give every person employment or a guaranteed
income. We believe that if the American businessmen will
not give full employment, then the technology and means of
production should be taken from the businessmen and
placed in the community so that the people of the
community can organize and employ all of its people and
give a high standard of living.

17
oint Plan
Panther Party Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. It lists the
party is based around.

3. WE WANT AN END TO THE ROBBERY

BY THE CAPITALISTS OF OUR BLACK
AND OPPRESSED COMMUNITIES.
We believe that this racist government has robbed us and now we
are demanding the overdue debt of forty acres and two mules.
Forty acres and two mules were promised 100 years ago as
restitution for slave labor and mass murder of Black people. We
will accept the payment in currency which will be distributed to
our many communities. The American racist has taken part in
the slaughter of our fifty million Black people. Therefore, we feel
this is a modest demand that we make.
4. WE WANT DECENT HOUSING, FIT FOR
THE SHELTER OF HUMAN BEINGS.
We believe that if the landlords will not give decent housing to
our Black and oppressed communities, then housing and the
land should be made into cooperatives so that the people in our
communities, with government aid, can build and make decent
housing for the people.

18
 The Ten Poin
5. WE WANT DECENT EDUCATION FOR
OUR PEOPLE THAT EXPOSES THE
TRUE NATURE OF THIS DECADENT
AMERICAN SOCIETY. WE WANT
EDUCATION THAT TEACHES US OUR
TRUE HISTORY AND OUR ROLE IN THE
PRESENT-DAY SOCIETY.
We believe in an educational system that will give to our people a
knowledge of the self. If you do not have knowledge of yourself
and your position in the society and in the world, then you will
have little chance to know anything else.
6. WE WANT ALL BLACK MEN TO BE
EXEMPT FROM MILITARY SERVICE
We believe that Black people should not be forced to fight in the
military service to defend a racist government that does not
protect us. We will not fight and kill other people of color in the
world who, like Black people, are being victimized by the White
racist government of America. We will protect ourselves from the
force and violence of the racist police and the racist military, by
whatever means necessary.

19
nt Plan (cont.)
7. WE WANT AN IMMEDIATE END TO
POLICE BRUTALITY AND MURDER
OF BLACK PEOPLE.
We believe we can end police brutality in our Black
community by organizing Black self-defense groups that are
dedicated to defending our Black community from racist police
oppression and brutality. The Second Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States gives a right to bear arms.
We therefore believe that all Black people should arm
themselves for self- defense.
8. WE WANT FREEDOM FOR ALL BLACK
PEOPLE NOW HELD IN U. S.
FEDERAL, STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND
MILITARY PRISONS AND JAILS.
We believe that all Black people should be released from the
many jails and prisons because they have not received a fair
and impartial trial.

20
 The Ten Poin
9. WE WANT TRIALS BY A JURY OF PEERS
FOR All PERSONS CHARGED WITH
SO-CALLED CRIMES UNDER THE LAWS OF
THIS COUNTRY.
We believe that the courts should follow the United States Constituti
so that Black people will receive fair trials. The Fourteenth Amendme
of the U.S. Constitution gives a man a right to be tried by his peer gro
A peer is a person from a similar economic, social, religious,
geographical, environmental, historical and racial background. To do
this the court will be forced to select a jury from the Black community
from which the Black defendant came. We have been, and are being,
tried by all-White juries that have no understanding of the "average
reasoning man" of the Black community.
10. WE WANT LAND, BREAD, HOUSING,
EDUCATION, CLOTHING, JUSTICE AND
PEACE.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate
and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's God entitl
them, a decent respect of the opinions of mankind requires that they
should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

21
nt Plan (cont.)

ion
ent
oup.

le

22
 Bobby
Seale
Seale was born on
October 22, 1936,
in Dallas Texas. He
spent the majority
of his life residing
in California. After
dropping out of high
school for some time,
he served in the US
Army. Then, he became
a student and got
his degree at Merritt
College. He found his
passion for politics
and sparked interest
in implementing black
studies on campus.
He then became a
political activist and is
one of the co-founders
of the Black Panther Movement along with Huey Newton.
He wanted to be a change in the system and his work
became geared towards radicalism. Unfortunately, he was
convicted for riots conspiracy theory during the Democratic
National Convention. Seale did not have the option to
choose his lawyer to represent him in court. This trial
lasted for about six months. The rise of the Black Panther
Party lasted only for a while as Seale became less visible in
the public eye upon his release from jail after being there
for four years. Seale became more focus on improving the
community socially and environmentally and stepped away
from being involved in politics.
23
 Huey
Newton
Newton was born on
February 17, 1942. He
moved to Oakland at
a very young age. He
attended Merritt College
and met his friend, Bobby
Seale. Newton was very
involved in the Afro-
American Association in
college. Huey and Bobby
met in college. He later on
received his bachelor’s in
Social Philosophy at the
University of California,
Santa Cruz. Newton was
inspired to initiate the
Black Panther Movement
because he noticed the
present issues of police
brutality and racism.
Newton spent two years in prison due to his conviction
of “involuntary manslaughter” of a policeman. People
protested because they believed that it was unfair and
wanted justice for Newton. There was a huge campaign
going on called “Free Huey” which helped freed Newton.
After being released from prison, he quoted “You have the
power and the power is with the people”. Newton died in
1989 due to a gunshot from a drug dispute.

24
 Frederick Douglass
Douglass was born on February
1818 in Talbot County. His
parents were not around
and he mainly lived with his
grandparents growing up. He
was an abolitionist and was a
slave and escaped successfully.
His motto was “No Union
with Slaveholders”. Douglass
advocated for human equality,
particularly for minorities.
In addition, Douglass was an
abolitionist.
Growing up, Douglass taught
himself how to read and write.
Hence, he wanted to help
slaves be educated. He was the
first African American man to be nominated to run for
Vice President with Victoria Woodhull in 1872.
In his famous work was his autograph, “Narrative of
Frederick Douglass” along with notable speeches such
as “What to The Slave is Fourth of July?” made a huge
influence in history. These text provides readers with
a perspective of how it feels to be an African American
and what kind of struggles they go through. This was
impressive because he was able to write well about his
life with limited formal education. In addition, Douglass
is an advocate for women’s rights and his work is still
relevant to many people’s lives today.

25
Jae Jarrell
Jarrell was born in 1935 and
is an artist who focuses on the
Black Arts Movement. Her
intricate clothing designs is
influenced by her grandfather
was a tailor. This gave her
an early exposure to fabrics
and designs that led her to
a career of being an artist.
Jarrell’s fashion design includes
unique patterns and bright
colors. Her work is inspired by
“pride, power, energy, and self-
respect.” Therefore, she was
able to show the
beauty of African
American heritage through her artwork.
She received her fashion degree at
Bowling Green State University.
Jarell was also one of the founding
members of the African Commune of
Bad Relevant Artists (AFRICOBRA)
that was founded in 1968. The other
co-founding member was her husband,
Wadsworth Jarrell. The group focused
on portraying a positive image for
African Americans and working towards
a better future. Its purpose was also to
promote Black pride and to commit to
social responsibility. In addition, these
were skilled artists whose mission was
to become a Revolutionary group.

26
 Richard Aoki
Aoki was born
on November
20, 1938, in
California. Aoki
also received
his education at
the University
of California,
Berkeley for
sociology. After
completing
his undergrad, he obtained his master’s in social work.
Growing up, Aoki mostly lived in Oakland, California
where it was a predominantly black neighborhood. He
later joined a gang in high school and impressively
became the co-valedictorian at his school. Later on in
his life, he joined the US Army for about eight years
and served as an informant for the Federal Bureau
Investigation for fifteen years.
Aoki was also an educator and college advisor. He met
Bobby Seale and Huey Newton while attending Merritt
College. Aoki was a civil rights activist and joined the
Black Power Party during the beginning stages. He is
Asian American from a Japanese heritage and played an
essential role in the Yellow Peril Supports Black Power
Movement. He served in bringing unity between African
Americans and Asian Americans. Aoki was one of the few
Asian people to hold a leadership position (Field Marshal)
in the Black Panther Party. He died in 2009 due to
gunshot suicide.

27
Monyee Chau
Chau was born in 1996 in Seattle,
Washington, and is a Chinese
American artist who identifies
as queer. Her family immigrated
from Taiwan and Hong Kong
during the 1970s. She got her
Bachelor’s in Fine Arts at Cornish
College. Chau is known for her
Yellow Peril Supports Black
Power artwork. The post received
positive support and popularity on
Instagram.
The picture showcases the Yin and
Yang balance of the two tigers. Most importantly, this
was inspired by the tragic event of George Floyd’s death
by police brutality. The symbols showcased resembles the
support from the Asian communities for Black people.
Chau states that “People have to center black liberation
and freedom in their politics and in their practice”. Her
hope is to have Asian people to be allies towards the Black
community because this is a time where they need it the
most.
The purpose of her work is to
reconnect with her Asian roots
“through a variety of mediums” where
she share her personal experiences.
Therefore, Chau’s work showcases the
connection between her culture and
what it means to be Asian American.
She likes to describe her style as bold
because she is being her authentic
self.
28
 BPM’s Cultural
Impact

29
 The Power of
Words
Many of the impacts that the Black Panther
Party had on American society can be attributed
to the words spoken and written by party
members to critique society and speak up about
their beliefs and ideas. Words have been the tool
that the party used to convey ideas and
feelings and also bring about action. This word
cloud represents the people and ideas that were
inspired by the ideas of the party and sought to
represent these ideas in their works, ranging
from music to art to writing. The typography of
this word cloud is also reflective of a the Panther
newspaper, the medium that gave many a voice
in society. Without these words, we wouldn’t see
and benefit from the many tangible impacts the
Party left behind before their dissolution.

30
 The Cultural Impact o
World (
Words were the most powerful tool that the Black Panther Party utilized dur
in today’s culture. It was the foundation for meaningful connections with oth
people in the process. Most notably, the words of the Party gave a voice to the
faced by society every day. The power and the impact of the ideas of the Party
impacts to this day, especially in regards to present-day American culture thr
The Black Panther Party has had a major influence on music and continue
today. For example, major artists such as Nina Simone and James Brown
already outspoken about social and political issues continued to speak up a
issues through their lyrics. In addition, many music artists also served in p
power within the party. For example, Elaine Brown was a famous artist w
chair of the Black Panther Party from 1974-1977, and consequently, provid
for the Party’s ideas and policies. In the modern world, many of the Party’s
regarding Black Power can still be seen today, especially in rap and hip-ho
Black musical artists and groups, such as Tupac, NWA, Beyonce, and Publ
cited the Party as influences of their music regarding Black Power and em
example, Public Enemy released songs titled “Power to the People” and “Fi
songs that were directly influenced by the Party’s messages of Black Power
empowerment. In addition, Tupac released a song titled “Panther Power,”
his parents who were members of the Party, where he details the struggles
in America. More recently, Beyonce’s Super Bowl Performance was a tribu
anniversary of Black Panther Party by wearing berets and black leather. T
Panther began to normalize the inclusion of Black Power in American cult
result, many such musical artists paid tribute to the Party for creating opp
Black artists to create music empowering other Black Americans.

31
of Words in the Modern
(Music)
ring its existence, and consequently, we still see the impact of such words
hers who faced similar everyday struggles, and as a result, empowered
e voiceless, those who were unable to speak up against the atrocities they
y and words spoken and written by Party leaders have still tangible
rough the lens of various forms of media.
es to do so
who were
about such
positions of
who served as the
ded a platform
s ideas
op music. Many
lic Enemy, have Beyonce at the 2013 Super Bowl (left) & NIna Simone (right)
mpowerment. For
ight the Power,” “My Mother never let me forget my history
r and Hoping I was set free chains never put on me
influenced by Wanted to be more than just free
s of being Black Had to know the true facts about my history
ute to the 50th I couldn't settle for being a statistic
The Black Couldn't survive in this capitalistic
ture, and as a Government cause it was meant to hold us
portunities for back” - 2Pac’s “Panther Power” (2000)

32
 The Cultural Impact of
World
Art has also been another cultural aspect that has been impacted b
Black Panther Party, namely through the inclusion of Emory Dougl
the Party’s newspaper. Emory Douglas’s background in art, printm
and activism made him popular in the party, and his artwork and p
have become known as iconic remnants of the Party. His striking im
were meant to be easily read and recognizable by the highly illitera
community in poorer communities in the Bay. His use of a mixture
photography, bold colors, and drawings made his art recognizable a
source of inspiration for many in the community. His art has been e
in many high-profile places such as Manhattan’s Urban Justice Cen
although his influence can be found in other local places, such as in
in local stores in Staten Island, New York or on graffitied walls in O
The Party’s repetitive messages through its unique art style provid
unified front for the ideals of the Party and provided a constant sou
inspiration for many other young artists who seek to express their a
through activism. For example, Christopher Paul Jordan has create
collage for the movement to prevent the erasure of Black stories fro
current narrative about HIV/AIDS, a project inspired by the work o
With the prevalence of digital art and social media, it has become e
spread art and ideas influenced by the Party.

33
 f Words in the Modern
d (Art)
by the
las’s art in “One of the major tenets of [the Black Panther’s]
agenda was to shape their own media image, as
making, opposed to having their image be dominated by the
posters more dominant media landscape. So coming up with
mages the pamphlets and The Black Panther newspaper was
ate all a part of that agenda” - Fahamu Pecou, artist
and scholar of Pop culture from an NYT interview
of with McKinley and Russonello (2016)
and a
exhibited
nter,
n posters
Oakland.
ded a
urce of
art
ed a
om the
of Douglas.
easier to One of Emory Douglas’s most famous poster for
his depictions of policemen as pigs

34
 The Cultural Impact of
World (Mov
The effects
“For some viewers, “Black people not o
Panther” may have undeservedly today, espec
sinister connotations, but the Marvel’s Bl
Panther Pa
2018 film reclaims the symbol to
1968 film th
be celebrated by all as an avatar regarding H
for change.” - Jamil Smith from This film sh
Times on Marvel’s Black Panther alternative
documentar
the racist a
reinventing
character. W
society and
and sought
to name the
Panther Pa
change and
basis of the
Scene from the documentary Black Panthers office hit bu
(1968)
people arou

35
 f Words in the Modern
vies & Film)
of the Black Panther Party’s efforts to empower young Black
only in the Bay area but also the United States can still be felt
cially in the movie industry, with the most notable impact being
lack Panther. One of the very first films that brought the Black
arty to the limelight is the documentary named Black Panthers, a
hat discussed the ongoing protests organized by the Party
Huey P. Newton’s arrest for murdering a police officer in Oakland.
howed the struggles and humanized the party by showing
perspectives of the leaders and major figureheads. This
ry influenced Marvel’s Don McGregor who decided to fight against
and problematic tropes of the comic known as Jungle Action by
g the comic to one that resembles the iconic Black Panther
Within the world of the Black Panther comic, McGregor created a
a character that was not reliant on white and Eurocentric ideas
to fight against conventional ideas of Black society. The decision
e comic Black Panther, a name that bore resemblance to the Black
arty, was once questioned, but now, the name serves as a symbol of
d empowerment for all young Black people. This comic served as the
e 2018 film Black Panther, which was lauded as not only a box
ut also as a movie that helped to empower many young Black
und the world.

36
 Achieving Where the Governme
“Feeding people was always part of the Panther pro
liberation in terms of importance. Because if yo
— you’re not going to last too long…. We were dea
called these initiatives “survival programs.” (Billy X
Free Breakfast St. Augustine’s
The Free Breakfast Program
Church in Oakland.
Program: children to learn at school, and at th
was only a program in a few rural sc
10,000 bags of groceries. They also r
they tested around 12,000 people for
vote in a day at California. Later on,
reaction to the Black Panther’s grow
participate in a free breakfast progra
Issues like voter registration
are food insecure, and more than 10
Georgia turning blue was in large pa
register voters. Georgia turnout incr
credited with registering 800,000 ne
as the protests in the streets, and ar

"The fact that the United States has more

going hungry is a shame, it was a shame
-Melvin Dickson, an organizer from the Oakland breakfast prog

37
ent Fails: The Economic Impact
ogram. Food is right up there with justice and
ou do not have food — and the correct types of food
aling with people’s survival. That’s why we
X Jennings, early Black Panther Member)
was started in 1969 by the Black Panthers, with its first chapter at
The program was started because hunger made it difficult for
he time schools only offered reduced price lunches and free breakfast
chools. At one of their greatest events the Black Panthers gave away
ran other programs such as disease testing and voter registration, as
r sickle cell anemia and held the record for most people registered to
, the government started their own free breakfast program as a
wing popularity due to the program. Now, over 8 million children
am.
and food poverty are still relevant to this day. 14.3 million americans
million children live in food insecure households. In this election,
art due to the work of Stacey Abrams, who worked tirelessly to
reased by a whopping 1 million from 2016 to 2020, and Abrams is
ew voters in her state. These programs and projects are just as crucial
re the key to reaching equality for all.

e food than we need, and folks are still

e then, and it’s a shame now."
gram

38
 From Then to Now:
A movement centered around an ideology of defen
nationalism. A group started in the context of Afr
economic and social inequality, seen in the poor li
centers. Reading these sentences today, the Black
However, I am speaking of the Black Panther mov
end continues to have far reaching impacts to this
continued to persist.
Police brut
Systemic Racism: community
the mistre
Police Brutality in almost a
King Jr., t
Black Pan
“We want an immediate brutality a
end to police brutality police brut
alternative
and murder of black being appr
the moder
people” brutality,
alternative

39
: The Social Impact
nse against police brutality and black
rican Americans continued suffering from
iving conditions and public services of urban
k Lives Matter movement likely comes to mind.
vement founded in 1966, which despite it’s forced
s day as the problems it sought to fight have also

tality has been an issue that plagues the African American

y since the times of slavery. In the 1960s, resistance against
eatment of black people by the police and justice system existed
all black activist groups, from Malcolm X to Martin Luther
to of course, the Black Panthers. One of the 10 demands the
nther Party made was “we want an immediate end to police
and murder of black people”. The Black Panther’s response to
tality was policing the police, and they would form their own
e armed force to follow police and shout legal advice at those
rehended so as to ensure no rights were being abused. While
rn Defund the Police has gone a different route to fight police
many in the movement have long been advocating for an
e to the police force in a way similar to the Black Panthers.

40
 Comparing
The fight against systemic racism in the justice and Twenty
police system has roots as far as hundreds of years Panthe
ago, and parallels between modern day messages on Panth
police brutality are startlingly similar to the protests conspira
and words of the 1960s. The US justice system has departm
been slow to change, as even now issues of bail and the were eve
inhumane treatment of prisoners, often even before held on R
solitary c
they get to trial, has continued to disproportionately
able to
affect the African American community. Rikers Island celebrit
was the jail used to detain the 21 Panthers and Kalief Below is
Browder before trial. Luckily, the Panthers has public outsid
support and were able to raise enough money to post
bail, however they still spent 10 months in solitary
confinement. Kalief Browder was a teenager charged
with stealing a backpack, thus spent 3 years in Rikers
Island with much of that time in solitary confinement.
Once he finally was able to stand for trial and was
judged not guilty it was too late, and he killed himself
after being let out. This failed system of bail means
that true justice, where one is innocent till proven
guilty, is only the case for the rich and affluent. While
police brutality has been getting more attention lately
(as it should!), we need to remember that systemic
racism and violence goes further than the police, and Over
is present in every corner of our law and justice from
the moment of arrest to jails to court and to been c
distribution of resources that keep black communities
in poverty.

41
 Then
y-one members of the Black
er Party, also known as the
her 21, were accused of a
acy to attack and bomb police
ments in NYC. The Panthers
entually acquitted, but were
Rikers island for 10 months in
confinement before they were
afford bail with the help of
ties like Leonard Bernstein.
s a picture of demonstrations
de of the NYC courthouse.
Now
In 2010, Kalief Browder was charged
with stealing a backpack and he plead
not guilty. He wasn’t allowed to post
bail (as he was on probation), and
ended up spending 3 years on Rikers
Island jail before getting to trial,
where he was acquitted of all crimes.
He spent 2 years in solitary
confinement and was assaulted by
guards, resulting in deep trauma as he
later killed himself after getting out of
jail. Kalief Browder was 16 when
arrested.

555,000 people locked up haven’t

convicted. Most are in jail because
they can’t afford bail.

42
 Comparing Th
Tommie Smith an
Black athletes brought awareness to and bronze med
movements like Black Panther and BLM protest against ra
black people by r
by making a silent statement while the represent black
American national anthem plays. In panther symbol) a
both instances they were faced with socks to represent
the US national a
backlash, as people were angry at them
are booed at while
for “disrespecting” the national anthem.
But if this is not an acceptable form of
protest then what is? When protests in
the street are painted as violent and
moments like these are demonized it
shows that those who are blind to the
racism in our country don’t really care
how we protest, they will always be
disapproving. The problem was never
the method, it was the message that
people still refuse to open their eyes to.

“If I win I am an American, not

something bad then they would s
we are proud of being black.”

43
hen Now
nd John Carlos, gold Colin Kaepernick, a player in the NFL, sat while
dallists in the 200m, the US national anthem played in protest
acial discrimination of against police brutality and racial injustice. He
raising their fists to continued to kneel during the anthem for the
k power (the black rest of the season, and was joined by teammate
and by wearing black Eric Reid. This action received wide backlash,
t black poverty while with even POTUS Donald Trump condemning
anthem played. They his actions. Both Reid and Kaepernick have been
e leaving the podium. unable to get signed to another team, with their
protest a likely factor.

a black American. But if I did

say 'a Negro'. We are black and
” (Tommie Smith)

44
 COINTEL
“CounterIntelligence Pr
In 1982, the prominent B
more than 40 chapters and
There are many theor
dissolved, primarily incl
destruction within the gr
Bobby Seale, and many m
to the interference of th
program” (COINTELPRO
Investiga

45
LPRO
rogram”
Black Panther Party, with
d 5,000 members, dissolved.
ries as to how the party
luding internal issues and
roup, but party co-founder,
more, accounts its downfall
he “CounterIntelligence
O) by the Federal Bureau of
ation (FBI).

46
 Between 1956 to 1971, the FBI
used the COINTELPRO program
COINTE
to target groups deemed “radical” A specific exam
and a threat to national security, COINTELPRO’s d
of the BPP w
given the political zeitgeist of the
defamation and
Cold War. COINTELPRO’s purpose attempts to sp
was “according to one FBI negative news co
document, was to “expose, disrupt, order to cause
misdirect, discredit or otherwise between the party
neutralize the activities of black a document of t
authorizing the
nationalist hate type organizations
and groupings, their leadership,
spokesmen, membership and The document
supporters” (“Police kill [...] Party”, data to source
2009) friction being bu
BPP Leaders fe
West coast lea
COINTELPRO operations targeted national leaders
multiple “radical” political groups,
including the Black Panther Party.
Among these tactics included In order to separa
wiretapping, surveillance, the country, th
infiltration, fabricating evidence of through exposing
FBI took priv
crimes, and more, in order to broadcast to the
disrupt the social movement.

47
ELPRO’s Efforts: Infiltration
mple of
disruption
was its
d active
pread
overage in
a ridge
y. Here is
the FBI
project:
“COINTELPRO.” FBI, FBI, 5 May
2011, vault.fbi.gov/cointel-pro.

explicitly states “Bureau requested to furnish essence of above

e national news media. Text should be pitched along line that
uilt up between west and east coast BPP Leadership. East coast
eel they are being used merely as newspaper delivery boys while
aders take in the profits. East coast leadership in NYC are feel
ship no longer interested in “Panther Twentyone” who remain in
jail.”

ate the movement, which had already gained support throughout

he FBI attempted to split the East and West coast leaderships
g feelings of resentment within the party. This infiltration by the
vate information within the group, in order to manipulate and
e mass media, in hopes of ultimately separating the movement.

48
 COINTELPRO’s Efforts: M
Fred Hampton
Chicago Police
photographed
carrying Fred
Hampton’s body out of
his apartment

Image Source: “The

Chicago police raid that
killed Black Panthers
Fred Hampton and Mark
Clark in 1969 - The
Washington Post 2019.

“mainstream media outlets turned Fred Hampton fr

political organizer and rising star of the Black Power
a violent, criminal extremist.” (Goforth, 2

After his death, the FBI was able to shift public opinion on his death
“justifiable”. After the incident, “The articles and photographs they published
pro-police, anti-Panther, anti-Hampton, and above all, anti-Black” (Goforth, 2

49
Murder and Prosecution
Another drastic measure performed by
the FBI was the murder of Fred
Hampton. Hampton was the chairman
of the Illinois chapter and deputy
chairman of the national party. In
1969, Chicago police broke into
Hampton’s apartment, firing 90 shots,
and killing him. His fiancée, Deborah
Johnson, recalls the incident saying
“After I was pulled out of the room,
two policemen entered the room, and
one of them said, 'Is he dead yet?' I
heard two shots, and then the other
one said, ’He’s good and dead now.’”
(“The Assassination of Fred Hampton”,
rom a grassroots
2014) Fred Hampton was made a
movement into
target by the FBI for his potential to
2019)
become a leader of the BPP as a young,
h, deeming his murder charismatic, and eloquent young man.
about the murder were This potential for success resulted in
2019) his death.

50
 “You c
but you

Hampton
was
commonly
referred to
as a ‘Black
Messiah’ to
the Party,
founding
the Chicago
Chapter of
the Black
Panther
Movement.

Copy of the Black Panther Image Source: “The Black

Newspaper after vol. 4, no. 2 (Fred Hampto
Fred Hampton’s death Douglas. The Museum of

51
can kill a revolutionary,
can’t kill the revolution”
- Fred Hampton

k Panther Newspaper, Image Source: “6 Things You Need to

on murdered)” By Emory Know About the 'Black Messiah', Fred
Modern Art. 1969. Hampton” - Stratford Circus - 2019.

52
 COINTELPRO’s Efforts: M
Eldridge Cleaver a
Bobby Hutton was only 17 years old
when he was killed.
53
In the same period of polit
of 1968, after the assassin
King Jr., two panthers fell
of COINTELPRO. The Min
the BPP, Eldridge Cleav
Bobby Hutton were involv
Oakland Police. As Bob
surrender, he was shot an
the shootout, the three o
Cleaver was then charg
attempted murder.
In November of 1968, Eldri
for $50,000 and fled to M
Cleaver had lived in ex
vulnerable, as he was consi
the party. Image show
Wanted Po
Image Source: “Hutton,
Black Panthers honored “Consid
with grove’s naming.”
East Bay Times. 2016.
Murder and Prosecution
and Bobby Hutton Image Source: “FBI Wanted poster for Leroy
Eldridge Cleaver.” National Museum of
African American History and Culture. 1968.

tical turbulence in April

nation of Martin Luther
victim to the initiatives
nister of Information of
ver, and BPP member,
ved in a shootout with
bby Hutton tried to
nd killed. As a result of
officers were wounded.
ged with assault and

idge Cleaver was bailed

Mexico City and Cuba.
xile, leaving the BPP
idered a core member to
ws Eldridge Cleaver’s FBI
oster (1968). Poster states
der Armed and Extremely
Dangerous”

54
 COINTELPRO’s Efforts: M
As discussed, Huey P.
Eldridge Cleaver an
Newton was a core
member to the Black
Panther Party as its
co-founder and Minister
of Defense. According to
an article from the New
York Times in 1976,
“These F.B.I. efforts
began, the report says, in
March 1970 while Mr.
Newton was in jail on a
voluntary manslaughter
conviction”, as the
Panthers became more
united during the “Free
Huey” campaign.

As the BPP presented a

more united front, the Photograph capturing Newton
FBI became more release, shouting “You have t
threatened. and the power is with the pe

55
Murder and Prosecution
nd Huey P. Newton The article mentions
how the FBI
intentionally attempted
to drive a wedge in
between Eldridge
Cleaver and Huey P.
Newton, as the two
most influential
members to the party,
through sending
“divisive letters”
(Kifner, 1976)

This feud only

furthered the wedge
between the Black
Panthers. After
Newton’s release from
prison, he wished to
n after his Nacio Jan Brown, focus on welfare
photograph of Huey Newton programs to avoid the
the power upon his release from deaths of more
eople.” prison, May 29, 1970.
Panthers.

56
 COINTELPRO’s Efforts:
Murder and Prosecution
Eldridge Cleaver and
Huey P. Newton
According to Newton, the role of the
vanguard is to ““raise the consciousness of
the masses through educational programs
and other activities…a vanguard party is
never underground in the beginning of its
existence, that would limit its effectiveness
and educational goals.”

Cleaver wished to exercise an armed struggle

with authorities in power, and as a result,
split the party. According to Cleaver, “The
fact is, there’s a split in the party. The right
wing has seized the reins of leadership and
put a muzzle on the Panther. The vanguard
party has become a breakfast-for-children
club.””

Eventually, Newton kicked Cleaver out of

the BPP. The separation between the two
most influential figures of the party divided
the movement, thus weakening it, as “Remembering the b
COINTELPRO’s intention. COINTELPRO” Mu

57
 COINTELPRO Exposed
In 1971, burglars broke into an FBI office,
coming forward with tons of documents
exposing FBI director, J. Edgar Hoover, and
COINTELPRO’s efforts against the Black
Panther Movement. Among these documents
was a statement from Hoover, stating the
program aimed to “enhance the paranoia
endemic in these circles and will further serve
to get the point across there is an F.B.I. agent
behind every mailbox”.

According to the New York Times, “what was

perhaps the most damning document from the
cache, a 1970 memorandum that offered a
glimpse into Hoover’s obsession with snuffing
out dissent. The document urged agents to
step up their interviews of antiwar activists
and members of dissident student groups”
(Mazzetti, 2014). These documents exposed
COINTELPRO’s active initiatives to create a
ripple between the Black Panther Movement.

As these documents stirred public outrage,

burglary that broke
uckRock. 2019. COINTELPRO was put to an end in 1972.

58
 A counterargument to COINTELPR
According to an article from Time, based on Don Cox’s t
Life in the Black Panther Party”, COINTELPRO’s involvemen
was a part of the party’s high command. He expands on the
Cleaver’s exile. He identified the main issues in the party to
Centralism, and the aftermath of the Free Huey Campaign.
According to Cox, those who did not adhere to Marxist-
the Marxist Leninist structure of the party, with democratic
name of the central committee.” Cox expounds on the lack of co
Seale led all of the party’s projects with no objection. Then, in
created a ripple in the group as “not much more than loyalty
told, that was about all that was required to be part of th
“undisciplined” individuals would claim the title of “Panthe
without pursuing the other everyday tasks such as selling ne
individuals began roaming around intimidating people, trying
The party soon began to view Newton and Eldridge as
personality. “His every word became the law and line of the p
As Cox phrases it “We refuse our own history by blaming every
very convenient way of avoiding analysis” and “I do not agr
enforcement agencies that destroyed the Black Panther Party.”
Don Cox provides an interesting analysis of the fall out
the considerable amount of evidence exhibiting COINTELPRO
to conclude a factual answer for the fallout of a party taking pl

Source: Cox, Don. “How the Black Panther Party Was

time.com/5527603/don-cox-black-panther-party/.

59
RO’s involvement
testimony from his memoir entitled “Just Another N****r: My
nt with the BPP was not the reason for its downfall. Don Cox
events following Huey Newton’s imprisonment and Eldridge
be the party’s foundations in Marxism-Leninism, Democratic

-Leninist ideas were deemed inferior. As a result of “Adopting

centralism as its soul, all power was then confiscated in the
ommunication between the group as David Hilliard and Bobby
the beginning of 1969, the effects of the Free Huey Campaign
was asked of our members. As long as one did what one was
he party.” As a result, the group had lost its direction and
ers”, showing up to rallies and events in Panther uniform,
ewspapers and distributing leaflets. According to Cox, “these
to prove how bad they were.”
s messiahs, leading to the creation of Huey Newton as a cult
party” leading the party to stray away from their foundations.
ything negative that occurred on the COINTELPRO. That is a
ree with the widespread idea that it was repression by law
”
t between the BPP members. Though, it is difficult to dismiss
O’s involvement in the Black Panther Movement. It is difficult
lace through several years.

Hurt by Its Own Ideals.” Time, Time, 13 Feb. 2019,

60
 Cox’s Last R

As Cox explains, the end of the Black Panthe

Movement is not the end of the pursuit for justice. Wit
current events such as the Black Lives Matter movement, th
need to pursue such a movement is as relevant and importan
as ever. Burying the mistakes of such important historica
events only hurts the movement, instead, it is their historica
responsibility to share them. When Cox says “we cannot affor
the luxury of leaving it up to historians to reveal what we di
after fifty or one hundred years have passed” he reiterates th
importance of remaking or creating new history; where takin
the lessons of the Black Panther Movement is imperative i
creating a brighter future.

61
Remarks

Image Source:
“Cox, Don”.
Heyday Books.
er
th
he
nt
al
al
rd Dox Cox
id Member of the BPP’s
he High Command
ng
in

62
 Interview with Andrew S. Banderas

Interview
with
Andrew S.
eceived his Bachelor's in History from California
g Beach. He is currently an English and Social Sciences

Banderas
CA, and just published his first book,
Dream.

Interview with Andrew S. Banderas

utu.be/QCh5fRxV9fA

Key takeaways from Interview

Short Biography What should be done
the movement
About the interview with Andrew
Image 1.S. Band
Andrew S. Banderas received his Bachelor's in History from California
State University, Long Beach. He is currently an English and Social Sciences
Educators shou
teacher in Anaheim, CA, and just published his first book, movement
What Shadows May Dream.
story as we know is biased. Negative connotations precede the Important S
Image 2. Educators shou
ack Panther's name. A movement that began as something to with
history and theAndrew
positive a
Why was Andrew
dress socio-economic S. Banderas
inequalities chosen
and police to interview?
brutality over time helping Black Panth
children have acc
came known as a violent movement and earned negative
Interview Link: https://youtu.be/QCh5fRxV9fA
nnotations. With the FBI's involvement and their infiltration, “Through coercio
Andrew S. Banderas was chosen for this purpose of the m
e purpose of the movement was twisted and made out to be as a
interview because of his experience with teaching other”
ovement that was radical. The way that history is told in the
U.S. History. We wanted to get the perspective of
nited States needs improvement
an educator so we canon
and get his thoughts teach
thethe real history
Black “It was meant to
hind movements like the Black something that k
Panther Movement and Panther
the wayParty. We must
it is taught in present
ese events as theyeducation
the public happened system.
and work on giving
Our mission them
wasthe
to “When we’re talk
entionobtain
they deserve.
the opinion of someone who teaches U.S. whether it’s inten
History and learn if he believes that the or your beliefs or
education system gives enough attention to this
event in history.
“I think we need
a whole and re-ap
63 honor and recogn
organizers of the
 Key takeaways from Interview What shou
the movem
What should
Imagebe1.don
Ed
the movement
movement
History as we know is biased. Negative connotations precede the
Image 1. Educators sh
Black Panther's name. A movement that began as something tomovement Image 2. Ed
History as we know is biased. Negative connotations precede the
address socio-economic inequalities and police brutality over time history and
Black Panther's name. A movement that began as something to Educators
Image 2.helping sh
became known as a violent movement and earned negative child
address socio-economic inequalities and police brutality over time history and the positive
connotations.
became knownWith as the FBI'smovement
a violent involvement and their
and earned infiltration,helping children have a
negative
the purpose of the
connotations. movement
With was twisted
the FBI's involvement and
and made
their out to be as a
infiltration,
the purpose
movement thatofwas
the movement
radical. Thewas way
twisted and
that made out
history is to be in
told as athe
movement
United Statesthat
needswasimprovement
radical. The waysothat
we history is told
can teach thein the
real history
United States needs improvement so we can teach the real history
behind movements like the Black Panther Party. We must present
behind movements like the Black Panther Party. We must present
thesethese
events as as
events they
theyhappened andwork
happened and work onon giving
giving them them
the the
ew with Andrew S. Banderas
attention they
attention deserve.
they deserve.

regarding the portrayal of Important Statements from the interview

with Andrew S. Banderas regarding the
osen to interview?
uld teach more about the Black Panther Party:
“Through coercion and infiltration, the FBI really shifted the
for this purpose of the movement and turned people against each
nceteach
uld withabout the movement’s
teaching other”
actions they participated
he perspective of in like
cess to food “It was meant to address social inequality and I think it was
on the Black
something that kind of got twisted along the way”
it is taught in
r mission was to “When we’re talking about history you have to talk about bias
ho teaches U.S. whether it’s intended because that’s your political perspective
hat the or your beliefs or because that’s just what you were taught”
ttention to this
“I think we need to give attention to our education system as
a whole and re-approach it. I think that’s the best way we can
honor and recognize the struggles that have been made by
organizers of the Black Panthers”

“They are definitely portrayed in a negative light...They are

very rarely associated with giving food to children”

64
 Outro
The Black Panther Party was a movement that
gave power and purpose to many who continued to
be overlooked by the white, and subsequently more
powerful, members of society, something that not many
movements have been able to do throughout American
history. Although the Black Panther Party may not exist
currently, we have all still benefited from their efforts
to try to bring about systemic change. They have been
inspiring and continue to inspire generations with ideas
of powerful activism through various forms of media,
and through the establishment of social programs and
economic reforms to make society more equitable for all.
The Black Panther Party was deemed as
“revolutionary” and “dangerous” for its ideas to bring
about radical social change to the way we talk about
race and injustices in our society, and yet we still see
many of the same messages that they introduced in the
1960’s and 1970’s in our present world. For example, the
conversation surrounding police brutality began in the
1960’s and 70’s due to the Party and is still something
that we continue to talk about due to their actions
to bring this issue to light. In addition, their impacts
on underrepresented communities has been huge,
considering the time period in which they were founded.
Despite the efforts of the Civil Rights Movement,
many underrepresented communities, most notably
minorities, were still oppressed and found it hard
to find a voice in America. The Black Panther Party
represented the ideas of the voiceless and the ideas of
the people, something revolutionary at the time. This
newfound sense of belonging and empowerment sparked
many other activist movements, many of which exist to
this day. In a world that has become increasingly more
complex and difficult to navigate, we can look to the
Party’s ideas and actions for inspiration to continue
to fight for what we believe to be right and just in our
world.

65
Sources
“2020 BLM Image.” Monyee Chau, 28 May 2020, www.chinesebornamerican.com/blm.

“6 Things You Need to Know About the ‘Black Messiah’, Fred Hampton.” Stratford Circus, 23
Nov. 2020, stratford-circus.com/news/6-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-black-messiah-
fred-b-hampton/.

“A Huey P. Newton Story - Actions - COINTELPRO.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, www.
pbs.org/hueypnewton/actions/actions_cointelpro.html.

“A Huey P. Newton Story - Actions - State Capitol March.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service,
2002, www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/actions/actions_capitolmarch.html.

“Black Panther Party Founded.” African American Registry, 12 June 2020, aaregistry.org/story/
black-panther-party-founded/.

“Black Panther Party Part 10 of 34.” FBI, FBI, 6 Dec. 2010, vault.fbi.gov/Black Panther Party /
Black Panther Party Part 10 of 34/view.

“COINTELPRO.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/

topic/COINTELPRO.

“COINTELPRO.” FBI, FBI, 5 May 2011, vault.fbi.gov/cointel-pro.

“Cox, Don.” Heyday, 5 Aug. 2020, heydaybooks.com/don-cox/.

“FBI Terrorism Unit Says ‘Black Identity Extremists’ Pose a Violent Threat.” The Guardian,
Guardian News and Media, 7 Oct. 2017, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/06/
fbi-black-identity-extremists-racial-profiling.

“FBI Wanted Poster for Leroy Eldridge Cleaver.” National Museum of African American History
and Culture, nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2011.117.12?destination=edan-search/collec-
tion_search?edan_q=*:*&edan_fq[0]=place:”California”&edan_fq[1]=object_type:”Broad-
sides (notices)”&edan_local=1.

“File:Bpp Logo.PNG.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 7 May 2019, en.wikipedia.org/w/index.

php?curid=17882729.

“Frederick Douglass.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 27 Oct. 2009, www.history.com/

topics/black-history/frederick-douglass.

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 “Frederick Douglass.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Nov. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Frederick_Douglass.

“How the FBI Conspired to Destroy the Black Panther Party.” In These Times, inthesetimes.com/
article/how-the-fbi-conspired-to-destroy-the-black-panther-party.

“Huey Newton Released from Prison.” The Berkeley Revolution, 20 June 2017, revolution.berke-
ley.edu/huey-newton-released/.“Hunger in America Is Growing.” Feeding America, 2020,
www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in- america.

“Huey P. Newton (February 17, 1942- August 22, 1989).” National Archives and Records Admin-
istration, National Archives and Records Administration, 9 July 2020, www.archives.gov/
research/african-americans/individuals/huey-newton.

“Inside Music & The Black Panther Party.” GRAMMY.com, Recording Academy, 23 Feb. 2018,
www.grammy.com/grammys/news/pride-music-soundtrack-black-panther-party.

“Lil Bobby Hutton April 21, 1950 – April 6, 1968 50th Anniversary Assassination 2018, New Afri-
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