ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE[310253]

Unit V Knowledge
Case Study

Title-To Study the amazing ways how wikipedia uses artificial intelligence.
Software and Hardware:
1)Operating system:window 11/Linux.
2)Browser:chrome,google,firefoxS

Theory:
Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia with open information that was built by a community
of people known as Wikipedians. Anyone who has registered on the site can submit an article
for publication; however, editing articles does not require registration. The name of the website
is derived from the wiki, a server program that allows anyone to modify website content using
their browser. It has come to light that Wikipedia has decided to employ artificial
intelligence to learn more about the issue it’s facing and consider possible solutions. Here are
some of the ways Wikipedia uses Artificial Intelligence: 1/ Wikipedia is an open-source online
encyclopedia that anybody may contribute to. The non-profit website forever revolutionized
the way we obtain information by crowdsourcing the building of an encyclopedia. It’s one of
the top 10 most-visited websites on the web. However, it is not without problems. Anyone with
the ability to edit Wikipedia can inadvertently add false information. Computer scientist Aaron
Halfaker describes how Wikipedia recently began implementing an AI system he designed to
detect vandalism and bogus edits on articles using machine learning – it can identify common
patterns in vandalous edits, such as a tendency for improper character spacing, according to a
report for Wired. On the one hand, this means less work for volunteers who monitor for
suspicious changes, but Wikipedia expects the change will attract a flood of new editors. It’s
all about lowering the entry hurdle. Because Wikipedia relies on crowdsourcing for its content,
it must establish rigorous guidelines for who can make modifications to key documents in order
to prevent vandalism. On the other hand, it discourages many people who have exce intentions

3/ According to Forbes, a Google Brain team trained software on how to summarize

information from online pages and generate Wikipedia-style articles. Text summary turns out
to be more challenging than most of us imagined. The efforts of Google Brain to get a machine
to summarize text are slightly better than past attempts, but there is still work to be done before
a machine can write with the cadence and flair that humans can. It turns out that we aren’t quite
ready to have a machine generate Wikipedia entries automatically, but work is continuing to
get us there.

AI to Write Wikipedia Articles

Well, AI can do "OK" writing Wikipedia articles, but you have to start somewhere, right? A
team within Google Brain taught software to summarize info on web pages and write a
Wikipedia-style article. It turns out text summarization is more difficult than most of us
thought. Google Brain's efforts to get a machine to summarize content is slightly better than
previous attempts, but there is still work to be done before a machine can write with the
cadence and flair humans can. It turns out we're not quite ready to have a machine
automatically generate Wikipedia entries, but there are efforts underway to get us there.

While the use cases for artificial intelligence in the operations of Wikipedia are still being
optimized, machines can undoubtedly help the organization analyze the vast amount of data
they generate daily. Better information and analysis can help Wikipedia create successful
strategies to troubleshoot negativity from its community and recruitment issues for its
contributors.

Collaboration with Wikimedia Foundation and Jigsaw to Stop Abusive

Comments

In one effort to stop the trolls, Wikimedia Foundation partnered with Jigsaw (the tech incubator
formerly known as Google Ideas) on a research project called Detox using machine learning to flag
comments that might be personal attacks. This project is part of Jigsaw’s initiative to build open-
source AI tools to help combat harassment on social media platforms and web forums.

The first step in the project was to train the machine learning algorithms using 100,000 toxic comments
from Wikipedia Talk pages that had been identified by a 4,000-person human team where every
comment had ten different human reviewers. This annotated dataset was one of the largest ever created
that looked at online abuse. Not only did these include direct personal attacks, but also third-party and
indirect personal attacks ("You are horrible." "Bob is horrible." "Sally said Bob is horrible.") After
training, the machines could determine a comment was a personal attack just as well as three human
moderators.

Origin and growth

In 1996 Jimmy Wales, a successful bond trader, moved to San Diego, California, to establish Bomis,
Inc., a Web portal company. In March 2000 Wales founded Nupedia, a free online encyclopaedia,
with Larry Sanger as editor in chief. Nupedia was organized like existing encyclopaedias, with an
advisory board of experts and a lengthy review process. By January 2001 fewer than two dozen articles
were finished, and Sanger advocated supplementing Nupedia with an open-source encyclopaedia based
on wiki software. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was launched as a feature of Nupedia.com, but,
following objections from the advisory board, it was relaunched as an independent Web site a few later.

In
its first year Wikipedia expanded to some 20,000 articles in 18 languages, including French, German,
Polish, Dutch, Hebrew, Chinese, and Esperanto. In 2003 Nupedia was terminated and its articles moved
into Wikipedia.

By 2006 the English-language version of Wikipedia had more than one million articles, and by
the time of its 10th anniversary in 2011 it had surpassed 3.5 million. However, while the
encyclopaedia continued to expand at a rate of millions of words per month, the number of new
articles created each year gradually decreased, from a peak of 665,000 in 2007 to 374,000 in
2010. In response to this slowdown, the Wikimedia Foundation began to focus its expansion
efforts on the non-English versions of Wikipedia, which by 2011 numbered more than 250.
With some versions having already amassed hundreds of thousands of articles—the French and
German versions both boasted more than one million—particular attention was paid to
languages of the developing world, such as Swahili and Tamil, in an attempt to reach
populations otherwise underserved by the Internet. One impediment to Wikipedia’s ability to
reach a truly global audience, however, was the Chinese government’s periodic restrictions of
access to some or all of the site’s content within China.

Principles and procedures

In some respects Wekipedia open-source production model is the epitome of the so-called Web
2.0, an egalitarian environment where the web of social software enmeshes users in both their
real and virtual-reality workplaces. The Wikipedia community is based on a limited number of
standard principles. One important principle is neutrality. Another is the faith that contributors
are participating in a sincere and deliberate fashion. Readers can correct what they perceive to
be errors, and disputes over facts and over possible bias are conducted through contributor
discussions. Three other guiding principles are to keep within the defined parameters of an
encyclopaedia, to respect copyright laws, and to consider any other rules to be flexible. The
last principle reinforces the project’s belief that the open-source process will
make Wekipedia into the best product available, given its community of users. At the very
least, one by-product of the process is that the encyclopaedia contains a number of publicly
accessible pages that are not necessarily classifiable as articles. These include stubs (very short
articles intended to be expanded) and talk pages (which contain discussions between
contributors).

The central policy of inviting readers to serve as authors or editors creates the potential for
problems as well as their at least partial solution. Not all users are scrupulous about providing
accurate information, and Wikipedia must also deal with individuals who deliberately deface
particular articles, post misleading or false statements, or add obscene material. Wekipedia
method is to rely on its users to monitor and clean up its articles. Trusted contributors can also
receive administrator privileges that provide access to an array of software tools to speedily fix
Web graffiti and other serious problems.
Advantages:
1. Wikipedia is completely free, providing access to information on millions of topics to
anyone with Internet capabilities.
2. Wikipedia is constantly updated by the hour. In comparison, print encylopedias are usually
updated annually.
3. Wikipedia is a great place to start your research, giving you background information on
your topic and possible keywords to help you conduct more in-depth research elsewhere.
4. Sources used in the articles are cited, allowing further investigation into any topic.

Disadvantages:
1. Anyone can create, edit, or delete Wikipedia articles.
2. Wikipedia articles cannot be considered scholarly, because we know nothing about the
contributors.
3. Articles are works-in-progress, meaning changes are constantly occuring to the
information. When an article is first published, the information might waver back and forth
between viewpoints before achieving a neutral tone. Viewing the behind-the-scenes
discussion can be a valuable way of learning about those varying perspectives.
4. Sometimes articles are vandalized, whether for fun, as a hoax, or because the subject is
controversial.
5. The intended audience can vary-- some articles are written from a insider's view, with
highly technical language, while some are written for a more general audience. This can be
both frustrating and valuable depending on what one is looking for, and either way is a
warning sign that the information can be inconsistent.
Reference:
[1] D. Vernon, G. Metta, and G. Sandini, “A survey of artificial cognitive systems:
Implications for the autonomous development of mental capabilities in computational
agents,” IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 151–180, 2007.
[2] D. Kirsh, “Thinking with external representations,” Ai & Society, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 441–
454, 2010.
[3] A. M. Turing, “Computing machinery and intelligence,” Mind, vol. 59, no. 236, pp. 433–
460, 1950.
[4] P. McCorduck, “Machines who think,” 2004.
[5] T. J. Bench-Capon and P. E. Dunne, “Argumentation in artificial intelligence,” Artificial
Intelligence, vol. 171, no. 10-15, pp. 619–641, 2007.
Conclusion:
Through this case study we learn about To Study the amazing ways how wikipedia uses
artificial intelligence.

Name:Harshada Dashrath Date

Class:Third Year(Computer) Sign of Subject Teacher
Roll No:12