Electrical Block11

Exposure to
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – BASICS General Tools
This course attempts to provide you an insight into power distribution system. In
particular, we acquaint you with the current scenario along with the technical
dimensions related to the functioning of the power distribution system.
This course contents are divided into three blocks. We begin by presenting an
overview of the power distribution system, its structure, and performance.
In Block 1, entitled Overview of Power Distribution System, you are
introduced to the overhead distribution system and electrical power cables and
some of important aspects of distribution system, which improve the
performance of power distribution system.
In Block 2, entitled Transformers and Substation Equipment, you will learn
about transformers and major substation equipment. It is our belief that
significant improvement can be brought about in the power sector just by toning
up the operational and maintenance practices and sharpening of work culture
and training.
In Block 3, entitled Metering, Billing and Theft Protection, we introduce you to
metering arrangement in distribution utilities, installation of energy meters, billing
technology and various measures for theft control in power distribution system.
We end this introduction to the course with the last word about how to study it.
You may have gone through the Programme Guide which gives vital information
in this respect. However, we would like to repeat some of the informations here.
While studying the course, you should pay special attention to the information
given in bold and in the boxes. You may also like to use the margin given on
each page to take notes. Try to attempt all the Check Your Progress given within
a unit and the Terminal Questions given at the end of the each unit. These will
help you to answer questions that could be asked in your term-end-examinations
to test your understanding.
We hope that the knowledge, information and experiences given in the course
would help you to enhance your practical as well as theoretical knowledge of
power distribution sector.
You are encouraged to consider this course as the basic building block for
building up your knowledge, to enable you to handle your chosen work efficiently
and contributing positively to your work. Remember, the ultimate success of this
sector depends on how well you carry out your responsibilities
Happy learning!
39
Electrical
OVERVIEW OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
In Block 1, entitled Overview of Power Distribution System, the contents are

divided into three units covering various aspects of power distribution system.
We begin by presenting an overview of the overhead distribution system with its
structure.
In Unit 1, entitled Overhead Distribution System, we acquaint you with the

concept of distribution system planning, which forms the basis for the smooth
operation of the power distribution system, and different types of
component/equipment which constitute the overhead power distribution system.
Unit 2, entitled Performance of Distribution system, presents the concept of

HT ABC, LT ABC and HV Distribution System which forms the basis for the
smooth reliable operation of the power distribution system. In last section of this
unit, you will also learn the general principles and practices undergoing the
operation and maintenance of the system.
In Unit 3, entitled Electrical Power Cables, we focus on different types of

power cables, cable assembly which is used for transmission of electrical
power, process of cable laying, cable faults and cable jointing and termination.
We hope that the concepts and information presented in this block would help
you in improving your knowledge of power distribution system and help you in
carrying out your responsibilities better.
Our best wishes are with you!
40
Exposure to
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – BASICS General Tools
This course attempts to provide you an insight into power distribution system. In
particular, we acquaint you with the current scenario along with the technical
dimensions related to the functioning of the power distribution system.
This course contents are divided into three blocks. We begin by presenting an
overview of the power distribution system, its structure, and performance.
In Block 1, entitled Overview of Power Distribution System, you are
introduced to the overhead distribution system and electrical power cables and
some of important aspects of distribution system, which improve the
performance of power distribution system.
In Block 2, entitled Transformers and Substation Equipment, you will learn
about transformers and major substation equipment. It is our belief that
significant improvement can be brought about in the power sector just by toning
up the operational and maintenance practices and sharpening of work culture
and training.
In Block 3, entitled Metering, Billing and Theft Protection, we introduce you to
metering arrangement in distribution utilities, installation of energy meters, billing
technology and various measures for theft control in power distribution system.
We end this introduction to the course with the last word about how to study it.
You may have gone through the Programme Guide which gives vital information
in this respect. However, we would like to repeat some of the informations here.
While studying the course, you should pay special attention to the information
given in bold and in the boxes. You may also like to use the margin given on
each page to take notes. Try to attempt all the Check Your Progress given within
a unit and the Terminal Questions given at the end of the each unit. These will
help you to answer questions that could be asked in your term-end-examinations
to test your understanding.
We hope that the knowledge, information and experiences given in the course
would help you to enhance your practical as well as theoretical knowledge of
power distribution sector.
You are encouraged to consider this course as the basic building block for
building up your knowledge, to enable you to handle your chosen work efficiently
and contributing positively to your work. Remember, the ultimate success of this
sector depends on how well you carry out your responsibilities
Happy learning!
39
Electrical
In Block 1, entitled Overview of Power Distribution System, the contents are

divided into three units covering various aspects of power distribution system.
We begin by presenting an overview of the overhead distribution system with its
structure.
In Unit 1, entitled Overhead Distribution System, we acquaint you with the

concept of distribution system planning, which forms the basis for the smooth
operation of the power distribution system, and different types of
Unit 2, entitled Performance of Distribution system, presents the concept of

HT ABC, LT ABC and HV Distribution System which forms the basis for the
smooth reliable operation of the power distribution system. In last section of this
unit, you will also learn the general principles and practices undergoing the
operation and maintenance of the system.
In Unit 3, entitled Electrical Power Cables, we focus on different types of

power cables, cable assembly which is used for transmission of electrical
power, process of cable laying, cable faults and cable jointing and termination.
We hope that the concepts and information presented in this block would help
you in improving your knowledge of power distribution system and help you in
carrying out your responsibilities better.
Our best wishes are with you!
40
Contents

Unit 1 Overhead Distribution System
7
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Description of the Power Distribution System 9
Elements of Distribution System 11
Classification of Voltages 11
Load Categories 12
Survey and Marking of LT and HT Line Routes 12
Electrical Circuit Configuration 13
1.3 Distribution Line Equipment 13
Overhead Lines 13
Supports 14
Cross-arms 16
Insulators 16
Earthing Knob 20
Earthing Coil 20
Strain Hardware Set 20
Conductors 21
Line Accessories 21
Guard Wires 22
LT Line Spacers 23
1.4 Poles Material and Erection of Poles 23
Transformer Mounting Structure 23
Plinth Mounting 24
H-pole Mounting 24
Direct Mounting 24
1.5 Feeders 25
Definition of Feeders 25
Configuration of Feeders 26
Comparison of the Three Types of Network Configurations 27
1.6 Summary 27
1.7 Terminal Questions 28
1.8 Answers to Check Your Progress 28
1.9 Answers to Terminal Questions 28
Unit 2 Performance of Distribution System
31
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Objectives of Distribution System 33
2.3 ABC System 34
Prominent Considerations for Selection of ABC System 34
LT ABC 34
HT ABC 35
2.4 High Voltage Distribution System (HVDS) 35
2.5 Advantages of HVDS 36
2.6 Safety Procedures and Permit to Work 38
2.7 Operation and Maintenance of Distribution System 38
Objectives of Operation and Maintenance 39
Activities Involved in Operation and Maintenance 40
2.8 Summary 41
Unit 3 Electrical Power Cables

45
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Different Types of Cables 48
3.3 Laying of Underground Cables 55
3.4 Cables Faults 57
3.5 HT/LT Cable Jointing Kits 58
3.6 Cable Jointing and Terminations 60
3.7 Guidelines for Packing, Transport and Storage of Cables 64
3.8 Summary 65
Overhead
1.1 INTRODUCTION Distribution System
In this unit, you will be acquainted with the concept of distribution system
planning, which forms the basis for the smooth operation of the power
distribution system. Also you will be introduced to the different types of
We will be ending up this unit with the design configuration of feeders.
 Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
 describe the elements of electrical power distribution system,
 define various electrical circuit configurations,
 list different distribution line equipments,
 discuss line accessories,
 understand various transformer mounting structures (Poles), and
 compare the three types of network configuration.
1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE POWER

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
You are familiar with the power supply system. You know that electricity is often
generated at 11 kV by electrical generators, which utilise the energy from
thermal, hydro, nuclear, or renewable energy resources. To transmit electricity
over long distances, the supply voltage is stepped up to 132/220/ 400/800 kV, as
required. Electricity is carried through a transmission network of high voltage
lines. Usually, these lines run for hundreds of kilometres. The common pool of all
the interconnected lines is called the grid. Thus, many generating stations
deliver power into the grid, which, in turn, is connected to load centres (cities)
through a sub-transmission network of usually 33 kV (or sometimes 66 kV) lines.
These lines terminate into a 33 kV (or 66 kV) substation, where the voltage is
stepped-down to 11 kV for power distribution to load points through a distribution
network of lines at 11 kV and lower voltages.
The power network of concern to the end-user is the distribution network of

11 kV lines, or feeders downstream of the 33 kV substations. Each 11 kV feeder,
which emanates from a 33 kV substation, branches further into several
subsidiary 11 kV feeders to carry power close to the load points (localities,
industrial areas, villages, etc.).
9
Overview of At these load points, a transformer further reduces the voltage from 11 kV to
Power 400 V to provide the last-mile connection through 400 V feeders (also called Low
Distribution Tension (LT) feeders) to individual customers, either at 230 V (as single-phase
System supply) or at 400 V (as three-phase supply). The utility voltage of 400 V, 3-phase
is used for running the motors for industry and agricultural pump sets and 230 V,
single-phase is used for lighting in houses, schools, hospitals and for running
industries, commercial establishments, etc.
A feeder could be either an overhead line or an underground cable. In urban

areas, owing to the density of customers, the length of an 11 kV feeder is
generally up to 3 km. On the other hand, in rural areas, the feeder length is
generally larger up to 20 km. A 400 V feeder should normally be restricted to the
power about 0.5-1.0 km. unduly long feeders lead to low voltage at the
consumer distribution end. The power supply system, including the distribution
network, is depicted in Figure 1.1.
800 kV, 400 kV lines (Extra High Voltage)
Transmission Tower
220 kV, 132 kV lines (High Voltage)
220 kV or 132 kV Substation
33 kV Substation
11 kV Feeder
33 kV or
(Distribution
66 kV Feeder
Network) Base Station
Computer
11 kV LBS 400 MCCB Unit
Customer
RTU
400 kV (3 Phase)
11 kV/400 kV
(Distribution Transformer on
Pole)
230 kV (1 Phase) Customer
Figure 1.1 : Typical Electric Power Supply System

with Distribution Network
The distribution system contains :
 Sub-transmission system in voltage ranges from 33 kV to 220 kV.

The energy goes from power substations to distribution substations
through primary system and then from distribution substations to
secondary distribution system for local voltage distribution.
 Primary circuits of feeders, usually operating in the range of 11 kV to

33 kV, supply the load in well defined geographical areas.
10
 The distribution transformers, usually installed on poles or near the Overhead
consumer sites, transform the primary voltage to the secondary Distribution System
voltage, which is usually 230/400 V.
 Secondary circuits at service voltage, which carry energy from the

distribution transformers along the streets, etc.
1.2.1 Elements of Distribution System
The main components of the power distribution system and their brief
descriptions are given below in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 : Power System Network
Components Description
Grid Substation (GSS) Power from transmission network is delivered to
sub-transmission network after stepping down the
voltage to 66 kV or 33 kV through 220/132/66/33 kV
grid substations
Sub-transmission Network Power is carried at 66 or 33 kV by overhead lines or
underground cables
Power Sub-transmission (PSS) Power is stepped down by 66-33/11 kV to 11 kV for
distribution
Primary Distribution Feeders Power is delivered from PSS through primary
feeders at 1 to 6.6 kV to various distribution
transformers
Distribution Substation (DSS) Power is further stepped down by 11/0.4 kV
transformers to utilisation voltage of 400 V
Secondary Distribution Network It carries power from DSS at 400 V (230 V single
phase) to various consumers through service lines
and cables
We also describe various components of power distribution system as

substations, transformers, feeders, lines and metering arrangements.
Substation
A substation is a meeting point between the transmission grid and the

distribution feeder system. Typically, a substation consists of high and low
voltages racks and buses for power flow, circuit breaker at transmission
and distribution level, metering equipment and the control house, where
the relaying, measurement and control equipment are located. But most
important substation equipment that gives the substation its capacity rating
is the substation transformer. Substation has other equipment such as
lightning arresters, isolators, etc.
1.2.2 Classification of Voltages
Voltage Level
You have just learnt that the voltage range varies widely in various parts of
the power supply system. We give these voltages in Table 1.2
Table 1.2 : Voltages at Different Segments 11

Overview of in the Power Distribution System
Power
Distribution Power System Segments Voltages
System
Generation voltages 415 V, 6.6 kV, 10.5 kV, 11 kV, 13.8 kV,
15.75 kV, 21 kV and 33 kV
Transmission voltages 33 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV
High voltage primary distribution or 3.3 kV, 6.6 kV, 11 kV, 22 kV, 33 kV
sub-transmission and 66 kV
Low voltage distribution phase 400 V (3 phase) and 230 V (1 phase)
Higher voltages are used for 3-phase, 3-wire supply to large consumers. Low
voltage distribution of generally 400 V, 3-phase 4-wire system and 230 V single
phase, two wire, phase to neutral system is used for small and medium
consumers. The size and, hence, voltage of supply to a consumer is decided by
the load of the consumer.
1.2.3 Load Categories
Loads are categorised according to the use which are as follows :
Commercial
It is applicable to Market, Shopping Centre, Multiplexes, Malls, Healthcare

centre, Government offices, etc.
Industrial
It is applicable to Factories of all types and manufacturing facility, etc.
Agricultural
Agricultural/farming.
Residential
Independent Houses, Housing Societies, Multi-storied building.
Institutional
Research facilities, School, Colleges, Universities, etc.
1.2.4 Survey and Marking of LT and HT Line Routes
 Survey is carried out for installation of lines.
 Right of the way is assessed for LT and HT lines.
12  Clearance from forest department, railways and municipal body.

 Route marking for installation of HT and LT lines. Overhead
Distribution System
1.2.5 Electrical Circuit Configuration
Electrical Circuits are classified as :
Single Phase, Two Wire System
In this system, one wire is connected to a live phase and another wire is
connected to the line-neutral. Electric power flows from phase to neutral for
making the circuit complete.
Three Phase, Three Wire System
In this system, three wires are separately connected to the three live
phases; the phases are labeled as R-phase, Y-phase and B-phase. The
power flows in between the phases.
Three Phase, Four Wire System
In this system, three wires are provided for phase and fourth wire is
provided for the neutral.
 Check Your Progress 1

What are the typical load categories in a distribution area?
1.3 DISTRIBUTION LINE EQUIPMENT
The distribution lines can be either overhead or underground. These are usually
overhead, though for higher load densities in cities or metropolitan areas, these
are underground. The choice between overhead and underground depends
upon a number of widely differing factors such as the importance of service
continuity, improvement in appearance of the area, feasibility in congested
areas, comparative annual maintenance feasibility, cost, capital cost, safety and
useful life of the system.
Overhead Lines
An overhead power line is intended for transmission of electric power by a bare

or covered overhead conductor supported by insulators, generally mounted on
cross-arms near the top of poles. The overhead line may be 66, 33, 11 kV or LT
13
Overview of line. The basic equipment used for the line remains the same. The main
Power
equipment required for an overhead line is as follows :
Distribution
System
 Supports
 Cross-arms
 Insulators
 Earthing knob
 Earthing coil
 Strain hardware set
 Conductors
 Line accessories
 Guard wires
 LT line spacers
Figure 1.2 : Electrical Substation
Let us now describe each one of these in brief.
1.3.1 Supports
A support is a column of wood, concrete, steel or some other material supporting

overhead conductors by means of arms or brackets. The supports used for
overhead line construction vary in design and the purpose they have to perform.
The different types of supports for overhead lines, generally in use, are: wood
poles, concrete poles, steel poles and lattice type towers.
14
* Wood Poles Overhead
Distribution System
Chemically treated wood poles are used for distribution lines. The
advantage of using wood poles is that they are low in cost. However, they
are susceptible to decay. The specification for wood poles are covered
by IS : 876 and IS : 5978. According to this standard, the timber suitable
for poles has been classified into three groups depending upon its
strength. For example, IS : 6056 for jointed wood poles for overhead lines
specifies that sal, deodar, chir, kail wood be used. Jointed wood poles
with wire bound lap joint are considerably less expensive and found to be
very suitable for LT and HT lines in rural areas.
* Concrete Poles
Concrete poles are more expensive than wood poles but cheaper than
steel tubular poles. Concrete poles are of three types :
 Pre-cast cement concrete poles (PCC) made of cement

concrete;
 Reinforced cement concrete poles (RCC);
 Pre-stressed cement concrete poles (PSCC).
The low maintenance, competitive price and aesthetic appearance of

PCC poles make them superior to steel or wood for use in electric lines.
Ease and speed of installation means faster project completion and lower
installation cost. RCC poles have an extremely long life and need little
maintenance but they are bulky in size and comparatively heavy. They
have shattering tendency when hit by a vehicle. PSCC poles take care of
these shortcomings to some extent. However, the handling,
transportation and erection of these poles is more difficult because of
their heavy weight.
* Steel Poles
The steel poles are of the following types :
 Steel tubular poles whose specifications are covered by

IS : 2713-1967. Due to their light weight, high strength to weight
ratio and long life, they possess distinct advantages over other
types of poles. The use of a pole cap at the top, concrete muff
in the ground and regular coating of paint prolongs their life.
 Old and second hand rails and Rolled Steel (RS) joists are
frequently used as supports for overhead lines. The portion
embedded in the ground should be protected by concrete
muff and the remaining portion by regular paint unless
galvanised steel is used. 15
Overview of  Lattice Type Supports are fabricated from narrow base steel
Power structures. They are light in weight and economical and can
Distribution be assembled at site if bolted construction is used. Both
System
welded and bolted types are in use.
1.3.2 Cross-arms
Cross-arms are provided on a pole to provide mechanical support to multiple

conductors, while maintaining the recommended separation between them.
The shape and length of the cross-arms depend upon the desired configuration
of conductors. The following types of cross-arms and brackets are used :
 V cross-arms for tangent locations with clamps;
 Double channel cross-arms for tension or cut point locations where

double poles are used.
 Top clamps.
Figure 1.3 : Pin Insulator
Cross-arms of hard wood (sisso, sal), or creosoted soft wood (chir) or fibre glass
are mostly used. Steel cross-arms are stronger and last much longer. MS angle
iron and channel iron sections are generally used for this purpose. Smaller
sections are used for communication circuits.
1.3.3 Insulators
You have learnt that an electrical insulator resists the flow of electricity.
Application of a voltage difference across a good insulator results in negligible
electrical current. Insulators made of glazed porcelain, tough glass and polymers
are commonly used for supporting the conductors. Insulators prevent the
electrical current from energizing the power pole.
The principal types of insulator are described below :
Pin Insulators
Pin Type Insulators are manufactured for voltages up to 33 kV and are

cheaper than the other types. IS : 1445 and 731 cover detailed
specifications for these. The pins for the insulators are fixed in the holes
provided in the cross-arms and pole top brackets.
The insulators are mounted over the pins and tightened.

16
The cost of pin insulators increases very rapidly as the working voltage is Overhead
increased. For high voltages these insulators are uneconomical. Moreover Distribution System
replacements are expensive.
Disc Insulators
Disc insulators are made of glazed porcelain or tough glass. They are used
as insulators on high voltage lines for suspension and dead ending. The
line conductor is suspended below the point of support by means of the
insulator or a string of insulators.
A disc insulator consists of a single disc-shaped piece of porcelain,

grooved on the under-surface to increase the surface leakage path
between the metal cap at the top and the metal pin underneath. The cap is
recessed so as to take the pin of another unit, and in this way a string of
any required number of units can be built up. The cap is secured to the
insulator by means of cement.
Disc insulators are “ball and socket” or “tongue and clevis” type.
A suspension clamp is used to support the conductor, if suspension
configuration of the line is chosen.
Figure 1.4 : Disc Insulator
Figure 1.5 : Disc Insulator, Underside
Shackle Insulators
Shackle Insulators are used for distribution lines dead-ending and

supporting conductors laid in vertical formation. IS : 1445-1977 covers
shackle insulators for voltages below 1000 V. The two standard sizes
listed in this specification are 90 mm dia x 75 mm height and
115 mm dia x 100 mm height. 17
Overview of
Power
Distribution
System
Figure 1.6 : Shackle Insulator
A shackle insulator is supported by either two straps and two MS bolts

or one U clamp or D strap and two MS bolts as per IS : 7935.
PCD 57
254 mm
162 mm
PCD 57
Figure 1.7 : Cross-section View of Typical Pin Insulator
Standard particulars (Specifications) of any typical insulator can be

specified as below :
Highest System Voltage kV

Working Voltage kV
Creepage Distance Minimum mm
Cantilever Strength
Upright N
Underhand N
Torsional Strength Nm
Compressive Strength N
Tensile Strength N
Power Frequency Wet Hz
Withstand Voltage Dry kV
Power Frequency Wet Hz
Flashover Voltage Dry kV
Impulse Withstand Voltage kVp
Power Frequency Puncture Voltage kV
Net Weight (Approx.) kg
18
Spool Insulators Overhead
Distribution System
Given below are the typical specs of Spool Insulators. The given type
reference is from a manufacturer and may vary.
Figure 1.8 : Cross-section of Typical Spool Insulators
Stay Insulator/Guy Strain Insulators
Stay insulator/Guy strain insulators of egg type porcelain are used for
insulating stay wire, guard wires, etc. wherever it is not proposed to
earth them. As per IS : 5300, two strength sizes (ultimate tensile
strength) are used: 44 kN and 88 kN, respectively, for LT and HT lines.
Stays/Guys and Staying Arrangement
Guys of stranded steel wire are used on all terminals, angle and other such
poles where the conductors have a tendency to pull the pole away from its
true vertical position.
The guys are fastened to the poles near the load centre point with the help
of pole clamps. The other end of the guy/stay is secured to a stay rod
embedded in the ground. The stay rod should be located as far away as
practically possible.
Figure 1.9 : Stay Arrangement 19

Overview of
Power
Distribution
System
Figure 1.10 : Guy Arrangement
1.3.4 Earthing Knob
The earthing knob is used for supporting the neutral-cum-earth wire used for
earthing of metal parts of supporting structures of low-tension lines, i.e.
400/230 V lines. The knob is generally made of cast iron 52 x 42 mm and its
electrical resistance is not to exceed 200 mega ohms. Moreover, the breaking
strength at the neck of the knob is not to be less than 11,500 kg when force is
applied.
1.3.5 Earthing Coil
Two types of earthing arrangements are used. One is with GI pipe and the
other is with GI wire. In case of GI pipe earthing, 40 mm diameter and 2500 mm
long pipe is used for earthing of supports and fittings. GI wire is used for
earthing of lines. Generally, 8 SWG wire with 115 turns, 50 mm diameter and
1500 mm length is used.
Figure 1.11 : GI Wire
1.3.6 Strain Hardware Set
The conductor is strung between sections through a strain hardware set. It is

fixed with the last disc of the string of disc insulator. It is made from malleable
iron or aluminium alloy. Alloy hardware is preferable as the losses are less.
20
1.3.7 Conductors Overhead
Distribution System
Conductor represents 30-50% of the installed cost of the line.
All aluminium conductors (AAC), all aluminium alloy conductors (AAAC) and
aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR) are generally used. Technical
specifications of conductors are covered in IS : 398. These conductors are of
standard construction and the ultimate tensile strength of the whole conductor is
based on the total strand strength.
Normally, all such conductors are of stranded construction, with six or more
strands wound about a central core. In the case of ACSR, the central core is of
steel and may also consist of multiple strands, while the other strands of the
conductor are made of aluminum.
In the case of AAC and AAAC, all the strands are of aluminium.
(a) AAAC (b) AAC

Figure 1.12 : Conductors
1.3.8 Line Accessories
This is the associated equipment required for fastening the conductors to

supports and taking off the power or supply points such as joints material,
clamps and compounds. For lines up to 33 kV, the following fittings are used:
Conductor Dead-end Fittings
A conductor dead-end is the point where a new conductor-section begins

or ends. Splicing of conductors is not included. The following fittings are
used :
 LT conductor dead-end grips,
 Guy grips dead-end, 21

Overview of  Service grips,
Power
Distribution  Full tension splices,
System
 Distribution ties,
 Side ties,
 Spool ties,
 Tee connectors,
 Lashing rods, and
 Line guards.
Normally, pre-formed fittings made of aluminium alloy are used, as it saves

cost, labour and time. It also eliminates chances of error of judgment. No
tools are required. These fittings are fast and simple to apply and assure
uniformity of application every time.
2
Joints should conform to IE Rule 75. For conductors up to 50 mm ,
crimped joints are made with simple hand crimping tools and for higher
sizes, compression type or hydraulic type crimping tools are used. Joints
are of the following types :
 uni-joints/compression joints,
 twisting joints,
 two part compression joints, and
 dead-end joints.
Insulator Ties
Secure the conductor to the insulator. In general, the tie wire should be the
same kind of wire as the line wire, i.e. for tying aluminium conductors on
insulators, aluminium wire should be used. The tie should be made of soft
annealed wire so that it is not brittle and does not injure the line conductor.
Taps and Jumpers
Taps and jumpers are made by various accessories, which are not
subjected to mechanical tension. Tapping should be taken off only at a
point of line support.
1.3.9 Guard Wires
Guard wires are to be used at all points where a line crosses a street, road or
railway line, other power lines, telecommunication lines, canals, rivers, along the
22
road and public places. As per IE Rule 88, guard wires of galvanized steel of Overhead
Distribution System
minimum 4 mm diameter having breaking strength not less than 635 kg should
be used.
Figure 1.13 : Guard
1.3.10 LT Line Spacers
Very often clashing of LT conductors in the mid span may take place due to sag,
wind and longer spans. This results in faults and interruptions. Spacers are
provided to overcome this problem.

What is the necessity of using an insulator on a pole?
1.4 POLES MATERIAL AND ERECTION OF

POLES
1.4.1 Transformer Mounting Structure
Transformers can be mounted outdoors (Figures 1.14 and 1.15) in one of the
following ways : Plinth mounting, H-pole mounting and direct. These are
described here in brief.
(a) Plinth Mounting (b) H-Pole Mounting

Figure 1.14 : Transformer Mountings
23
Overview of 1.4.2 Plinth Mounting
Power
Distribution The transformer is mounted on a plinth made of concrete. The plinth has to be
System
higher than the surroundings. The method can be used for all sizes of
transformers. Where the distribution substations are plinth mounted, they are
efficiently protected by fencing so as to prevent access to the apparatus by
unauthorized persons.
1.4.3 H-pole Mounting
The transformer can be mounted on cross-arms, fixed between two poles, which
are rigidly fastened to the poles. The transformer has two base channels, which
rest on the transformer mounting structure.
1.4.4 Direct Mounting
The transformer is clamped directly to the pole by suitable clamps and bolts.
This method is used for transformers up to 25 kVA only.
Figure 1.15 : Direct Mounted Transformer

When would we use a directly mounted transformer in a distribution
scheme?
24
Overhead
1.5 FEEDERS Distribution System
Feeders are conductors laid to route the power from the substation throughout
the service area.
They are typically either overhead distribution lines mounted on poles, or

underground buried or ducted cable sets.
Feeders operate at the primary distribution voltage in primary distribution system

and secondary distribution voltage in the secondary distribution system.
Figure 1.16 : Transformer Connection
1.5.1 Definition of Feeders
By definition, the feeder consists of all primary or secondary voltage level

segments of distribution lines between two substations or between a substation
and an open point (switch). The most common primary distribution voltages in
use are 11 kV, 22 kV and 33 kV. The main feeder, which consists of three
phases, may branch into several main routes.
Figure 1.17 : Feeder Schematic

25
Overview of 1.5.2 Configuration of Feeders
Power
Distribution Feeders are connected in a configuration, which depends on the type of
System network required in the distribution system.
Three types of network are normally available in the electrical

distribution system :
 Radial
 Loop
 Cross-loop network.
Since the radial feeder emanates from one point and ends at the other in the
radial network, load transfer in the case of breakdown is not possible. Although a
radial feeder can be loaded to its maximum capacity, in the case of breakdown,
quite a large area may remain in dark until the fault is detected and repaired.
In loop arrangement, two feeders are connected to each other at the far end,
so that in the case of breakdown, the faulty section can be isolated and the rest
of the portion can be switched on. In this type of system, the feeder is normally
loaded to 70% of its capacity so that in the event of breakdown it can share the
load of the other feeder also.
A cross-loop network provides multiple paths and the flexibility further

increases. In case of breakdown in any line, the faulty system can be isolated
and supply can be resumed to the other parts very quickly. In this type of
network, feeders should normally be loaded to 70% of their current carrying
capacity. This system is highly reliable, but very expensive.
Radial Loop Cross-Loop Network
Figure 1.18 : Alternative Layouts for Primary and

Secondary Network, 33 and 11 kV
26
In big cities, the concept of 33 kV ring main is very popular and two ring mains Overhead
Distribution System
are laid: one outer and one inner. The outer ring main is laid using the panther
conductor and the inner ring main is laid using the dog conductor. The use of
these two types of ring mains provides excellent flexibility to the system and at
the time of breakdown, supply can be immediately switched on from another
132 kV substation. While making any distribution planning for metros, the aspect
of outer and inner 33 kV ring mains is extremely essential and should be
included for providing uninterrupted supply.
Here ‘Panther” or “Dog” refers to trade-names of conductors and specify the

load capacity of the wire.
1.5.3 Comparison of the Three Types of Network

Configurations
Table 1.5 : Comparison of the Three Types of Network Configurations
Radial Distribution Loop Distribution Cross-loop Network

System System Distribution System
Single path to each group of Double path to each group Multiple paths to each
customers of customers group of customers
Lowest construction cost Medium cost system High cost system

system
Simple to plan, design and Moderately simple to plan, Complex to plan, design
operate design and operate and operate
No reverse – loss of feeder Loss of feeder results only Highest reliability

implies loss of supply in temporary loss of supply
Used in large cities and for
critical loads
Used In rural areas Used in urban areas Used in urban areas
1.6 SUMMARY
In this unit, we have learnt about the various components of a power distribution
system.
We have learnt that power is received at the main receiving substations from the
transmission grid at HT voltage of 33 kV or higher. It is stepped down in one or
more stages to the normal 11 kV level and supplied to one or more sub-stations
constituting the distribution network, and where it is converted to LT voltage
400 V (3-phase)/230 V (1-phase). Electricity is then distributed among the
consumers using feeders.
27
Overview of We have also learnt to identify and understand the role of each component,
Power
which constitutes the power distribution system. We know about distribution of
Distribution
System power using overhead lines, underground cables, transformers and feeders. We
have studied about the important parts in use for setting up the overhead lines,
distribution transformers and the feeders. We also learnt the different possible
strategies for setting up the feeders, to take care of reliability issues.
1.7 TERMINAL QUESTIONS ?

(a) Why do we need a Distribution System?
(b) How are the Feeders different from a distribution line?
(c) Why do we not transform power to the feeder level at the

main receiving station itself?
1.8 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 

Check Your Progress 1
The main load categories are as stated under Section 1.2.4.

The insulator isolates the live power line from the pole structure. On one
hand, this prevents wastage of power, which could directly leak to earth, on
the other hand is safety measure to prevent electrocution of humans and
stray animals.

A directly mounted transformer is used for feeders with light load, usually
under 25 kVA. The size of the transformer goes up with increasing load
capacity. For larger loads, it may not be mechanically suitable, or safe to
directly mount the transformer.
1.9 ANSWERS TO TERMINAL QUESTIONS 

(a) Transmission grid is suitable for bulk carriage of power from
generation plants up to the load centres. The voltages in use are
higher, typically over 33 kV, and not suitable or economical for
supply to end customers. Hence, we provide a distribution system to
take bulk power from the transmission grid, and supply it at lower
voltage (LT) to the consumers.
28
(b) Feeders are the electricity lines closest to the consumer. While the Overhead
Distribution System
distribution lines bring power from the main receiving station, getting
power from the grid at HT voltage, to the last substation closer to the
consumer. To reduce power loss, the distribution voltage is kept
high, typically 11 kV. As against this, the feeder voltage is at the level
of supply to the end consumer, typically 230 V, single phase/400 V,
3-phase.
(c) A load center is usually a city or a town, and is spread over

considerable area. If we attempt to supply LT power straight from the
main receiving station, the line lengths will be large, and hence the
line losses shall be high. By using distribution voltages, e.g. 11 kV, to
interconnect the main receiving station to the subordinate
substations, we arrive at an economically viable solution, leading to
reduction in line losses.
29
Performance of
2.1 INTRODUCTION Distribution System
In Unit 1, you have been introduced to the power distribution system and its
components. In Unit 2, you will be acquainted with the concept of HT ABC, LT
ABC and HVDS, which forms the basis for the smooth reliable operation of the
power distribution system.
In last section of this unit, you will also learn the general principles and practices
undergoing the operation and maintenance of the system.
 Objectives
 explain the objectives of distribution system,
 describe the HT ABC and LT ABC,
 know the high voltage distribution system (HVDS),
 discuss the advantages of HVDS over the conventional scheme, and
 describe the objectives and different activities for O & M (Operation

and Maintenance) of distribution system.
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Characteristics of any utility can be judged by the performance of its distribution

system.
Some main objectives of power distribution organisation are :
(a) Planning, modernisation and automation of Distribution System.
(b) To provide service connections to various urban, rural and industrial

consumers in the allocated area.
(c) Maximise the security of supply.
(d) Safety of consumers, utility personals.
(e) Collection of Energy Payments.
(f) To provide electricity of accepted quality in terms of
 Balanced 3 Phase AC supply.
 Appreciable power factor.
 Steady voltage within permissible limits of variation.

33
Overview of Power (g) Minimum interruptions in power supply with minimum duration of
Distribution
interruptions.
System
 Minimum voltage dips (very frequent/frequent/less frequent)

within permissible limits.
 No voltage flickering.
 Reducing faults and strengthening the power supply.
(h) Be a Self Sustaining Business Organization.
2.3 ABC SYSTEM

The full form of ABC in this context is
Aerial Bunched Conductor
or
Aerial Bundled Cables
It is a system of Overhead Insulated Conductors bundled and laid up as

overhead cables on the distribution poles. It is of two types :
LT ABC and HT ABC
2.3.1 Prominent Considerations for Selection of ABC System
(a) Elimination of cable trenching work in grounds, especially important

at places having high water table, making trenching difficult, and
along narrow streets, which may cause serious public inconvenience.
(b) Utilization of existing assets such as poles and structures for

supporting the cable, which leads to reduced cost of installation.
(c) Elimination of cable faults due to digging and damages caused by

other agencies.
(d) Speedy service connections in LT distribution.
2.3.2 LT ABC
In LT ABC’S the following two types are commonly used.
 An un-insulated (base) steel or AAAC centenary supporting the

phase and neutral conductors and one or two lighting conductors.
34
 An insulated AAAC combined neutral and centenary supporting the Performance of
Distribution System
phase conductors and one or two lighting conductors.
2.3.3 HT ABC
An uninsulated steel or AAAC catenary wire supporting the three phase

conductors insulated with HT insulation
This is also called as fully insulated HT ABC.
Here copper screen wires provide a higher cross-sectional area for the flow of
earth fault current.

When would pole mounted conductors be preferred to a buried cable
for power distribution?
2.4 HIGH VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

(HVDS)
As you would know, significantly high losses take place in the secondary
distribution system. This is due to the higher current densities and the ease of
pilferage at low voltages. One of the latest innovations in efforts to reduce
technical and commercial losses is the use of High Voltage Distribution
System (HVDS) or LT-less (almost!) system.
Figure 2.1 : Typical High Voltage Distribution System
35
Overview of Power In this system, the secondary distribution system with long LT feeders running
Distribution
up to consumer premises from the distribution substation is absent.
System
The Primary Distribution System at HT level (11 or 33 kV) is used to reach the
nearest point for a group of small number of consumers. The local consumers
are then connected to the HT Distribution System at the point, through a small
pole mounted transformer, used for supplying power to them through minimum
length LT service lines.

Why is HVDS useful?
2.5 ADVANTAGES OF HVDS
We now describe the advantages of HV or HT distribution compared to

conventional LV or LT distribution system.
Low Losses and Improved Voltage Profile
The comparison of current losses and voltage drop for the distribution of the
same power through HT and LT systems is presented in Table 2.1. We have
considered 100 as the base value for LT system. From the table, you can see
that for the distribution of the same power, technical losses and voltage drop are
much less in HT distribution system when compared to LT distribution systems.
Table 2.1 : Comparison of Current, Voltage Drop and Power Losses for
Power Distribution through HT and LT Distribution Systems
Single phase 3 phase

6.35 kV 415 V
HT distribution LT Distribution
system system
Current (Amps) 11.0 100.0
Losses (kW) 8.5 100.0
Voltage drop(V) 12.7 100.0
36
LT distribution systems are easily accessible and prone to pilferage and the use Performance of
Distribution System
of HVDS reduces the chances of theft of electricity to a very low level.
Now-a-days, utilities are installing meters at the HT transformer itself to ascertain
commercial losses on that particular transformer. To sum up, the HT distribution
system has the following advantages :
 Use of small size ACSR or aluminium alloy conductor or high

conductivity steel wire;
 Better voltage profile;
 reduced line losses; and
 reduced commercial losses.
Improved Reliability and Security of Supply
The use of HT distribution leads to improved reliability and security of

supply for the following reasons:
The Faults on HT Lines are Far Less Compared to those of LT Lines.
In order to avoid theft in LT lines from transformer to consumer premises,

usually Aerial Bunched Cables (AB Cables) are used to supply power at LT to
consumer from the distribution transformer. With AB Cables, the faults on LT
lines are almost eliminated. This, in turn, reduces the failure rate at the
distribution transformers and enhances reliability of supply.
Since the number of the small capacity distribution transformers is higher in the
HVDS, the failure of one transformer affects only a limited number of
consumers, and does not affect supply to the other consumers connected to
other transformers. In the event of failure of distribution transformers, only a
small number of consumers (2 to 3 power consumers or 10 to 15 domestic
consumers) would be affected. On the other hand, a large distribution
transformer supplies power through LV distribution lines to even remotely
located consumers in LVDS. Hence, the failure of an existing large size
distribution transformer would affect a group of 40 to 50 power consumers
and/or 100 to 200 domestic consumers.

What are the advantages of HVDS?
37
Overview of Power
Distribution
2.6 SAFETY PROCEDURES AND PERMIT TO
System WORK
Procedure for Permit to Work (Line Clear)
A line clear or a permit to work (PTW) on any electrical equipment or line is

issued by a duly authorised person to another duly authorised maintenance
person. If there are more than one gangs working under the same supervisor,
each gang takes sub-line clears from the supervisor who has taken the line
clear. In case, the line clear has to be issued for the supervisor, s/he takes self
line clear. In this case also, all the precautions that are to be followed in issue
and return of line clear are followed.
Line clear books are very important records. Pages in these books are serially
numbered and no paper from this book is used for any other purpose. If any
page is to be destroyed, the custodian specifically mentions the reasons for
doing so. It is attested by his/her dated signature. The line clear books are
reviewed periodically by the Competent Authority.
Line clear can be issued/received over telephone. It is desirable that the

issuer/receiver recognize each other’s voice. Else, there must be a clear
identification of the person. The requisition for line clear and the line clear issue
messages are repeated by both the parties to ensure that line clears are
issued/received on the equipment on which it is intended. A secret code number
is followed in such cases.

What is a ‘line clear’?
2.7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Operation and Maintenance
The O and M issues properly documented manuals for each and every
substation equipment and distribution lines, so that the maintenance personnel
know the standards prescribed for the equipment. Adhering to these standards
would ensure the smooth operation of the equipment.
The distribution system constitutes the interface of a utility with its consumers,
who judge the performance of the utility by the performance of its distribution
system. Therefore, proper operation and maintenance of the power distribution
system is essential.
38
Any failure on this account may deprive the user of electric supply and Performance of
lead to chaotic conditions. There are two types of maintenance : Distribution System
Preventive Maintenance and Breakdown Maintenance.
There is also Condition Based Maintenance, but it shall not be considered here.
Preventive Maintenance is maintenance done on a routine basis and as

suggested by the O & M. In practical terms, it is the maintenance activity mainly
undertaken prior to the onset of Monsoon and after the end of Monsoon.
Breakdown Maintenance is done on the failure of any equipment, i.e. on

breakdown in the installation.
Let us now discuss the general O & M objectives and activities for the power
distribution system.
2.7.1 Objectives of Operation and Maintenance

The prime goal of a power utility, like any other business is to achieve consumer
satisfaction with optimum effort and costs while maintaining reasonable profit
levels. The operation and maintenance (O & M) practices of a utility contribute
significantly in attaining this goal. These activities should help in improving the
reliability and the useful life of the plant and equipment, maximising the capacity
utilisation, increasing the operating efficiency, and reducing the operation and
maintenance cost.
The objectives of O & M for distribution systems may thus be spelt out as
follows.
For Distribution System :
39
Overview of Power The O & M strategy adopted by a utility can be evaluated in terms of certain
Distribution
parameters, which are given below.
System
2.7.2 Activities Involved in Operation and Maintenance
The following activities are involved in the operation and maintenance of the
Distribution System :
 Continuity of service;
 Technical Operation and Maintenance;
 Training and retraining of operational staff;
 Renewal of maintenance contract;
 Upkeep of spare parts inventory;
 Record keeping of faults in the network/ equipment problems,

solutions, modifications and enhancements;
 Close monitoring of budgeted expenditure;
 Preparation, continuous updating and proper maintenance of

operational and network data;
 Record of protective and isolating devices installed and their relay

settings;
 Record of schedule of maintenance and preventive and routine

maintenance of network elements;
 Development of spare parts;

40
 Development of maintenance practices, tools and procedures for Performance of
Distribution System
trouble free operation; and
 Record of transformer/switchgear oil testing and its parameters.
Utilities should have manuals for O and M to ensure efficient and trouble free
operation of the system/equipment.
THESE MANUALS SHOULD CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
 Factory and site test certificates for each item of the system with
reference to relevant design calculation and quality assurance
standards;
 Maintenance instructions for all plants and other preventive and

corrective maintenance procedures;
 Maintenance and inspection schedules for all items/equipment giving

type of works required on a weekly, monthly, annual basis; and
 Proforma of the required maintenance record sheets for all the

component/equipment.
2.8 SUMMARY
Let us summarise what we have learnt in this unit.
In this unit, we have discussed the various components of a power distribution

system.
We have learnt that power is received at the main receiving substations from the
transmission grid at HT voltage of 33 kV or higher. It is stepped down in one or
more stages to the normal 11 kV level and supplied to one or more sub-stations
constituting the distribution network, and where it is converted to LT voltage
400 V (3-phase)/230 V (1-phase). Electricity is then distributed among the
consumers, using feeders.
We have also learnt to identify and understand the role of each component,
which constitutes the power distribution system. We know about distribution of
power using overhead lines, underground cables, transformers and feeders. We
have learnt about the important parts in use for setting up the overhead lines,
distribution transformers and the feeders. We have also introduced to the
different possible strategies for setting up the feeders, to take care of reliability
issues.
We learnt about the pole mounted conductor based distribution and its
advantages in certain conditions. We also learnt about ABC as related to power
distribution, the fact that this acronym refers to an aerially mounted conductor
system. 41
Overview of Power This unit has introduced us the HVDS and its advantages. We have also been
Distribution
presented with the safety aspects and the related permit system, which greatly
System
aids the safety of maintenance activity in electrical networks.
And finally, we have learnt the objectives of Operation and Maintenance in

Distribution Systems and the various activities involved therein.

(a) How does use the higher voltage to reduce electric power
losses?
(b) What are the results expected of the O and M activities?

Refer to the Section 2.3.1 of this unit.
The usefulness of HVDS stems out of the use of higher voltages, i.e. 11 kV
or 33 kV (in comparison to the regular LT distribution voltage, i.e. 0.4 kV).
For the same amount of power being transmitted in the two cases, higher
voltage leads to lower current flowing through the conductor. The lower
current results in lower heating energy wastage.
There are multiple advantages due the use of HVDS, as compared to the
regular LT Distribution System. Some of these are technology related, due
the use of high voltages leading to lower currents. But there are some non-
technical benefits as well, e.g. reduction in pilferage and lesser area being
affected by a fault in the system. A more complete description may be
found under section 2.5 of this unit.
A ‘Line Clear’ is a permit to work issued by an appropriate authority to a

technically competent person with the intention to carry out specific
maintenance activity on a clearly defined section of the Distribution
42 System. The intention is to ensure safety of the working persons.
The issuer of the permit has the responsibility to ensure the electrical Performance of
Distribution System
conditions in the section for which the permit has been issued, and safe for
the technical persons to carry out their activity. Since, time is required for
such work, each such permit is issued for an agreed and recorded time
period, which is known to both the parties.

(a) Since electric power is defined as voltage x current (P = V  I), for
the same amount of power, increasing voltage leads to reduction in
current. Hence, higher the voltage, lesser is the current. On the other
hand, the electric loss in a conducting wire is directly proportionate to
the resistance of the conductor, which is a constant, and directly
proportionate to the square of the current flowing through it, i.e.
Power Loss = I2 R. Hence, reduced current leads to a dramatic
reduction in the amount of power loss.
(b) The O & M activities should help in improving the reliability and the
useful life of the plant and equipment, maximising the capacity
utilisation, increasing the operating efficiency, and reducing the
operation and maintenance cost.
43
Electrical
3.1 INTRODUCTION Power Cables
A power cable is an assembly of two or more electrical conductors, usually held

together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for transmission of
electrical power. Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within
buildings, buried in the ground, run overhead, or exposed. Flexible power cables
are used for portable and mobile tools and machinery.
Power cables of adequate current carrying capacity and voltage rating are
provided at the substation. Power cables are used for 33 kV, 11 kV or LT system
to carry load current.
Applications of Cable
 Electrification of commercial and residential buildings.
 Power generating stations.
 Power transmission and distribution system.
House Shopping Complex
Industry Telecom
Figure 3.1 : Applications of Cable
 Objectives
 know the different types of power cables,
 explain cable construction,
 describe the process of cable laying,
 identify different types of cable faults,
 explain the different types of cable jointing kits, and
 know the process of cable jointing and termination. 47

Overview of Power
Distribution
3.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF CABLES
System
Different Types of Cables in use in power system are as follows :
(a) XLPE (Cross Linked Polyethylene Insulated Power Cable).
(b) PILC (Paper Insulated Cable).
(c) PVC (Polyvinyl-chloride Cable).
(d) Oil- Filled under pressure and Gas Pressure Cables.
(e) ABC (Aerial Bunched Cable).
(f) Rubber (Electromeric) Cables
XLPE (Cross Linked Polyethylene Insulated Power Cable)
Because of Excellent Thermal, Mechanical and Electrical Properties, XLPE

cables are being used extensively throughout the world in all Power Stations,
Industrial Plants, Chemical, Fertilizer and Heavy duty Industries.
Figure 3.2 : Typical XLPE (Cross Linked Polyethylene Insulated Power Cable)
Advantages of XLPE Insulation
(a) Higher current carrying capacity.
(b) Higher emergency and short circuit rating.
(c) XLPE is not prone to fatigue damage caused due to vibration

or heating cycles.
(d) XLPE cables are light in weight thus easy to handle during
manufacturing and Installation.
(e) Lower Dielectric losses.
(f) Better resistance to most chemicals, such as ordinary acid,

bases or oils.
(g) Jointing and termination are very easy.
(h) Better flexibility down up to – 40oC.

48
PILC – Paper Insulated Lead-Covered Electrical
Power Cables
The paper insulation in power cable is almost superseded. The paper insulation
is quite cheap and has a low capacitance and high dielectric strength. It’s
hydroscopic and its specific resistance is of the order of 109 ohm per cm3, but it
depends much upon its dryness; even a small amount of moisture lowers its
insulation resistance. So before using paper as insulation it is impregnated in
insulating oil.
o
The maximum safe temperature of paper insulated cable is 950 C approximate.
The ends of a paper insulated cable should never be left unsealed. At the very
least, its open end should temporarily be covered with wax or tar.
Copper Conductor
Conductor Shield
Impregnated
Paper Insulation
Insulation
Shield
Paper & Copper
Tape Core Binder
Lead Alloy
Sheath
PVC or PE
Outer Cover
Figure 3.3 : Typical PILC Cable
PVC (Polyvinyl-Chloride) Insulated Cables
It is a thermoplastic synthetic resin and is being widely used as insulation. It has

high electric resistivity, good dielectric strength and mechanical toughness over
a wide range of temperature. Moistures, acids and alkalis do not affect PVC.
Insulated cables are usually employed for medium and low voltage. It is mainly
used for domestic and industrial lights and power installations.
Figure 3.4 : PVC Cables
Oil Filled Cables
In such cables the conductor are stranded around a hollow cylindrical spiral of
plain narrow metal strip. 49
Overview of Power The Oil Filled Cables are of three types :
Distribution
System (a) Single core with an oil channel within conductor.
(b) Single core with sheath channel.
(c) Three core filler space channel.
The advantages of the Oil Filled Cables
(a) The thickness of the dielectric required decreases, which reduces the
overall size and weight of the cable.
(b) The thermal resistance of the cable decreases due to decrease in

dielectric thickness, which increases the current rating of the cable.
(c) Perfect impregnation can be used.
(d) Cables can be impregnated after sheathing.
Aerial Bunched Cable
With the growing need for long term economy, safety and reliability, overhead
conductors are now increasingly being replaced by Aerial Bunched Cables, both
in LT and HT distribution network with limited space for clearance.
Figure 3.5 : Aerial Bunched Cable
Applications
 Where space is limited; like that in densely populated area,

dense forests.
 Where existing over head distribution feeder capacity has to be

upgraded without raising the system voltage and with limited
budget.
 Temporary installation, or for those regions where building

plans have not yet been fully approved.
Advantages
 A safer system; because phase conductors are insulated, no

risk or danger of accidental touching of any live conductor.
50
 The danger of accidental short circuit is eliminated. Electrical
Power Cables
 Supply interruption minimized; thus the life of transformers
increases.
 Reduction in the pole height, elimination of insulators and

associated hardware, lowering total cost of system.
 It can be fixed on to poles, walls or trees; thus easy and

economical to install.
 Multiple circuits of power and telephone cables can be strung

on the same set of poles or any other support.
Rubber Insulated Cables
Rubber is widely used as insulation in cables. However, it absorbs moisture

slightly and maximum safe temperature is approx. 38oC, which is limitation. Pure
rubber cannot be used as insulation since it cannot withstand high temperature
and cannot be put to rough usage; being too soft. In most cases, rubber used as
insulation on wires, consist of 20 to 40% of India rubber, remaining being mineral
matter such as zinc oxide, red lead, etc. with a little bit of sulphur. Vulcanized
insulated rubber cables are useable in low voltage power systems, i.e. in
distribution only.
Figure 3.6 : Rubber Insulated Cables
Uses of Rubber Cables
 Rubber cables for power and lighting.
 Ship wiring cables and cables for submerged connections.
 Railway locomotives and coach wiring cables.
 For engineering and chemical industries.
 In mining industry; armoured and land line cables upto 11 kV.
 Cables for wind electric generators.

51
Overview of Power Cable Construction
Distribution
System A cable consists of a set of different materials, as part of its construction. These
are described hereunder.
Conductor
Stranded compacted circular conductors are composed of electrical

grade high conductivity aluminium wires in various sizes as per
Indian Standard 8 130/84. Cables with copper conductor are also on
offer.
Conductor Shield
Conductors for cables rated over 3300 volts are shielded with an
extruded, semi-conducting compound applied in tandem with and
firmly bonded to the insulation.
Insulation
The insulation is of natural, chemically cross-linked polyethylene

conforming to IS : 7098 (pt. II)/85 (or some other insulation material,
as stated above). The thickness of insulation will be as per the
relevant tables, included in the standard.
Insulation Shielding
Cables rated over 3300 volts will have a shield consisting of

non-metallic semi-conducting part, in combination with a metallic part
over the insulation.
The non-metallic part of the shield consists of either a semi-

conducting tape applied helically, or a layer of extruded semi-
conducting compound applied directly over the insulation. Over this
layer, a bare annealed copper tape is applied with an overlap.
Laying-Up
Insulated conductors of three core cables are cabled with plastic

fillers in the interstices. The phase identification of cores would be as
follows :
(a) By coloured stripes applied on the cores.
(b) By numerals (1, 2, and 3) either by applying numbered
52 stripes or by printing on the cores.

Inner Sheath Electrical
Power Cables
The cabled cores are surrounded by a wrapped, common covering of
plastic tapes, or by an extruded PVC sheath.
The thickness of the inner-sheath would be as indicated in the

relevant table of the standard.
Armouring
The armouring is applied over the core or inner-sheath, for the single
core cables; and over the inner-sheath, for the three core cables.
Single core cables have non-magnetic armouring. Three core cables

have armouring of either galvanized round steel wire or flat steel
strip.
The direction of lay of the armouring is opposite to that of the core.
Outer-Sheath
The Single- and the three-core cables are provided with an extruded
PVC outer-sheath. The thickness of the sheath should be as
indicated in the relevant Tables.
The PVC compound for the outer-sheath has to conform to Type

ST2 of IS : 5831 – 1984.
The colour of the outer-sheath is generally black.
Testing/Quality Control
All raw materials used in the manufacture of power cables are

inspected and tested for compliance with the requirements set down
by the relevant Indian Standards.
Cables are subject to inspection at all stages of manufacture to

ensure conformity with the requirements of relevant Indian
Standards. The cables go through stringent physical and dimensional
checks for conformity to the required standards. The cables are
subject to several electrical routine and type tests as per IS : 7098
(Part II)-85.
Packing
After inspection, the cable ends are usually sealed with

non-hygroscopic sealing materials. The cables are supplied in strong
wooden/steel drums of suitable barrel diameter, width and spindle
hole.
53
Overview of Power Details such as the cable length, description and the gross weight
Distribution
System are marked on the flanges of the drum. The direction in which the
drum should be rolled is also indicated.
Sizing of Cables
The sizing of cables depends on the following factors :
 Current Carrying Capacity
 Short Circuit Current
 Voltage Drop
 Losses
Selection of Cable
Selecting the correct type and size of cable for the desired
application is very important for any electrical project because the
performance of all equipment largely depends on the performance of
cables.
Apart from the technical suitability and conformance, the cost

effectiveness of every equipment has become another important
aspect. The designers and consultants are constantly focusing on
economically viable proposals in selecting the equipment.
Selecting the correct type and size of cable not only ensures the
trouble-free performance but also optimized the cost of equipment,
installation and the operation as well.
Supply System
(a) System Earthing : Solidly earthed OR non-effectively earthed.
(b) Voltage Grade : Rated and maximum system voltage.

Permissible voltage drop if to be considered.
(c) Current Rating : Type and magnitude of current.
(d) Fault Current : System fault level OR short circuit/Earth fault

current with duration in seconds.
(e) Type of Load : Cycle/normal.

54
Constructional Details Electrical
Power Cables
(a) Conductor : Aluminium OR Copper, number of cores and size.
(b) Screen : Screened OR Unscreened (for 3.3 kV).
(c) Inner Sheath : Taped OR Extruded, Normal OR FR

(Fire Retardent)/FRLS (Fire Retardent, Low Sulphur)/PVC.
(d) Armour : Armoured OR Unarmoured. If armoured then flat

strips OR round wires.
(e) Outer Sheath : Normal ST-PVC OR FR/FRLS PVC.
(f) Drum Size : Any limitation on dimension/weight of Drum.
(g) Any other special construction specification.
Installation Details
Installation : In ground or in Air or in Duct. Whether exposed to

direct sun light.
Conditions : Type of soil and any other abnormal climatic conditions,

viz. chemical/Fire hazards. Route length and number of circuits.

What is the advantage of an oil-filled cable?
3.3 LAYING OF UNDERGROUND CABLES
Laying of Underground Cables
Cables are delivered on wood or metal drums. The outer width of the drum is
covered with wooden planks or equivalent. These planks have to be removed to
expose the cable and to be able to unwind it.
After the planking has been removed, the cable should be examined for exterior
damage, if any. To avoid damage to the protective covering and insulation,
cables should not be pulled over hard and pointed obstacles nor should it be
bent too sharply. 55
Overview of Power The cable should always be pulled off the top of the drum. In doing so, the drum
Distribution
should be placed in such a way that the painted arrow points to the opposite
System
direction of the pulling. The drum has to be propped up high enough off the
ground for the plank used for braking not to become wedged in the underneath.
Heavy drums are propped up on hydraulic jacks.
Suitable provisions should be made to brake the drum, in order that in the case
of a sudden stop further rolling and consequent unfurling and buckling of the
cable is avoided. The kinks (nooses) are particularly dangerous and should be
avoided at all costs and under any condition. A simple plank can serve as the
drum brake. When pulling, the cable is turned by hand in order to avoid
excessive tensional stress, which may damage the cables, particularly in the
case of smaller unarmoured cables.
Under no circumstances should the windings be lifted off a coil or drum laying
flat, as this would causes the cable to be twisted and damaged.
There are three possible varieties of cable laying :
(a) Direct in the ground
(b) In a Duct or Pipe
(c) In a Trough
The choice of system depends upon the nature of external conditions, load, cost
and soil condition.
Direct in Ground Method
A trench of suitable depth is dug out along the route of cable. A bed
of about 15 cm thickness of clean sand or soft loose earth is made at
the trench base over which the U. G. Cable is laid as such. After
laying the cable another 15 cm layer of clean sand or soft earth and
covered by bricks is provided before filling the trench with loose earth
excavated and rammed properly.
Pipe or Duct Laying
A set of pipes or duct is laid in the ground. The material used may
vary from metal, to High Density Plastic, to cement concrete or even
stone-ware. The cable is then drawn or laid in the duct or pipe. This
method is suitable for short length cable routes because of easy
drawing and least bends, for example, in a work shop/ factory and
road crossing.
56
Trough Laying Electrical
Power Cables
The trenches/channels are dug out in earth along the route in which
covered type wood/metal/clay/porcelain trough are laid. The free
space of the trough is then filled with bitumen compound and finally
covered by the top slabs or covers. After providing covers, loose
earth is filled in the trench and rammed.

What may be the advantage of pulling a cable through a pipe or a
conduit?
3.4 CABLES FAULTS
Cable Faults
The most common faults are :
 A breakdown of the insulation of cable, which allows current to

flow from the core to earth or to the cable sheath, is called a
“ground fault”.
 A “cross-” or “short circuit fault” is one in which the insulation

between two cables or between two cores of a multi core cable
is faulty.
 An “open circuit fault” is one where the continuity of the

conductor is broken or a joint pulls out. The method for locating
an open circuit fault differs from those used in other two cases.
Detection of Fault
In the case of multi-core cables, the insulation resistance of each core to

ground and between the cores should be measured, if ground or earth fault
is suspected. This will enable the faulty core to be identified and the same
method is used in the case of a suspected short circuit, where the core,
which is involved, can be determined.
The fault may be of the following type :
(a) Phase to ground fault.
(b) Phase to phase fault.

57
Overview of Power If the resistance between a conductor and earth or shielding is low, it points to a
Distribution
Phase to Ground Fault. Similarly, if the resistance between two conductors is
System
found to be low, we conclude a Phase to Phase Fault.
These resistance values are originally recorded at the time of commissioning of

the new cable. After a fault is suspected, new values are taken and compared to
the pre-recorded value.
As we have noted, the cable is mostly laid in covered location (inside a conduit,
trench, etc.). Hence, visual inspection of the faulty location is not possible
without removing the cover. This makes it imperative to deduce the approximate
location of the fault, as thus only we can know where to remove the cover.
A cable fault locator is an equipment used to not only identify a cable fault, but
also to calculate the distance to the fault. This equipment is applied to the cable
end nearer to the suspected fault. The distance reading is used to locate fault.

What is a cable fault locator?
3.5 HT/LT CABLE JOINTING KITS
As would be apparent, the cable length on a drum may not be the exact length
required along the cable path. If the drum length is more than the path length,
we may cut off the required length to lay a single un-jointed length over the
entire path. However, if the path length is more than the length of cable available
on a drum, we would need to add the extra length from a second drum. This
leads to having two pieces of cable, which need to be joined, to become the
conductor of electric power over the path.
Even in the case of a cable fault, the repair is usually carried out by cutting away
the faulty section of the cable and using another piece of similar cable as a
bridge, to join the two sections together, to have a repaired and functional cable.
In either case, jointing of the cables is required. Jointing kits are available for this
58 task. In this section, we shall take a look at some jointing kits.

Different Types of Cable Jointing Kits are as under Electrical
Power Cables
Heat Shrinkable XLPE and PILC

Push on Type XLPE
Resin Cast Type PILC
Tapex type XLPE
Cable Jointing Material
 Cable Lugs
 Jointing Sleeves
 Single Compression Brass Glands
 Impregnated Paper Tapes
 Tropoline Casting Resin System
 Tropoline Resin Based Sealing Putty
 Non-Magnetic Trefoil Clamps Type
Tools and Tool Boxes
 Composite Tool Box
 Compression Jointing Tools
 Scrapper Tool

What are the necessary requirements for jointing the cables?
59
Overview of Power
Distribution 3.6 CABLE JOINTING AND TERMINATIONS
System
As compare to overhead lines, cables have the following advantages :
(a) The cable transmissions are not subjected to supply interruption

caused by lighting or thunderstorms, birds and severe weather
conditions.
(b) It reduces accident caused by the breaking of the conductors.
Cable Jointing
A joint connecting two length of cable such that the continuity of the
conductor, the insulation and the protective covering is maintained.
or
Cable Joint is creating continuity of a broken cable in field conditions

through a choice of certain means and tools. In many cases, the fixed
geometrical configuration of a cable is disrupted. The making of a cable
joint is to rebuilt the continuity of the conductor and the insulation system
to give electrical continuity.
Type of Jointing Method
Type of Jointing Method For type of Power Cables
Heat Shrinkable Straight through

11 kV, PILC
Joint
Heat Shrinkable Straight Through

11 kV, XLPE Aluminium Cable
Joint
Heat Shrinkable Straight Through

XLPE/PVC Cable
Joint
Heat Shrinkable Outdoor XLPE
Heat Shrinkable Transition Joint 11 kV Aluminium Cable
Heat Shrinkable Outdoors PILC Voltage 11 kV
Heat Shrinkable Indoor XLPE

60
Contents – Material Requirement Electrical
Power Cables
(a) H. S. Outer Jacketing Sleeve
 Main Sleeve
 Side Sleeve
(b) G.I. Wire Mesh
(c) H. S. Insulating Sleeve
(d) Earthing Material
(e) H.S. Adhesive Lined Breakout
(f) H.S. Oil Barrier Sleeve
(g) Glass Bedding Tape
(h) H.S. Stress Control Tubing
(i) H.S. Belting Oil barrier Sleeve
(j) Insulating Mastic
(k) Stress Control Mastic for Ferrule Region
(l) Crimping Type Inline Connector
(m) Mastic Sealing Tape
(n) Cable/Core Tie Wraps
(o) Mopping Cloth for Cleaning
(p) Core Cleaning Solvent
(q) Emery Sheet
Safety Instructions
To avoid accidents due to use of Cable Jointing Kits, or fatal injuries,

necessary instructions to be followed are given here.
To avoid risk of accidental fire or explosion when using gas torches,

always check all connection for leaks by igniting the torch and follow
manufacturer’s safety instructions.
To minimize any effect of fumes produced during jointing work, always

provide good ventilation of confined workspace.
61
Overview of Power Assembly of the Joint
Distribution
System The following jointing instructions are included as an example, for
information only. The actual jointing technique is to be learnt during the
workshop session, by the method of ‘Hands-on’ training. Each jointing kit
comes with a highly descriptive manual, giving step-by-step instructions.
The basic of cable jointing involves cutting the cable properly to produce
clean ends, cutting back the insulation to reveal the conductors and the
armour/screen, without allowing the conducting parts to come in contact.
First the individual conductor is joined electrically secure. Next, the
insulation on each conductor is extended over the joint. Thereafter, the
screen or the armour is extended over the joint. Last of all, the outer
sheath is completed.
This is true for all types of cable. However, the detailed instructions vary as
per the cable type and the jointing kit. The description given here is a
typical case.
Jointing Instruction
Degrease paper inner sheath next to the lead sheath and then wrap
glass bedding tape for a distance of 10 mm.
Put the heat shrinkable belting oil barrier on the glass bedding tape
already applied and shrink with help of blow lamp/torch. Avoid extra
beating.
Put the heat shrinkable stress control tube into position ensuring that
15 mm of the sleeve comes on the lead sheath and remaining on
belting oil barrier sleeve. Shrink with the help of a blow lamp/torch.
Slide the heat shrinkable oil barrier sleeve from the end of the cores
and place them at position ensuring that they go down into the crutch
of the cable as much as possible. Carefully shrink down barrier
sleeve from bottom to top ensuring that heat is uniformly applied
around each tube. Allow to cool.
Slide the breakout over the cores and pull well down into the Crutch
of the cables. Hold down out with a plier to avoid upward slippage.
Commence shrinking the boot at the centre working along them to
the top and shrink completely.
Insert the heat shrinkable insulating tubings Q1 and Q2 from the

each end of the core and slides up to where the jointing works will
not be disturbed.
62
Connection Conductor Electrical
Power Cables
Insert the cable conductor into the ferrule after cleaning and polishing the
conductor.
After ensuring that two conductors meet end to end at the centre of ferrule
compress the ferrule with compression die.
Compress in order from the Centre of the ferrule to the both ends of the
ferrule.
During the process of crimping, take care not to damage the insulation.
Smoothen the surface of inline connector (Ferrule) with the help of smooth
file or a sand paper.
Clean the surface of insulation and ferrule with the help of clean cloth
soaked with cleaning fluid supply with kit.
Apply stress control tape on conductor sleeves and on bare conductor on

both sides of conductor sleeves.
Apply insulation built up mastic tape on stress control tape.
Bring insulation tube Q1 in position so that it equally covers the core on

both sides of the cable and shrink with the help of torch/blow lamp.
Put the insulating tube Q2 on the insulating tube Q1 and shrink it with the
help of blow lamp/torch.
Fix the main earthing connection with the help of copper braided strip from
lead to lead. Use plumbing metal for sealing gap between the steel strip
armour and lead sheath.
The continuity between armour and lead sheath shall also be achieved.
Relay the course as far as possible. Wrap two layers of G.I. mesh around
the cores with a 50% overlap. Cover the joint area upto the exposed
armour. Bind the end of G.I. mesh with the help of cotton tape and PVC
tape provided in the kit. Fold back the excess earth braid/s over the
applied G.I. mesh and tighten it with armour clamp on both sides. Cover
armour clamps and all sharp edges with the help of cotton tape or PVC
tape.
Wrap mastic-sealing tape over the worm drive clamp. Slide the heat
shrinkable adhesive lined side sleeve on one side of the G.I. wire mesh
ensuring that about 200 mm of G.I. wire mesh is covered under this and
63
Overview of Power shrink completely. Slide the second sleeve to the other side of the G.I. wire
Distribution
mesh and position it at the prescribed position and shrunk completely.
System
Cable Ends are Terminated by Providing
 Stress control screens
 The earthing clamp lead
 Insulation
 Lug rain sheds
While making joints and terminations, it is essential to know the size and
type of the cable in order to select appropriate kits for joints and
terminations. The kits contain the accessories required along with
instruction sheets for step-by-step procedure for making joints and
terminations. The cable and end terminations should be prepared as per
the dimensional drawing and procedure given in the instruction sheet.
Types of Terminations
A joint is considered to be the weakest link in the system. But the overall
reliability of a distribution system depends on it. Therefore, jointing
accessories and techniques have an important and critical role despite
their comparative low value in the overall investment.
 Cast Iron Moulded
 Epoxy Resin Type
 Heat Shrinkable
 Cold Shrinkable
 ‘Push On’ Type
3.7 GUIDELINES FOR PACKING, TRANSPORT

AND STORAGE OF CABLES
The cable drums or coils, even if they are small and not heavy, should not be
dropped or thrown onto the ground from railway wagon or trucks during
unloading operations, as the cable is likely to get damaged.
A ramp or crane may be used for unloading cable drums. If neither of these is
available, a temporary ramp with inclination 1 : 3 to 1 : 4 approx. should be
constructed. The ramp must be strong enough to support the weight of the drum.
64 While rolling down the ramp, the drum should be guided by holding ropes with
the aid of winches or blocks. Additionally, a sand bed at the foot of the ramp may Electrical
Power Cables
be made to brake the rolling of cable drum.
The arrow painted on the flange of the drum indicates the direction in which the
drum should be rolled. The cable will unwind and become loose if the drum is
rolled in the opposite direction.
If the cable is not to be laid directly off the drum trailer it should be unloaded as
close as possible to where it is to be laid out later on. The drum should never be
rolled over longer distances.
The site chosen for storage of cable drums should be well-drained and should
preferably have a concrete surface/firm surface which will not cause the drums
to sink and lead to flange rot and extreme difficulty in moving the drums.
All drums should be stored in such a manner as to leave sufficient space

between them for air circulation. It is desirable for the drums to stand on the
battens placed directly under the flanges. During storage, the drums should be
rolled to an angle of 90° once every three months.
In no case should the drums be stored ‘on the flat’; that is, with flange horizontal.
Overhead covering is not essential unless the storage is for a very long period.
The cable should, however, be protected from direct rays of the sun by leaving
the battens on or by providing some form of shielding.
When for any reason, it is necessary to rewind a cable on to another drum, the
barrel of the drum should have a diameter not less than that of the original drum.
Normally cables are supplied in lengths upto 500 m on each drum. Greater
lengths make unrolling of the cable difficult. There is also the danger of the inner
end of the cable moving. If this occurs the laying will have to be stopped in order
to secure this end. The cable may kink at the transition points from one of the
layers to the next and the layers themselves may become jumbled up if this is
not done from time to time. Therefore it has to be considered whether the saving
in the jointing work will not be more than nullified by the additional work to be
carried out when installing excessive lengths.
3.8 SUMMARY
Let us summarise what we have learnt in this unit.
65
Overview of Power In this unit, we dealt with cables. We have learnt various things about electrical
Distribution
cables. You have been introduced to the construction of different types of cable.
System
We had also learnt the techniques of laying of cables.
Like any other item, even cables in use may fail sometimes. We have learnt
about the types of cable faults and how these are detected.
Once a fault is detected, the next step is to rectify it. This is done by creating a
cable joint. We learnt the need for joints and the method to make them. We also
learnt about some cable jointing kits.
And finally, we learnt the guidelines for proper transport/storage of cables on

drum.

(a) Under what conditions would cables be used in place of aerial
conductors?
(b) How is a cable laid underground protected from damage?
(c) Why would we advice against keeping the cable drum with
flange horizontal?

Refer to the advantages under Part 4 of Section 3.2 of this unit.
A cable enclosed in a pipe/conduit is not exposed to the elements. It is also

safe from accidental, or even deliberate damage. As an added advantage,
it poses hardly any danger to people or animals in the area.
It is an instrument to identify and locate a fault in a cable. Its terminals are

connected to the conductors and the screen of the cable at one end. It
displays information about the fault and its distance away from the point of
connection
66
Check Your Progress 4 Electrical
Power Cables
Refer to Section 3.5 of this unit.

(a) The basic technical requirement to use a cable arises when there is
lack of sufficient safety clearance. Apart from this, some other
possible reasons could be the difficulty in stringing an aerial
conductor in the location, expansion possibility, power theft,
accidental or intentional damage possibility and aesthetics.
(b) The cable is laid some 30 cm to 100 cm below the surface, to avoid
accidental access. Often the cable is laid in a conduit or cemented
trench with brick topping. This prevents damage to the cable while
digging.
(c) In this condition, the weight of the total length of the cable on the
drum impinges on the part closer to ground. This may lead to
physical damage to a section of the cable. The possibility of
deformities in this section is also pretty high. Finally, due to its own
weight, the cable coils will tend to unwind and slacken; producing
further danger of bends and kinks.
67

Electrical Block11

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Block11

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exposure to

POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM – BASICS General Tools

In Block 1, entitled Overview of Power Distribution System, the contents are

In Unit 1, entitled Overhead Distribution System, we acquaint you with the

Unit 2, entitled Performance of Distribution system, presents the concept of

In Unit 3, entitled Electrical Power Cables, we focus on different types of

Our best wishes are with you!

In Block 1, entitled Overview of Power Distribution System, the contents are

In Unit 1, entitled Overhead Distribution System, we acquaint you with the

Unit 2, entitled Performance of Distribution system, presents the concept of

In Unit 3, entitled Electrical Power Cables, we focus on different types of

Our best wishes are with you!

OVERVIEW OF POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Unit 3 Electrical Power Cables

 describe the elements of electrical power distribution system,

 define various electrical circuit configurations,

 list different distribution line equipments,

 discuss line accessories,

 understand various transformer mounting structures (Poles), and

 compare the three types of network configuration.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE POWER

The power network of concern to the end-user is the distribution network of

A feeder could be either an overhead line or an underground cable. In urban

800 kV, 400 kV lines (Extra High Voltage)

220 kV or 132 kV Substation

Figure 1.1 : Typical Electric Power Supply System

The distribution system contains :

 Sub-transmission system in voltage ranges from 33 kV to 220 kV.

 Primary circuits of feeders, usually operating in the range of 11 kV to

 Secondary circuits at service voltage, which carry energy from the

1.2.1 Elements of Distribution System

Table 1.1 : Power System Network

We also describe various components of power distribution system as

A substation is a meeting point between the transmission grid and the

1.2.2 Classification of Voltages

Table 1.2 : Voltages at Different Segments 11

Transmission voltages 33 kV, 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV

Low voltage distribution phase 400 V (3 phase) and 230 V (1 phase)

1.2.3 Load Categories

Loads are categorised according to the use which are as follows :

It is applicable to Market, Shopping Centre, Multiplexes, Malls, Healthcare

It is applicable to Factories of all types and manufacturing facility, etc.

Independent Houses, Housing Societies, Multi-storied building.

Research facilities, School, Colleges, Universities, etc.

1.2.4 Survey and Marking of LT and HT Line Routes

 Survey is carried out for installation of lines.

 Right of the way is assessed for LT and HT lines.

12  Clearance from forest department, railways and municipal body.

Electrical Circuits are classified as :

Single Phase, Two Wire System

Three Phase, Three Wire System

Three Phase, Four Wire System

 Check Your Progress 1

1.3 DISTRIBUTION LINE EQUIPMENT

An overhead power line is intended for transmission of electric power by a bare

 Strain hardware set

Figure 1.2 : Electrical Substation

Let us now describe each one of these in brief.

A support is a column of wood, concrete, steel or some other material supporting

 Pre-cast cement concrete poles (PCC) made of cement

 Reinforced cement concrete poles (RCC);

 Pre-stressed cement concrete poles (PSCC).

The low maintenance, competitive price and aesthetic appearance of