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Rising Film Evaporator

lnstruction Manual
FT22

ISSUE 8

January 2013

' .
 ·-,

Table of Contents
Copyright and Trademarks ............................................ ............................ .............. 1

General Overview ................... .............. ............. ..... .. ........................ ... ......................... 2

Equipment Diagrams ........ .. ... ....... ....... ..... ... ....... ....... ............. ....... ............ .. .. ................ 4

lmportant Safety lnformation ...... ........ .... .. ........ .... ..... .. ....... .......... .. ............................. 7

1ntrod uction ............. ... .......................................... .............................. .......................... 7

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (1988) ... ... ............... 7

W ater Borne Hazards ............. ..... .. ... ...................................... .. .... .. ................ ... ...... .... 8

E lectrical Safety ... .. .... ....... ......... ................. .. ............................................................ ....... 9

Description ...... oo. .. o.... .. .... o....... .... o•.• ..•...•. o........... o.• •.. ·o o. o••••• o••••••. •.• .•• o. o. ... o. o... .. o..•o. o.......... 1O

Overview o•. o.••.•• .•• oo.... o... oo••. o•• .••••.• •.•. o... o. oo. o•.•• o•.. . . oooooo.. ... ... o............ o•• ••.•••.••.• •o•.••••..•.••. 1O

lnstaJiation .. . o•• . o•. . ..•. oo. .. ....... oooo.. ....... o. o... o.. ......... o... . o.•o. oo. o.... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ooo..••.. .. .•.•.• o.. ... 11

Advisory- .. . o···· ······o···· ·······o oo oo·o·· ··· ·············o· ······oo···o·o·o·o···oo·········o··o ·····o···· ·······o . ..... 11

Electrical Supply .. .. .............. o... . ... o.. . .. . .......... o.o···· ···oo · ·· ·o ···o·· ······o··· ·o ooooo· ···o · ···· · ··oooo··· 11

Mains Water Supply ........................ ................................. ..................................... 11

Steam Supply ... ...... ....... .............o•..•.• .•. 4 • • ••••••• o. oo•• o.•••.• . . o.•••••.... o.. ... . .......... o. .• . o•••..••. 12

Connection to a Orain ..... ...... ... ......................................... .. ... .. ... ... ........................ 12

Angle Brackets and Adjustable Feet .................. ..................... ........ ... ................... 12

lnstalling the optional PC software ...................... ....... ... ........................................ 12

Commissioning ..... .... o....• o.. o.... . .. . ..... o....... .. ... o...... ... o...... .... ............ . ..... . 0 ............. o. o. oo.• 13

Electrical Wiring Diagram ........... .. ............... ... .... ............................ .......... .. .... ... .... 15

Operation ..... oo············ o·o·· ·o · o···· ··· o··o···o ···· ············ ····-· ······o······· ....................... o.oo······o·· 16

Operating the optional PC software ................... ........................................ .... ...... .. 16

Operating the Equipment.. .......................................... ................. .......................... 16

Equipment Specifications ................ ....... ....... ... ...... ... ...................... .......................... 18

Overall Dimensions . o........... .... ...... .. oo. o•.••.•.. oo•.. .. ••• oo...••••••.••. o. o. ooo. o. o 00 ••• o... .•..• ...• . 00 ... . .. 18

Equipment Location .......... ... .. ........ .. ........................................ ... ................ .... ....... 18

Environmental Conditions .. ... ................................................... ........ .... ....... .... ....... 18

..
11
 T able of Contents
.......

Routine Maintenance ···············~ · ···-············· · ························ .............. .. ..................... 19

Responsibility .... .. ... .. ............... .. .. .. ................................... .............. .......................... 19

General ... ..... ~· ·············· ···· · ·· · ···················· ·· ···················· · ······················· · ··············· 19

Cleaning Procedure ............................................................................................... 19

Laboratory Teaching Exercises ..................... ............................................................ 21

'
lndex to Exercises .......................,................................... ........ ,. .................... ......... 21

Enthalpy Table: Water and saturated steam as function of pressure .................... 21

Enthalpy T able: Water and saturated steam as function of temperature .............. 22

Refractive index of aqueous solutions of can e sugar ............................................ 25

Specific gravity of sugar solutions ......................................................................... 26

.. Log Sheet ...... .. ... ············· · ······~· · .. .......... ..... .................. .. ........ ... .... ..................... .... 28

.. Data Sheet ........... ........ ...... .................................... .... .............. .. .... ......................... 29

Exercise A - To investigate the variation of the rate of evaporation of water with

steam pressure .................................................................... ..................................... 30

Exercise B - To investigate the variation of the rate of evaporation of water with

system pressure ....... ................ .... ..... ........... .. .. .......................................... .. ............... 32

Contact Details for Further lnformation .................. ................................................... 35

·-

-·

...
111

'
 Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it is proprietary to Armfield
Limited. This document must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it
is supplied and its contents must not be reproduced, modified , adapted, published,
translated or disclosed to any third party, in whole or in part, without the prior written
permission of Armfield Limited.

Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer
Support helpdesk (Monday to Thursday: 0830 - 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK
time). Contact details are as follows:

..

-. (O) 1425 478781 +44 (O) 1425 478781

•'
'í (ca lis charged at local rate) (international rates apply)

Email: support@armfield.co.uk

Fax: +44 (O) 1425 4 70916

Copyright and Trademarks

Copyright© 2013 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved .

Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright

work of Armfield Limited and wholly owned by Armfie ld Limited.

.. Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or

registered trademarks of their respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.

. .

1
 •

General Overview ·-
Water ca n be read ily removed from milk and other liquid foods by evaporation.
Concentrated products were made for many years by this method but were damaged
due to the high temperature involved. The advent of an evaporator working under a
vacuum enabled the concentration to be undertaken ata lower temperature, reducing
the heat damage.

Evaporated milk is made by evaporating water from milk to reduce the total water
content from about 90% initially to approximately 70%. the product is still highly
perishable and has to be homogenised, then sealed into cans, and heat processed in
retorts after evaporation.

A rising fi lm evaporator consists of a vertical tu be (or tu bes) within a shell. Steam in

the shell increases the temperature of product entering the tube at the base. As
product boils, vapour rises up the tube, carrying a film of concentrated liquor up the
inside walls of the tube. At the top of the tube the vapour is separated from the liquor
in a cyclone separator and the vapour is then condensed.

The Armfield Rising Film Evaporator has been designed to enable a full investigation
of this process. Students are able to make concentrated products under differing
conditions and then follow a Clean in Place routine to prepare the equipment for the
next user.

2
 General Overview

·--- -·- ·-
-·--~----...... ~

·~=====- 3-·

FT22 Rising Film Evaporator

3
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Equipment Diagrams
6

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Figure 1: FT22 Rising Film Evaporator

4
 Equipment Diagrams

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CYCLONE 1
SEPARATOR T 1
\lt CONO ENSER 1
1
V5 1
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SAMPLE C l P PUMP VACUUM PUMP

Figure 2: Process Flow

5
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Figure 3: Control Console

1. Temperature sele ctor switch

2. Digital temperature display

3. Vacuum pump on/off switches

4. Mains power on/off switch

5. C .I.P. pump on/off switches

6
 lmportant Safety lnformation
lntroduction
Before proceedíng to install, commíssion or operate the equipment described in this
instruction manual we wish to alert you to potential hazards so that they may be
avoided.

Although designed for safe operation, any laboratory equipment may involve
processes or procedures which are potentially hazardous. The major potential
hazards associated with this particular equipment are listed below.

• Burns from components at high temperatures

• Scalding from boiling liquids or hot vapours (eg. steam)

• lnjury from corrosive liquids

• Damage to clothing

• Risk of infection dueto lack of cleanliness

Acci dents can be avoided provided that equipment is regu larly maintained and
staff and students are made aware of potential hazards. A list of general safety
rules is included in this manual, to assist staff and students in this regard. The list is
not intended to be f ully comprehensive but for guidance only.

Please refer to the notes overleaf regarding the Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health Regulations.

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (1988 )

The COSHH reg ulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and
others from substances used at work which may be hazardous to health . The
regulations requi re you to make an assessment of all operations which are liable to
expose any person to hazardous solids, liquids , dusts, vapours, gases or micro-
organisms . You are also required to introduce suitable procedures for handling these
substances and keep appropriate records.

Since the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances
which can be hazardous (for example , cleaning fluids used for maintenance or
chemicals used for particular demonstrations) it is essential that the laboratory
supervisor or sorne other per son in authority is responsible for imple m entíng the
COSHH regulations.

Part of the above regulations are to ensure that the relevant Health and Safety Data
Sheets are available for all hazardous substances used in the laboratory. Any person
using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:

Physical data about the substance

Any hazard from fire or explosion

Any hazard to health

Appropriate First Aid treatment

•
Armfield Jnstruction Manual

Any hazard from reaction with other substances

How to clean/dispose of spillage

Appropriate protective measures

A.ppropriate storage and handling

Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly

recommended that a similar approach is adopted for the protection of the students
operating the equipment. Local regulat ions must also be considered .

Water Borne Hazards

The equipment described in this ínstruction manual involves the use of water, which
under certain conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful
. .
m1cro-organ1sms.

For example , the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on
any scale, rust, algae or sludge in water and w ill breed rapidly if the temperature of
water is between 20 and 45°C. Any water containing thís bacterium which is sprayed
or splashed creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of pneumonia called
Legionnaires Oisease which is potentially fata l.

Legíonella is not the only harmful micro-organísm which can infect water, but it
serves as a useful example of the need for cleanliness .

Under the COSHH regu.laUons, the following precautions must be observed:

• Any water contained wíthin the product must not be atlowed to stagnate, ie.
the water must be changed regularly.

• Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which mícro-organisms can feed must be
removed regula rly, i.e. the equipment must be cleaned regularly.

• Where practicable the water should be maintained at a temperature below

20°C . lf this is not practicable then the water should be dísinfected íf ít ís safe
and appropríate to do so. Note that other hazards may exist in the handling of
biocides used to disinfect the water.

• A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk

incorporatíng all of the actions listed above.

Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication "The Control
of Legionellosis including Legionnaires Disease" - Health and Safety Series booklet
HS (G) 70.

8
 lmportant Safety lnformation

Electrical Safety
The equipment described in this lnstruction Manual operates from a mains voltage
electrícal supply. The equipment is designed and manufactured in accordance with
appropriate regulations relating to the use of electricity. Similarly, it is assumed that
regulations applyíng to the operation of electrical equipment are observed by the end
user.

However, to give increased operator protection, Armfield Ud have incorporated a

Residual Current Device or RCD (alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit
Breaker- ELCB) as an integral part of this equipment. lf through misuse or accident
the equipment becomes electrically dangerous, an RCD will switch off the electrical
supply and reduce the severity of any electric shock received by an operator to a
leve! which, under normal circumstances, will not cause ínjury to that person.

At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the
TEST button. The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to
trip means that the operator ís not protected and the equipment must be checked and
repaired by a competent electrician befare it is used.

9
Descri pti on
...
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the Equipment Diagrams section .

Overview
The evaporation circuit consists of a feed tan k (1 ), a flowmeter (F1 ), a control valve
(V3), the steam jacketed evaporator tube (4), a cyclone separator (6), a water cooled
condenser (7), a product tan k (8) and a condensate tan k (9). A vacuum pump (1 O) is
used to create vacuum conditions throughout the process. This is adjustable using
the valve adjacent to the gauge (11 ). This va lve allows an a ir bleed, into the vacuum
system , which varíes the system pressure. The vacuum pump ís a liquid ring type
which requires a water supply. The vacuum pump has two heads connected in
parallel but, using the flexible tubes provided they can be connected in series to
achíeve higher vacuum conditíons, if requi red.

A tapping adjacent to the vacuum gauge allows a reference gauge to be connected if

it is required to check the accuracy of the vacuum gauge. The tapping accepts 6mm
OD rigid tubing after removing the blanking plug.

Steam is admitted to the jacket of the evaporator through pressure regulating valve
(PRV1 ), wh ich is adjusted by turning the blue handle at the top clockwise to increase,
antí-clockwise to decrease steam pressure. Pressure is indicated on gauge (P1 ). A
safety relief valve ( PSV1) which protects the steam jacket from excessive pressures
is set at just over 2.0 bar. Steam condensate is expelled from the evaporator jacket
by a steam trap (ST1) which also acts asan a ir vent.

Water cooling for the shell and tube condenser (7) is provided through connection
( 15) and is controlled by valve (V12), the flow rate being indicated on variable area
flowmeter (F2). The cooling water is discharged to drain from a connector (16). As
the product vessels (8) and (9) are under vacuum during normal operation, a sample
devioe (13) is necessary to allow samples to be taken without drawing air into the
system.

Using valves (V8), (V13), (V 14) and (V15) it is possible to extract a sample from
cyclone overflow during operatíon.

A Clean-ln-Piace centrifuga! pump (18) is used to clean the process components

after each operation. Disinfectant or cleaning fluid placed in the feed tank (1) can be
circulated using valves (V1 ), (V2), (V4 ), (V6), (V?), (V9) and (V1 O) and vessels (8)
and (9) are cleaned by a specíal spray ball in each vessel operated by valves (V6)
and (V7). The whole system can be drained using valves (V11) and (V17).

All controls and instrumentation for the process are contained within a staínless steel
console. See Figure 3 for identification of controls.

10
 lnstallation
Advisory
Before operating the equípment, it must be unpacked , assembled and installed as
described in the steps that follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following
the correct installation procedure .
.... .

Electrical Supply

Electrical supply for version FT22-A

The equipment requires connection to a single phase, fused electrical supply. The
standard electrical supply for this equipment is 220/240V, 50Hz. Check that the
voltage and frequency of the electrícal supply agree w ith the label attached to the
supply cable on the equipment. Connection should be made to the supply cable as
follows:

GREENIYELLOW EARTH

BROWN LIVE (HOT}

BLUE NEUTRAL

Fuse Ratíng - 13 AMP

Electrical supply for version FT22-B

The equipment requí res connection to a single phase, fused electrical supply. The
standard electrical supply for thís equípment is 120V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage
and frequency of the electrical supply agree with the label attached to the supply
cable on the equípment. Connection should be made to the supply cable as follows:

GREEN/YELLOW EARTH

BROWN - LIVE (HOT)

BLUE NEUTRAL
Fuse Rating - 20 AMP

Four metres of supply cable are supplied with the equípment.

Mains Water Supply

The condenser inlet pipe is situated at the right hand side of the evaporator
framework and is connected to f lowmeter (F2). Connect the inlet pipe (15) toa supply
of cold water (maximum flow rate 1 O litres/min) using flexible tubing (not supplied).
Secure the connections using pipe clips.

A supply of cold water is also required for initial filling of the feed tank and
subsequent toppíng up.

11
Armfíeld lnstruction Manual •,

Steam Supply
The evaporator requires a steam supply at 2 bar(G) (maximum consumption
15kg/hr). A relief valve is incorporated in the evaporator jacket which will not allow a
pressure of more than 2 bar(G) to build up in the evaporator steam jacket.

The steam connection is situated at the rear of the evaporator module, to the left-
hand side. The inlet is connected to the pressure regulating valve. Connect the
steam inlet (3/4" BSP female termination) to a steam supply of 15kg/hr at 2 bar (g)
using flexible steam hose (not supplied).

Connection to a Drain
Cold Wate r
Water fed to the vacuum pump is discharged, along with air and water vapour vía a
large bore flexible situated towards the right hand side of the unit, near the base.

Warm Water
The condenser outlet pipe (16) is situated at the right hand side of the evaporator
framework adjacent to the inlet pipe. Connect the outlet pipe (16) to a suitable drain
using flexible tubing (not supplíed). Secure the connections using pipe clips.

Hot W ate r
The condensate outlet from the steam trap (ST1) on the evaporator is situated at the
rear of the evaporator framework. A metal bucket (not supplied) should prove most
suitable for collecting the condensate since volumetric measurements may be
necessary.

Angle Brackets and Adjustable Feet

After positioning the equipment in the required locat ion, the feet should be adjusted
in height to leve! the frame.

Angle brackets are supplied that can be bolted to each leg to allow the frame to be
secured to the floor for improved stability. The slotted hole in each bracket should be
used to attach the bracket to the leg of the frame so the height of the bracket can be
adjusted to suit the height of the foot. These brackets can be secured to the floor
using suitable fix ings (not supplied). Ensure th e securing bolts are fully tightened
after fitting the angle brackets.

lnstalling the optional PC software

lf it is required to operate FT22 using the optional software supplied with FT22-
901FD-USB then it wíll be necessary to install the software from the CD-ROM
supplied with FT22-901FD-USB onto an appropriate PC (PC not supplied) .

For instructíons on how to install and run the software insert the CD-ROM into the
optical drive on the PC (PC not supplied) then choose 'Help' from the menu.

After installing and running the software on the PC, instructions on how to operate
the software can be obtained by choosing the 'Help' tab in the top right hand corner
of the screen as shown below:

12
 lnstallation

- . .. -

___- ·--
L- •
' ! _._-
_..
•...:

-·~· ...-·-·- ..

Note that when operating the software for the first time it will be necessary to enable
the USB virtual COM port by choosing the Red telephone icon (Start COM session).

t t
!
'

Start COfvl Session J

--- ..-- -

Full instructions about enabling the portare included in the Help menus.

Commissioning
All references relate to the Eguipment Diagrams. The following procedure is intended
for checking initially that the equipment is operating correctly after setting up, water is
used as the process fluid .

1. Ensure the steam pressure regulating valve (PRV1) is closed (fully, anti-
clockwise and allow steam to be applied from the source up to the valve).

2. Slowly open this valve (clockwíse) to allow steam to enter the shell of the
evaporator at the top. Pressure will build up and indicate on gauge (P1 ).
Condensate will be formed when the steam comes into contact with the cold
surfaces and when enough condensate has buílt up in the steam trap (ST1 ), it
will be automatically ejected . Be careful not to open (PRV1) too quickly as the
pressure m ay suddenly increase causíng the pressure safety valve (PSV1) to
blow off.

3. Use the regulating valve (PRV1) to increase and decrease the pressure
between O and 2.0 bar to check operation of the valve is correct. Then
carefully increase the pressure over 2.0 bar until the safety valve blows to
check that it in fact opera tes just above this value. Reset the valve (PRV1) to
give a steam pressure of 1 .5 bar.

4. Ensure all valves are closed. Open valves (V1 ), (V8) and (V13).

5. Using a water supply hose pipe, fill the feed tank (1) (lid removed) with cold
water to about 50mm from the top.

6. Open valve (V12) to give a flow of cooling water to the condenser of say 6
litres/min indicated on flowmeter (F2).

13
Armfield lnstruction Manual

7. Start the vacuum pump on the console. Todo this. the RCCB switch and the
POWER ON switch on the console must be switched ON. Ensure the valve
on the vacuum control (11) is closed (fully clockwise) and observe the
indicator movement on the vacuum gauge. The gauge should reach a
vacuum of at least 0.76 Bar (22.5 ins Hg).

8. Slowly open valve (V3). Water will begin to flow through the flowmeter (F 1)
and will en ter the evaporator. Set the flowrate on (F1) to read 1O litres/hr.
Wa ter will boil in the evaporator tube and vapour will rise up the tube and
pass through the elbow (5) into the cyclone separator and then the condenser
where it is condensed.

9. Sorne vapour will condense on the cool surfaces and appear as water in the
product tank (8) but most of the vapour will be condensed in the condenser
and appear as water in condensa te tank (9).

1O. Check that appropriate temperatures are indicated on the console read-out
for all six positions of the selector switch. lt should be noted that the boiling
point of water at 0.76 Bar (22.5 ins Hg) is 65°C.

11. Check sampling system. Glose (V8), wait, close (V13}, open (V15) . Place a
suitable receptacle under the outlet of (V14) and collect sample. Glose (V14 ),
(V15) then open (V13) and (V8).

12. Turn steam off at source. Switch off the vacuum pump and open the vacuum
adjustment valve. Glose val ve (V1 ), open valves (V2), (V9) and (V1 O) and
switch on the clean in place pump on the console. Slowly open (V4) a small
amount, water will pass up the evaporator tube, overflow the glass elbow (5),
enter the cyclone separator and overf low through valve (V8) into the product
tan k (8). When valve (V4) is opened a small amount more, water will
eventually overflow the cyclone to the condenser and down through the
condenser into condensa te tank (9). Open (V9) and (V1 O) and water will drain
from the two glass vessels back into the feed tank.

13. Carefully open valves (V6) and (V?) and observe water entering the spray
balls inside the vessels and spraying water onto the inside vessel surfaces.

14. Switch off the clean in place pump.

15. lf the accompanying data logger (FT22-901FD-USB) is available then it will be

necessary to install the USB interface inside the electrical console. Use the
ribbon cable supplied with the data logger to connect the 50 way connectors
on the USB interface and the PCB inside the console. Use the short USB lead
to connect the USB connectors on the USB interface and the inside wall of
the console. Connect the waterproof USB connector on the outside of the
electrical console to a suitable computer using the special USB lead with
waterproof connector supplied with the data logger.

16. Connect a hose to drain valve (V11) and guide to drain. Open all valves and
leave to drain.

17. Switch off the maíns electricity supply.

14
 1nstallation

Electrical Wiring Diagram

Click on the relevant link to invoke the Wiring Diagram:

Wiring Diagram CDM21586E

'

15
Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in the EquiRment Diagrams section.

Operating the optional PC software

Details about operating the optional software can be obtained by choosing the 'Help'
tab in the top right hand corner of the screen as shown below:
•

•
1 ~ t
~ ... • ··-~· -· - - "'!."'!

Operating the Equipment

Clean in place
After processing a food sample such as milk or fruit juice, the evaporator has been
designed to allow effective cleaning without the necessity of dismantling any part of
the equipment. The following procedure is one suggested sequence of operations but
experimentation with different cleaning agents and temperatures and sequences will
reveal an optimum method. Most soiling will occur on the walls of the evaporator
tube, the interior of the cyclone (6) and the interior of the product collecting vessel
(8).

At the end of the process run close valve (V3). Switch off vacuum pump and release
system vacuum by opening (V15). Using valves (V9) then (V10), empty first the
product tank (8) then the condensate tank (9) completely. The concentrated product
will be required for further processing or analysis. lf any product rema ins in the feed
tan k this can be em ptied through drain valve (V11) having opened valve (V1 ).
Quarter fill the feed tank with demineralised water. Turn on the water supply to the
vacuum pump and adjust to 3-4 L/min to the vacuum the n re-apply vacuum and close
drain (V 11 ) and open (V3) to allow 1O litres/hr of water to pass into the evaporator
and rinse the rest of the product into the tanks (8) and (9). Glose (V3) when feed tank
is empty. Charge the feed tank with 1 O litres of 2% caustic soda solution, preferably
preheated to 70°C . Rubber gloves and eye protection should be used for this as well
as normallaboratory protective clothing. Open (V3) to allow 1 O litres/hour flowrate.

Turn off vacuum pump and open the vacuum control valve (V13). Clase valve (V1 ).
Open va lve (V2). Switch on clean in place pump. Open val ves (V9) and (V10). Slowly
open a small amount (V6) and (V?) and observe the cleaning solution being sprayed
through the spray balls, clea ning the interior surfaces of the vessels (8) and (9). The
solution will drain through the previously opened valves back into the feed tank. Allow
circulation to take place for 1O minutes - if the level in (8) or (9) begins to build up
throttle (V6) or (V?) to prevent th is. During this time occasionally open valve (V4) a
small amount to allow the cleaning agent to be pumped up through the evaporator
and flood the glass elbow (5) and drain through (V8) and (V13) back into the vessel
(8).

Clase (V9) and (V1 O) and fix a flexible hose to the pipe below (V9) and (V1 O) guide
to drain. Re-open (V9) and (V1O) and now the ca ustic w ill begin to be drained off

16
 Operation

rather than recirculate to the feed tank. As the cleaning agent leve! disappears from
the feed tank replenish with 1 O litres of fresh water. Allow circulation to continue for
severa! minutes, occasionally opening (V4) to allow rinsing of any solution in the
evaporator- until aH the cleaning agent is flushed out. This can be tested for by using
indicator paper at the drain outlet. Finally close off steam, CIP pump and cooling
water to (V12), open (V11) and all other valves and allow to drain.

To drain the flowmeter (F1) it is necessary to remove the glass tube by first of all
removing the Perspex cover, then pulling the white fixing wedge at the top of the tube
out - the glass can be then lifted out of the housing. Care is requi red to avoid loss or
damage to the float or breakage of the glass tube.

Depending on the type of product and extent of soilíng it may be necessary to

recirculate a preheated 2% solution of phosphoric acid in exactly the same way as
detai!ed for caustic soda.

Before the next start up it is advisable to circulate a 75 ppm available chlorine

solution to disínfect for 5 minutes followed by a cold water rinse.

Preliminary
1. Check tha.t product, condensate and feed vessels are drained and clean.

2. Check that electricity, steam and cooling water services are available.

3. Check that all valves are closed.

4. Fill the feed vessel with wate r or solution to be concentrated as appropriate.

Start-up
1. Open and adjust valve (V12) to give a cooling water flow of 5 litres/min.

2. Open valve (V8) and (V13).

3. Start vacuum pump ( 1O) with valve control ( 11) fully el o sed.

4. Connect the steam supply and adjust regulator (PRV1) to obtain the required
steam pressure of (12).

5. Open valve (V1) and the flow control valve (V3) to give the requíred feed flow
rate.

17
 /

, ... ~

Equipment Specifications
Overall Dimensions
Height - 2. 75m

Width 0.79m

Depth 0 .50m

Equipment Location
The equipment is designed for floor standing in a static location and requires a firm ,
levet floor. Angle brackets are provided if it ís required to fix the framework
permanently to the floor.

A fork-líft or other liftíng tackle having a capacity of 200kg and 0. 2m lift, may prove
useful for moving the equipment to the desired location

Environmental Conditions
This equipment has been designed for operation in the following envíronmental
conditions. Operation outside of these conditions may resu!t reduced performance,
damage to the equipment or hazar(J to the operator.

a. lndoor use;

b. Altítude up to 2000m;

c. Temperature soe to 40°C;

d. Maximum relative humídíty 80% for temperatures up to 31 oc, decreasing

linearly to 50% relative humidity at 40°C;

e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±1 0% of the nominal voltage;

f. Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;

Note: The normal leve! of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (over-

voltage) category 11 of 1EC 60364-4-443;

g. Pollution degree 2 .

Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs .

Temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected .

Typical of an office or laboratory envíronment

18
 Routine Maintenance
Responsibility
T o preserve the lite and efficient operation of the equipment it is importa nt that the
equipment is properly maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the
responsibility of the end user and must be performed by qualified personnel who
understand the operation of the equipment.

General
In addition to regu lar maintenance the following notes should be observed:

1. The equipment should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in
use.

2. All liquid should be drained from the equipment when it is not in use. Ensure
that the equipment is cleaned following the procedure Clean in place in
Operating the Equipment.

3. The exterior of the equipment should be periodically cleaned. DO NOT use

abrasives.

4. The reservoir should be periodically cleaned to remove debris and deposits

on the walls. DO NOT use abrasives.

5. Before use check operation of the pressure release valve in the steam circuit
by depressing the manual leaver.

6. Before operating the equipment following a period of shut down refer to the
Clean in place instructions in Operating the Equipment.

Cleaning Procedure
For users of the equipment who have access to proprietary cleaning agents, the
following cleaning procedure is suggested:

This cleaning procedure has been recommended by Lever Industrial. lt involves a

two stage cleaning cycle. First stage cleaning using LQ 94 (a caustic based product
containing sequestrant) followed by Polaris SU 318 as a terminal disinfectant.

Follow the procedure in the manual to engage the CIP (Ciean in Place) pump (see
Clean in place in Operating the Equipment).

First Stage Clean - LQ 94

Pre-rinse (water) Time •
5 minutes (ambient temperature)

Detergent Concentration 2.0% w/w

150ml LQ 94 -> 1O litres of water

Detergent Circulation Time 15-20 minutes (65-80°C)

-- lntermediate Rinse Time 3 minutes water

(ambient temperature)

19
Armfield lnstruction Manual -..

Secondary Cleaning Stage - Polaris SU 318

Disinfectant Concentration 1%w/w

1OOml Polaris SU 318

-> 1O litres water

Disinfectant Circulation Time · 10- 15 minutes

(ambient temperature)

Final Rinse 3 minutes

(ambient temperature)

Drain down the system. Ensure that the externa! surfaces have been wíped down
and any product residues have been removed.

N.B. IMPORTANT

Ensure when using the above specified detergents or indeed any detergents or
cleaning fluids that you have the relevant Health & Safety Data Sheets and ensure
you take the necessary precautions.

20
 .. . - · --
~ - -----,

Armfield lnstruction Manual

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Enthalpy Table: Water and saturated steam as function of

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22
 Laboratory T eaching Exercises

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23
 Armfield lnstruction Manual -

48
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24
 Laboratory T eaching Exercises

Refractive index of aqueous solutions of cane sugar

FT2.2 RISING FILM E VAPORATOR

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25
 Armfield lnstruction Manual

·-.
Specific gravity of sugar solutions
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26
 Laboratory T eaching Exercises

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27
 •..

Armfield lnstruction Manual

Log Sheet

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28
 Laboratory Teaching Exercises

Data Sheet

Evaporator
lnner tube •
3/4" 0.0 . x 14 SWG heated length 1.36m.

Outer jacket 2" 0 .0. X 16 SWG.

Steam inlet • 3/4" n.b .

Condensate . 1/2" n.b.

Material Stainless steel 316.

Manufactured in accordance with BS 5500: 1985 CAT 3 and ASME 8 .

Operating Conditions

Shell (condensing steam) Tube (boiling water)

Temperature 1ooo - 134°C 60° - 1oooc
Pressure 0.00 - 2.0 bar gauge O.34 - 1 bar a bsolute
Flow R ate Up to 15 kg/hr Up to 60 kg/hr d epend1 ng on
recirc ulation rate

Vapour Condenser
Tube bundle 12 tubes, 3/8" 0.0. x 16 SWG on 1/2" square pitch , 18" long

Shell - to suit tube bundle

Connections - vacuum connection 1/4" n.b.

vapour inlet 1 1/4" n.b.

condensate outlet- 1/4" n.b.

cooling water inlet and outlet- 1" n.b.

Material - Stainless steel.

Operating Conditions

Tube Bundle (conden s1ng va pour) Tu be buncll e

(cooling water)
Temperature 70°- 1oooc 25° - 35oc
Pressure Atmospheric to O.Sm Hg Vacuum 2 bar gauge max
Flow Rate 1O kq/hr max . ..

29
Exercise A-To investigate the variation of the rate of
evaporation of water with steam pressure
Objectíve
To ínvestigate the variation of the rate of evaporation of water with steam pressure .

Procedure
Fill the feed vessel with water and follow the prelimínary and start-up procedures with
a water feed rate of 1O 1/hr.

Carry out a series of experiments at different steam pressures (P1 ).

Theory
•
where

E = rate of evaporation, kg/hr

Q = rate of heat transfer, kJ/ hr

H = latent heat of vaporisation of water at system pressure, kJ/kg.

The rate of heat transfer, Q is given by, O = Ue.Ae.LlTe

where

UE = heat transfer coefficient, kJ/m 2 .hr. oc

= surface area for heat transfer, m"

11TE= temperature difference, oc.

The temperature difference, TE , is given by, TE = T s- T7.

where

Ts =tempera tu re of steam at pressure P1, oc

T1 = boiling point of water at system pressure, oc

In this experiment. Ae and H are constant, and so:

E =Kt.Ue. b..TE where K 1 is a constant

The heat transfer coefficient, Ue, w íll, in turn depend on the temperature difference ,
.ü.TE ' so:

where K2 is a constant and n varíes from 0.5 to 2.0.

30
 Exercise A

The rate of evaporation can be increased by increasing the temperature difference,

b.TE. In this experiment this is done by increasing the steam pressure, P1 , and
hence the steam temperature, Ts.

Readings to be taken
Allow the evaporator to reach steady operation and then read the feed flow rate (F1 ),
boiling point (T6), steam pressure (P1) and condensate tank leve! (L 1/2) every 5
minutes for as long as possible.

Results
The readings should be recorded on an evaporator log sheet.

Catculations
For each experiment:

1. Calculate the average steam pressure, P1 and find the corresponding steam
temperature, T s from Steam Tables.

2. Calculate the average boiling point, T7.

3. Calcula te the temperature difference, .6.TE = T s - T7.

4. Plot condensate tank leve! agaínst time. Find the slope, S 2 , of the "best"
straight line through ttie points.

5. Calculate the average rate of evaporation, E, from :

where C 2 is the calíbration factor for the condensate tank (mi per cm height).

/l

7
'1 / '
!
?. f
7 J
7
'/ 1
/ 1
/
.1
'-------....l

Lo.9 ltaT 6 )

The plot of log (E) against log (.6.TE) should have an approxímate slope of 1.5 at low
values of 11TE and an approximate slope of 3 at high values of 11TE

31
Exercise 8 - To investigate the variation of the rate of
-
evaporation of water with system pressure
Objective
To investigate the variation of the rate of evaporation of water w ith system pressure.

Procedure
Follow the preliminary and start-up procedures with a water feed rate of 1O 1/hr.
Operate the evaporator without recirculation and ata steam pressure of 1.5 bar.

Carry out a series of experiments at different system pressures (P1) by operating first
at atmospheric pressure and then under vacuum.

Theory

E= Q
The rate of evaporation, E, is given by H

where

E = rate of evaporation , kg/hr

Q = rate of heat transfer, kJ/hr

H = latent heat of vaporisation of water at pressure P1 , kJ/kg.

The rate of heat transfer, Q is given by, Q = Ut: .At: · LlTE

where

UE - heat transfer coefficient, kJ/m2 .hr.°C

AE = surface area for heat transfer, 0.064m2

L1T E= temperature difference, oc.

The temperatura difference , LiTE, is given by, 11TE = Ts - T6

wh ere

T s = temperature of steam pressure P2, oc

T6 = boiling point of water at pressure P1, oc

In this experiment, AE is constant and H is approximately constant, and so,
E = K1 UE. 1:1TE where K, is a constant.

The heat transfer coefficient, UE. will in turn, depend on the temperatura diffe rence,
LlTE, so:

32
 Exercise B

where K2 is a constant and n varíes from 0.5 to 2.0.

The rate of evaporation can be increased by increasing the temperature difference,

11TE. In thís experiment this is done by decreasíng the system pressure, P2, and
hence the boíling point, T6.

Readings to be taken
Allow the evaporator to reach steady operation and then read the feed flow rate (F1 ),
boiling point (T6), steam and system pressures (P1, P2) and condensate tan k leve!
every 5 minutes for as long as possible.

Results
The readings should be recorded on an evaporator log sheet.

Calculations
For each experiment:

1. Calculate the average steam pressure, P1 and find the correspondíng steam
temperature, Ts from Steam Tables.

2. Calculate the average system pressure, P2, and boiling point T6. (NB: a
check on these readings can be made since T6 should be the boíling point of
water at system pressure P2.)

3. Calculate the tempera tu re difference, flTE = Ts - T6 .

4. Plot condensate tank level against time. Find the slope, S,, of the "best"
straight line through the points.

5. Calculate the average rate of evaporation, E, from:

where C2 is the calibration factor for the condensate tan k (mi per cm height).

1
1
1
1
l
1

_...., stor>t ¡:z 3

1

-
lO- O
~ {\ W!
A Tt l

-.

33
Armfield lnstruction Manual

The plot of lag (E) against lag (L\ TE) shauld have an appraximate slape af 1.5 at low
values of flTE and an appraximate slope af 3 at high val ues of flTE

34
 Contact Details for Further lnformation

Main Office: Armfield Limited

Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24 1DY

Tel: +44 (0)1 425 478781

Fax: +44 (0)1 425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
support@armfield.co .uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk

US Office: Armfield lnc.

•

9 Trenton- Lakewood Road

. .. Clakrsburg, NJ 0851 O

,.
Tel/Fax: (609) 208 2800
Email: info@armfieldinc.com

••

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35

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UNK 1 TOS INC BROWN TRI--RATED 1.Smm 30/0.2 5mm.

UNK 1 1 TO 15 11\C BLUE TRI-RATEO l.Smm 30/0.2Srnm.
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ALL REMAINING SUPPL Y UN.< S TRI-RATEO O.Smm 16/0.Zmm.
ALL SIGNAL LINK S O.Smm 16/0.2mm.

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