‫‪:‬ا‪- .

-‬ت‬ ‫‪*+‬‬ ‫ر‬

‫ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ د‬
‫ك ‪ *2‬م ‪ 4 5 6‬و‪ *2‬م ا ‪ +‬ة‬ ‫ا ‪ 0‬ى‪:‬ا‪8‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫وا رض وا ‪ *:‬م ا ‪5‬را‪2‬‬ ‫ا‬

‫ت‬ ‫‪ $‬ة ا"‬ ‫‪ P:‬و ‪F‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫أن‬ ‫‪:1‬‬

‫ة وا ة‬
‫ه ا )( ' ؟‬ ‫‪ (1‬د ‪#‬ن ا" ! ت‬
‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬د ر‪ , -‬ا ( ‪#‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪ ! (1‬ا ‪#23‬ل ‪ P : /0‬أو ‪F‬‬

‫ه ا )( ' ‪ 8‬ا ! ت ‪ 9 :‬اذن ‪ M:‬ء ا" ! ت ھ‪: #‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬اذن‬ ‫أ‪ 6‬ى‬ ‫‪F‬ھ ا!‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ P‬ھ ا!‬
‫ا" ! ت ھ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ 9 :‬اذن ( ‪#‬‬ ‫ه ا )( ' إ ! )‬ ‫اذن‬
‫} ‪Ω = {PPP; PPF ; PFP; PFF ; FPP; FPF ; FFP; FFF‬‬
‫} ‪Ω = { P; F‬‬
‫‪ 8) card ( Ω ) = 8‬ا ! ت ‪(9 :‬‬
‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫‪ <(9 :‬أ ر‪ , -‬ا ( ‪#‬‬ ‫اذن‪) card ( Ω ) = 2 :‬إ ! )‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‪E‬و ‪/‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫)) )‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪:2‬‬
‫‪ A) : 4‬ا‪E‬ر م ا ) ‪ 1 :‬و ‪ 3‬و ‪5‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬د ‪#‬ن ا" ! ت ه ا )( ' ؟‬
‫ا ي ! <!‪ )D ' Q> #‬ل‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د د ا‪ E‬اد ا !‪#‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬د ر‪ , -‬ا ( ‪Ω #‬‬
‫ا‪E‬ر م ا ‪9 : ' ,‬‬
‫ا اب ‪ :‬ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ #‬ات ! ا‪ )6‬ره ب ‪GH‬ث ‪ S‬ت ‪S0)T‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫‪ W‬ر ‪ V‬ات‬ ‫‪ ! (1‬ا ‪#23‬ل ‪ PP : /0‬أو ‪ FF‬أو ‪ FP‬أو ‪ PF‬اذن‪PP :‬‬
‫ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ #‬ات ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ V‬ات‬ ‫و ‪ FF‬ھ ا ! أ‪ 6‬ى‬ ‫ھ ا‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫!‬ ‫ا"‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫اذن‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ت‬ ‫!‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫'‬ ‫)(‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬ ‫اذن‬ ‫‪(2‬‬

‫ر‬ ‫د ا‪ E‬اد ا !‪#‬‬ ‫‪ )0‬اد ‪ :‬ن‬ ‫و ‪ X,‬ا ‪ A‬أ أ‪D DE‬‬ ‫}‪Ω = { PP; FF ; PF ; FP‬‬
‫ا ي ! <!‪Q> #‬‬
‫ھ‪card ( Ω ) = 3 × 3 = 9 :#‬‬ ‫و > ‪ 4) card ( Ω ) = 4 :‬ا ! ت ‪(9 :‬‬

‫‪ A) : 5‬ا‪E‬ر م ا ) ‪ 1 :‬و ‪ 2‬و ‪6‬‬ ‫? ا" ! ت‬ ‫ل ‪ (C‬ة ا‪ ! B‬ت ‪@3A0‬‬ ‫! > ا‪)D‬‬
‫ا ي ! <!‪Q> #‬‬
‫‪S0)T‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د د ا‪ E‬اد ا !‪#‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‪E‬و ‪/‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫' ‪ )D‬ل ا‪E‬ر م ا ‪9 : ' ,‬‬
‫ا اب ‪ :‬ط ( ‪:1‬ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ #‬ات ! ا‪ )6‬ره ب ‪GH‬ث ‪ S‬ت‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪S0)T‬‬
‫اء‬ ‫أا‬ ‫‪card ( Ω ) = 2 × 2 = 4‬‬
‫! ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ V‬ات ‪)S0)T ) S !' 9 :‬‬
‫ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ #‬ات ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ V‬ات‬ ‫ات ))‬ ‫‪GH‬ث‬ ‫‪:3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪(1‬أر‪ (C ID‬ة ا" ! ت‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫'‬ ‫‪ )T‬ر‬ ‫>‪2‬‬ ‫ھ < <‪A‬‬ ‫ط ( ‪ ? :2‬ا !‬ ‫‪ (2‬د ‪#‬ن ا" ! ت ‪ Ω‬و د ) ‪card ( Ω‬‬
‫>‪Z‬‬
‫و >‪ Q‬د ا" ! ت ھ‪ #‬د ا ) < ‪ A‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪ ! (1‬ا ‪#23‬ل ‪ PPP : /0‬أو ‪ FFF‬أو ‪......‬‬
‫اذن ‪A32 = 3 × ( 3 − 1) = 3 × 2 = 6 :‬‬
‫أ‪ 6‬ى و ‪........‬‬ ‫و ‪ FFF‬ھ ا !‬ ‫‪ PPP‬ھ ا‬

‫ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪1‬‬

 ‫‪ _D‬أ‬ ‫ف‬‫ا اب‪ ? :‬ا ! ھ <‪0 A‬‬ ‫‪: 6‬أ ‪ A 24 : X,‬و ‪ A35‬و ‪ A 47‬و ‪A × A‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪10‬‬

‫و >‪ Q‬د ا" ! ت ھ‪ #‬د ا )‪G A‬ت ‪:‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪6! = 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 720‬‬
‫اب‪A = 4 × 3 = 12 A = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60 :‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫>‪ /‬أو " و ا )‬ ‫د ا !‪ 0‬ت أر'‪ a‬وف‬ ‫‪: 11‬‬
‫‪= 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 = 840‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫! <!‪ )D ' > #‬ل ا ‪ 3‬وف ا ) ‪ S 9 :‬و ‪ I‬و ‪ D‬و ‪A‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫‪A ×A‬‬ ‫‪6 × 5 × 4 ×10 × 9 × 8 × 7 5 × 4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫أر' أ ف‬ ‫ا اب‪ ? :‬ا ! ھ <‪0 A‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 20‬‬
‫و >‪ Q‬د ا" ! ت ھ‪ #‬د ا )‪G A‬ت ‪4! = 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 24 :‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪ A) : 12‬ا ‪ # 3‬ا ) ‪E = {a; b; c; d } :‬‬ ‫‪ ? \V) : 7‬ا <] ا ‪# 3‬ل (‪ X‬ا ‪ /0 9\M‬ا‪E‬زرار‬
‫د د أ ‪f‬اء ا ( ‪ E #‬ا ) <‪#)3‬ي ‪GH /0‬ث > ‪Z‬‬ ‫ا‪E‬ر' ا ) <‪ ? 3‬ا‪E‬ر م ا !‪ 0 #‬ا ‪ ,‬ي ‪ A < < X,‬وإ"‬
‫‪- 0< ^0\ D‬‬
‫ا اب ‪card ( E ) = 4 : > :‬‬
‫"‬ ‫د ا‪ > E‬ن ا ‪ ,‬ا !> إذا ‪ _ 0‬أن ا‪E‬ر م ا !‪#‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ط ( ‪:1‬‬ ‫!>> <! ارھ‬
‫<!‪ Q> #‬و ‪S g< / ,‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫ا (‪f‬ء ‪A1 = {a; b; c} :‬‬ ‫"‬ ‫د ا‪ > E‬ن ا ‪ ,‬ا !> إذا ‪ _ 0‬أن ا‪E‬ر م ا !‪#‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫<!‪ Q> #‬و ‪S g< / ,‬‬ ‫د !‬ ‫ا د ‪A2 = {a; b; d } :‬‬ ‫!>> <! ارھ و<)!‪#‬ن ‪ 9 :‬ا‪E‬ر م ا ) ‪ 1 : 9 :‬و ‪, 2‬و ‪ 3‬و ‪4‬‬
‫'‬ ‫أر'‪ a‬أر م ‪ )T‬رة‬ ‫ا اب‪ ? (1:‬ا ! ھ < < ‪A‬‬
‫<!‪ Q> #‬و ‪S g< / ,‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫ا (‪f‬ء ‪A3 = {b; c; d } :‬‬
‫‪ 10‬أر م د ا" ! ت ھ‪ #‬د ا ) < ‪ A‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫<!‪ Q> #‬و ‪S g< / ,‬‬ ‫د !‬ ‫ا د ‪A4 = {a; c; d } :‬‬
‫و >‪A10 = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 5040 Q‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫اذن د ا )‪ S g‬ت ھ‪4 #‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬

‫ھ‪ S g< #‬و >‪Q‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫و ? ‪f‬ء‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫ط ( ‪ :2‬د أ ‪f‬اء ا‬ ‫' ‪ 4‬أر م د‬ ‫أر'‪ a‬أر م ‪ )T‬رة‬ ‫?ا ! ھ < <‪A‬‬
‫د ا‪f E‬اء ھ‪ #‬د ا )‪ S g‬ت ‪G‬ث > ‪ )T Z‬رة ' ‪ 4‬اي ‪:‬‬ ‫ا" ! ت ھ‪ #‬د ا ) < ‪ A‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫‪C43 = 4‬‬ ‫و >‪A4 = 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 24 :Q‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫و‬‫‪ C‬و ‪C‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ : 13‬أ ‪: X,‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ A) : 8‬ا‪E‬ر م ا ) ‪ 4 :‬و ‪ 5‬و ‪6‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪ C‬و ‪C‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪GH‬ث أر م ‪ S0)T‬ا ي ! <!‪Q> #‬‬ ‫د د ا‪ E‬اد ا !‪#‬‬
‫اب ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫' ‪ )D‬ل ا‪E‬ر م ا ‪9 : ' ,‬‬
‫!‪4‬‬ ‫‪4! 4 × 3 × 2! 4 × 3‬‬ ‫ا اب ‪ :‬ط ( ‪:1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪=6‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫!‪2!( 4 − 2 ) ! 2!2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫!‪2!2‬‬ ‫!‪2‬‬ ‫ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ #‬ات ! ا‪ )6‬ره ب ‪GH‬ث ‪ S‬ت ‪S0)T‬‬
‫!‪5‬‬ ‫‪5! 5 × 4 × 3! 5 × 4‬‬ ‫! ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ V‬ات ‪ )S0)T ) S !' 9 :‬و ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ b‬ت '! ‪ S‬و ة‬
‫‪C 5 = 2!( 5 − 2 )! = 2!3! = 2!3! = 2! = 10‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ #‬ات ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ V‬ات ر ‪ I‬ا ‪ b‬ت‬

‫!‪7‬‬ ‫‪7! 7 × 6 × 5 × 4! 7 × 6 × 5‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 35‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫!‪4!( 7 − 4 ) ! 4!3‬‬ ‫!‪4!3‬‬ ‫!‪3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫!‪12‬‬ ‫‪12! 12 × 11× 10 × 9! 12 × 11× 10‬‬ ‫ر‬ ‫د ا‪ E‬اد ا !‪#‬‬‫و ‪ X,‬ا ‪ A‬أ أ‪ )0 D DE‬اد ‪ :‬ن‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 220‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫!‪3!(12 − 3) ! 9!3‬‬ ‫!‪9!3‬‬ ‫!‪3‬‬ ‫‪ S0)T‬ا ي ! <!‪Q> #‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫و ‪= 12‬‬ ‫ھ‪card ( Ω ) = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 :#‬‬
‫‪ C = C = 35‬و ‪C =C = 10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪G 0 A< / ,< :‬ث أ اد‬ ‫?ا !‬
‫‪ C =1‬و ‪ C =1‬و ‪C = 5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫أ ‪: *8‬ا د ‪ 456 :‬د ! <!‪ Q> #‬و ‪0 A< / ,‬‬
‫‪ ) " : 14‬ز ا )‪ 3‬ن ‪#SC‬ي ‪ hC ) ? /0‬أن ( ‪/0 X‬‬ ‫ا د ‪ 564 :‬د ! <!‪ Q> #‬و ‪0 A< / ,‬‬
‫)‬ ‫‪ i 6‬أ‪0bD‬‬ ‫'‬‫‪'#3,‬‬ ‫‪jD‬ا‬ ‫‪#V‬ا‪-‬‬ ‫ا د ‪ 546 :‬د ! <!‪ Q> #‬و ‪0 A< / ,‬‬
‫د د ا‪ ! B‬ت‬ ‫‪ I‬د ا )‪G A‬ت ؟ ھ> ك ‪G A< 6‬ت !>‬
‫‪ )T‬رة‬ ‫‪jD‬ا‬ ‫ا اب ‪ :‬د ا‪ ! B‬ت ھ‪ #‬د ا )‪ S g‬ت‬ ‫‪GH‬ث أ اد‬ ‫? ا ! ھ <‪0 A‬‬
‫' ‪ 5‬اي ‪C 5 = 10 :‬‬ ‫و >‪ Q‬د ا" ! ت ھ‪ #‬د ا )‪G A‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫د ا )‪G A‬ت ھ‪ 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 : #‬و أ ‪3 0‬‬

‫}‪A = {6, 7,1, 0‬‬ ‫‪E = 2,5, 6, 7,1, 0,  :15‬‬ ‫‪: 9‬أ ‪ 4! : X,‬و !‪ 5‬و !‪ 7‬و !‪10!× 5‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫!‪6!× 8‬‬
‫‪3 ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اب‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪D = {2} C =  , 5‬‬ ‫‪B =  , 2, 7, 6,1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 4! = 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 24‬و ‪5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 120‬‬
‫‪.E‬‬ ‫‪ ^ 3< .1‬أن ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬و ‪ C‬و ‪ D‬أ ‪f‬اء‬ ‫‪7! = 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 = 5040‬‬
‫‪ .2‬د‪A , A ∪ B , A ∩ B :‬‬ ‫‪10!× 5! 10 × 9 × 8!× 5! 10 × 9 10 × 3 × 3 10 × 3‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 15‬‬
‫!‪6!× 8‬‬ ‫!‪6 × 5!× 8‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3× 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ .3‬د د أ ‪f‬اء ‪ E‬ا ) <‪#)3‬ي ‪GH /0‬ث > ‪Z‬‬
‫‪ .4‬د د أ ‪f‬اء ‪ E‬ا ) <‪#)3‬ي ‪Z > , 6 /0‬‬ ‫>‪ /‬أو " ‪ ,‬و ا )‬ ‫وف‬ ‫‪)D‬‬ ‫د ا !‪ 0‬ت‬ ‫‪: 10‬‬
‫وف ا !‪ " 0‬ا \ ب"‬ ‫) ') ' ‪ )D‬ل ‪a‬‬ ‫!‬
‫‪.E‬‬ ‫‪ A (1:‬و ‪ B‬و ‪ C‬و ‪ 0 D‬أ ‪f‬اء‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪; 82‬‬ ‫ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪2‬‬
 12!× 7! 12 × 11× 10!× 7! 12 × 11 4 × 3 × 11 33 )>< ) ‫ ا‬Z > ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬A ∩ B (2
) # ( ‫ا‬/‫ا‬
= = = =
10!× 8! 10!× 8 × 7! 8 4× 2 2 A ∩ B = {7;1;6} : ‫ _ اذن‬# ‫ ا‬iS : B ‫ و‬A

A ×A
2 4
8× 7 ×10 × 9 × 8 × 7 5 × 2 × 3× 3× 4 × 2 × 7 3× 2 × 7 B /‫ا‬ )>< ‫ أو‬A # ( ‫ ا‬/ ‫ ا ) <>) ا‬Z > ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬A ∪ B
8 10
= = = = 42
5
8× 7 × 6 × 5× 4 6× 5× 4  3
A 8
1 A ∪ B = 0;1;2;6;7; 
 4
A # ( ‫ا‬/‫ا‬ )>< "‫ و‬E / ‫ ا ) <>) ا‬Z > ‫ ھ ا‬A ‫و‬
8!× 3 8 × 7!× 3 8 × 3 12! 12 ×11× 10! 12 × 11  3
= = = 24 = = = 132 A = 2;5;  Q> ‫و‬
7! 7! 1 ‫ و‬10! 10! 1
 4
9!× 7 ! 9 × 8!× 7 ! 9 × 7 ! 9 × 7 × 6 × 5! : #‫ ھ‬Z > ‫ث‬GH /0 ‫ي‬#)3< ) ‫ ا‬E ‫اء‬f ‫( د أ‬3
= = = = 9 × 7 × 6 = 378
5!× 8! 5!× 8! 5! 5! 7! 7! 7 × 6 × 5 × 4! 7 × 6 × 5
C 7 = 3!( 7 − 3)! = 3!4! = 3!4! = 3! = 35
3

109 10 × 108
8
 10 
= = 10 ×   = 10 × (2 ) = 2560
8

58 58 : #‫ ھ‬Z > , 6 /0 ‫ي‬#)3< ) ‫ ا‬E ‫اء‬f ‫( د أ‬4

 5 
7! 7! 7 × 6 × 5! 7 × 6
C 7 = 5!( 7 − 5)! = 5!2! = 5!2! = 2! = 21
5
4
A 9×8× 7 × 6
9
= = 7 × 6 = 42
A
2
9×8
: X, ‫ أ‬:16
3 4 3 2
9
‫و‬ C 11
‫و‬ C 12
‫و‬ C 8
‫و‬ C 6
9!× 5! 9 × 8!× 5! 9 × 5! 9 × 5 × 4 × 3! 4 5
= = = = 9 × 5 × 4 = 180 C ‫و‬ C
8!× 3! 8!× 3! 3! 3! 6 8
8 0 8 1
C ‫و‬ C ‫و‬ C ‫و‬ C ‫و‬
X, ‫ م‬, E‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ G< a ‫ز‬#< A< QA ‫ ط‬T ‫ ا‬:18 11 12 8 10

: ‫ا‬
: l ‫ ا‬D‫ر‬ ‫ا‬ 6! 6! 6 × 5 × 4! 6 × 5
= = = = = 15
2
C 6
2!( 6 − 2 ) ! 2!4! 2!4! 2!
8! 8! 8 × 7 × 6 × 5! 8 × 7 × 6
= = = = = 8 × 7 = 56
3
C 8
3!( 8 − 3) ! 3!5! 3!5! 3 × 2 ×1
12! 12! 12 ×11× 10 × 9 × 8! 12 ×11×10 × 9
= = = = = 990
4
C 12
4!(12 − 4 ) ! 8!4! 8!4! 4 × 3 × 2 ×1
11! 11! 11 × 10 × 9 × 8! 11 × 2 × 5 × 3 × 3
= = = = = 165
3
C 11
3!(11 − 3 ) ! 8!3! 8!3! 3 × 2 ×1

‫ةا م‬ ‫ن‬#D‫ر‬ A bS ‫ا‬ 8! 8! 8 × 7 × 6 × 5! 8 × 7 × 6

= = = = = 56
5

‫ةا‬ ‫ن‬#D‫ر‬ B bS ‫ا‬ C 8

5!( 8 − 5) ! 5!3! 5!3! 3 × 2 ×1
n− p
0, ‫ة ا‬ ‫ن‬#D‫ر‬ C bS ‫ا‬ C =C n
p
n
: @ A ‫ ا‬0. C =C
3
8
5
8
: ‫> أن‬.?
I, ‫ھ ا ا‬ G) ‫ ا ا‬-‫ا‬#V ‫) ر‬T C =C
4
6
2
6
= 15 : ‫ أن‬B C >.?
‫ و‬A ∩ B ‫ و‬C ‫ و‬A ‫ و‬Ω ‫ و‬C ‫ و‬B ‫ و‬A X) ‫(أ‬1
C = 10
1
=n:
1
C @ A ‫ ا‬0.
? 2S) ' A ∪ C ‫ و‬A ∩ C ‫ و‬A ∪ B n 10

‫ و‬P ( A ∩ B ) ‫ و‬P ( C ) ‫ و‬P ( B ) ‫ و‬P ( A ) : X, ‫(أ‬2 0. C = 1

8
C = 1: @ A ‫ا‬
n
n 8

( ) ( )
P C ‫ و‬P A ‫ و‬P ( A ∪ C ) ‫ و‬P ( A ∩ C ) ‫ و‬P ( A ∪ B) 0. C = 1
0
C = 1: @ A ‫ا‬
0
n 12

( ) ( )
n− p
p C ‫ و‬1 − p ( C ) ‫ و رن‬p A ‫ و‬1 − p ( A ) :‫( رن‬3 C =C @ A ‫ ا‬0. C = C = 165 : ‫> أن‬.?
p 8 3
n n
: 11 11

‫ و‬12!× 7!
12!
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) : ‫ ^ أن‬3<(4 ‫ و‬A 7 ‫ و‬A8 3 5
: X, ‫ أ‬:17
10! 10!× 8!
P ( A ∪ C ) = P ( A ) + P ( C ) : ‫ ^ أن‬3<(5
B = {e; f ; g ; h} A = {a; b; c; d ; e; f } (1:‫اب‬ ‫ا‬ 9!× 5! A 94 109 9!× 7! 8!× 3
‫ و‬A ×A
2 4

‫ و‬2 ‫ و‬8 ‫و‬ , 8 10

Ω = {a; b; c; d ; e; f ; g ; h; i; j; m} C = {i; j; m} 8!× 3! A9 5 5!× 8! 7! 5

A 8

C = {a; b; c; d; e; f ; g; h} A = { g ; h; i; j; m} : ‫ا‬
= 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 = 6720 = 7 × 6 × 5 = 210
5 3
A A
A ∪ B = {a; b; c; d ; e; f ; g; h} A ∩ B = {e; f }
8 7

A ×A 6 × 5 × 4 ×10 × 9 × 8 × 7 5 × 4
3 4

= = = 20
A ∪ C = {a; b; c; d ; e; f ; i; j; m} A ∩ C = ∅
6 10
5
10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 1
A 10

; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 3
 ‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫د‬ .1 ‫و‬ CardB 4
p ( B) = = p ( A) =
CardA 6 (2
=
Card Ω 11 Card Ω 11
: ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫د ا ) ل ا‬ .2 ‫ و‬p ( A ∩ B) = Card ( A ∩ B) = 2 p ( C ) = CardC = 3
CardΩ 11 Card Ω 11
A" 1 I ‫ ? ا‬3 ‫ص‬ X3D " Card ( A ∩ C ) 0 Card ( A∪B) 8
‫و‬ p( A∩C) = = = 0 p( A∪B) = =
B"3 I ‫ ?ا‬3 ‫ص‬ X3D " Card Ω 11 CardΩ 11
( ∪ )
C" ‫ زو‬I ‫ ? ر‬3 ‫ص‬ X3D " ( )
‫ و‬p A = Card A
Card Ω 11
=
5
p( A∪C) =
Card A
Card Ω
C
=
9
11
X3D " D" 2 ‫ وي‬, ‫أو‬ \Z‫ أ‬I ‫ ر‬X3D " ( )
p C =
CardC 8
=
Card Ω 11
E" 1 I ‫ ? ا‬3 " ‫ص‬ 6 5
card ( Ω ) = 12 (1:‫اب‬ ‫ا‬
( )
= p C ‫ و‬1 − p ( A) = 1 − = = p ( A) (3
11 11
: ‫د ا ! ات‬ ‫ ط‬,A' #‫وھ‬
3 8
1 − p (C ) = 1 − =
‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ 11 11
6 4 2 8
p ( A) =
CardA 2 1
= = p ( B) =
CardB 0
= = 0 (2 P( A) + P( B) − P( A∩B) = + − = = P( A∪B) (4
Card Ω 12 6 Card Ω 12 11 11 11 11
6 3 9
p ( D) =
CardD 5
= p (C ) =
CardC 10 5
= =
P ( A ) + P ( C ) = + = = P ( A ∪ C ) (5
Card Ω 12 Card Ω 12 6 11 11 11
:@ 3' -‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )( ' ا‬iS>' ‫ ن‬A< ‫ ن‬H B ‫ و‬A :19
GH ‫و‬ E = A ‫ أي‬A ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬E . p ( A ∩ B ) = 0, 3 ‫ و‬p ( B ) = 0, 4 ‫ و‬p ( A ) = 0, 7

( )
p ( E ) = p A = 1 − p ( A) = 1 −
1 5
=
6 6
( ) ( )
p ( A ∪ B ) ‫ و‬p B ‫ و‬p A :X, ‫أ‬

5 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ات‬ 3 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 :22

( )
p A = 1 − p ( A) = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3
:‫اب‬ ‫ا‬
‫اء‬ ‫ات‬ ( )
p B = 1 − p ( B ) = 1 − 0.4 = 0.6
‫ آن وا‬: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ < -‫ا‬#V X3,
p ( A ∪ B ) = p ( A) + p ( B ) − p ( A ∩ B )
‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫ د‬.1
: ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫ د ا ) ل ا‬.2 = 0.7 + 0.4 − 0.3 = 0.8
R" ‫او‬ < X3D " B" ‫ و‬M ' < X3D " 3 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ات‬ 5 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 :20
M" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS < X3D " ‫او‬ < ‫داء و‬#D ‫ات‬
D" ]0)T ‫ن‬# < X3D " ‫> وق ة وا ة‬2 ‫ا‬ -‫ا‬#V X3,
8! 8! 8 × 7 × 6! 8 × 7 ‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ @ ھ‬card ( Ω ) ‫ د‬.1
Ω
= = = = = 28 (1: ‫ا‬
2!( 8 − 2 ) ! 2!6! 2!6! 2! : ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫ د ا ) ل ا‬.2
card ( Ω ) = C82 N " ‫داء‬#D ‫ ة‬X3D " ‫ و‬B" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ة‬X3D " .3
D" ‫داء‬#D ‫ ة‬X3D ‫م‬ " ‫ و‬R" ‫اء‬ ‫ ة‬X3D "
C 2 10 C2 3
card ( Ω ) = 10 (1:‫ا اب‬
CardR CardB
p ( R) = == 5 = p ( B) = == 3 = (2
Card Ω 28 28 Card Ω 28 28 : ‫د ا ! ات‬ ‫ ط‬,A' #‫وھ‬
5! 5! 5 × 4 × 3! 5 × 4
C 5 = 2!( 5 − 2 )! = 2!3! = 2!3! = 2! = 10
2

‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬

< ‫أو‬ ‫و‬M' < X3D ‫ن أي‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS < X3D ‫و‬ CardN 3 CardB 5 1
p(N ) = = p (B) = = = (2
CardM C 2 + C52 3 + 10 13 ‫او‬ Card Ω 10 Card Ω 10 2
p (M ) = == 3 = =
Card Ω 28 28 28 CardR 2 1
p (R) = = =
GH ‫ و‬D = M ‫ أي‬M ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬D Card Ω 10 5
( )
p ( D) = p M = 1− p ( M ) = 1−
13 15
=
28 28 GH ‫ و‬D = N ‫ أي‬N ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬D
5 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ات‬ 4 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 23
‫داء‬#D ‫ ات‬3 ‫اء و‬ ‫ات‬ ( )
p ( D ) = p N = 1 − p ( N ) = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7
‫ آن وا‬: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ث ات ا‬GH -‫ا‬#V X3,
: ‫ أ اص‬/0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 21
‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫ د‬.1
2 I ‫ن ا‬#0 3 I > ‫ث أ اص‬GH ‫ و‬1 I ‫ن ا‬G 3 I > ‫ ن‬Z
: ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫د ا ) ل ا‬ .2
4 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫أ اص‬ AD ‫و‬
N " ‫داء‬#D ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D " B" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D "
‫ وا ا‬Z ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ -‫ا‬#V X3,
" R" ‫اء‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D "
; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 4
 n −1
=n CardR C 4 13
D" ]0)T ‫ن‬# ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D
C n : ‫ ن‬I0 >E p ( R) = == 4 = =
Card Ω 120 120 30
M" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D"
‫اء ورة‬ ‫ة وا ة‬ X3D > ]0)T ‫ن‬# ‫ات‬ 3 X3D
E" 9 : ‫و‬M' < X3D"
‫ ء‬M ' ‫داء وا ة‬#D ‫وا ة‬
Q> ‫ و‬card ( Ω ) = C123 (1:‫اب‬ ‫ا‬
CardD C ×C ×C 3 × 4 × 4 48 2
1 1 1
p ( D) = == = 3 4
= =
3

Card Ω 120 120 120 5 12! 12! 12×11×10×9! 12×11×10 6×2×11×10

C123 = = = = = = 220
3!(12 −3) ! 3!9! 3!9! 3! 6
GH ‫ و‬M = D ‫ أي‬D ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬M

( )
p (M ) = p D = 1− p (D ) = 1−
2 3
=
5 5 p ( B) =
CardB C3 4 2 1
= = 4 = = = (2
Card Ω 28 28 14 7
m < ‫داء و‬#D ‫ة وا ة‬ > 9 : ‫داء‬#D ‫ة وا ة‬ X3D 3 3
CardR C 10 5 ‫ و‬p ( N ) = CardN = = C3 = 1
p ( R) = == 5 = =
‫ ى‬6E‫ان ا‬# E‫ا‬ ' '#3, > ‫داو‬#D Card Ω 28 28 14 CardΩ 28 28

CardE C × C 7 3 ×C 7
1 2 2 5! 5! 5 × 4 × 3! 5 × 4
= = = = = 10
3
p( E) = == 3 = C 5
3!( 5 − 3)! 2!3!
CardΩ 120 120 2!3! 2!

7! 7! 7 × 6 × 5! 7 × 6 X,3 ‫اء‬ ‫ة وا ة‬ X3D > ]0)T ‫ن‬# ‫ات‬ 3 X3D

= = = = = 21
2
C C 72
7
2!( 7 − 2 ) ! 2!5! 2!5! 2!
‫ ء‬M ' ‫ة وا ة‬ ‫داء‬#D ‫ووا ة‬
3 × 21 63 21 GH ‫و‬
p (E ) = = = CardD C × C4 × C5 3 × 4 × 5 15 3
1 1 1
120 120 40 p ( D) = == 3 = = =
Card Ω 28 220 55 11
H‫و ة‬ ‫او‬ < X3D > 9 : ‫او‬ < X3D
GH ‫ و‬M = D ‫ أي‬D ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ ھ‬M
‫ ى‬6E‫ان ا‬# E‫ا‬ '

:‫ن‬ p (F ) =
CardF C 1 ×C 42 6 ×C 42 6 × 6 36
== 6 = = = =
3 ( )
p ( M ) = p D = 1− p ( D) = 1−
3
=
8 2
=
11 28 7
Card Ω 120 120 120 120 10
CardE C 2 × C81 6 × 8 12
4! 4! 4 × 3 × 2! 4 × 3 p(E) = == 4 = =
C 4 = 2!( 4 − 2)! = 2!2! = 2!2! = 2! = 6
2
Card Ω 220 220 55

4 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ات‬ 3 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 24

G" ? E‫ ا‬/0 ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ة‬ X3D " ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ا‬
‫داء‬#D ‫ات‬ 3 ‫اء و‬ ‫ات‬
' ‫ة‬ X3D > G "‫ء‬M'‫ة‬ ‫ أي‬X3D ‫م‬ " : #‫ھ‬
‫ آن وا‬: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH -‫ا‬#V X3,
A) ‫ان ا‬# E‫ا‬
‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫د‬ .1
X,3 ‫ و‬p (G ) = C 7 : ‫اذن‬
3
C 73 G ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا ) ل ا‬X,3
120 : ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫د ا ) ل ا‬ .2
7! 7! 7 × 6 × 5 × 4! 7 × 6 × 5
= = = = = 35 R" ‫اء‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D " B " ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D "
3
C 7
3!( 7 − 3) ! 3!4! 3!4! 3 × 2 ×1
‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D" D" ]0)T ‫ن‬# ‫ات‬ ‫ث‬GH X3D "
( )
: I0 ‫ و‬p G = 35 = 7 : Q> ‫و‬
120 24 M" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS
9: ‫او‬ < X3D " E" 9 : ‫داء‬#D ‫ة وا ة‬ X3D "
p (G ) = 1 − p G = 1 −( ) 7 17
=
24 24
: > p (G ) + p G = 1 ( )
F"
:25 G" ? E‫ ا‬/0 ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ة‬ X3D "
‫داء‬#D ‫ ات‬4 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ ات‬3 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3
: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ < ‫ل‬G ‫ و' ون إ‬a' )) ' -‫ا‬#V X3, card ( Ω ) = C 103 (1 ‫ا‬
‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫ د‬.1 10! 10 × 9 × 8 × 7! 10 × 9 × 8 5 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 8
C103 = 10!
= = = = = 120
: ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫ د ا ) ل ا‬.2 3!(10 − 3) ! 3!7! 3!7! 6 6
N " ‫داو‬#D < X3D " B" ‫ و‬M ' < X3D "
=1 C3
n CardB 1
‫ن‬# < X3D " M" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS < X3D " C n : ‫ ن‬I0 >E p ( B) = == 3 = (2
Card Ω 120 120
D" ]0)T
E" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ة وا ة‬X3D "
; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 5
 p(E) =
3 A42 × A51 3 × 4 × 3 × 5 5
= = card ( Ω ) = A72 = 7 × 6 = 42 (1:‫اب‬ ‫ا‬
9×8× 7 9×8× 7 14
CardB A2 3 × 2 1
‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ات‬ 3 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 27 p ( B) = == 3 = = (2
Card Ω 42 7 × 6 7
‫ل‬G q'‫ و‬a' )) ' -‫ا‬#V X3, ‫داء‬#D ‫ ات‬4
CardN A2 4 × 3 2 × 2 × 3 2
: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ < p(N ) = == 4 = = =
Card Ω 42 7 × 6 7×6 7
‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫د‬ .1 CardM A 2
+ A 2
4 × 3 + 3 × 2 18 3 × 6 3
p (M ) = = 4 3
= = = =
: ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫د ا ) ل ا‬ .2 Card Ω 42 7×6 7×6 7×6 7
B" ‫ و‬M ' < X3D " GH ‫ و‬D = M ‫ أي‬M ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ھ‬D
N " ‫داو‬#D < X3D "
M" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS < X3D " ( )
p ( D) = p M = 1− p ( M ) = 1−
3 4
=
7 7
D" ]0)T ‫ن‬# < X3D " ) ‫ ھ> ك‬: E ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ب ا ) ل ا‬,
E" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ة وا ة‬X3D " A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬
card ( Ω ) = = 7 × 7 = 72 = 49 (1:‫ا اب‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬
4 × 4 16 CardB 3× 3 9 B B
= = p ( B) = == = (2 B B
7 × 7 49 Card Ω 49 49
CardM 3 × 3 + 4 × 4 25 2 A31 × A41 2 × 3 × 4 4
p (M ) = = = p(N ) =
CardN
= p(E) = = =
Card Ω 7×7 49 Card Ω 42 7×6 7
GH ‫ و‬D = M ‫ أي‬M ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ھ‬D ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ ات‬4 /0 ]C m ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 :26
‫ث ات‬GH ‫ل‬G ‫ و' ون إ‬a' )) ' -‫ا‬#V X3, ‫داء‬#D ‫ ات‬5
( )
p ( D) = p M = 1− p ( M ) = 1−
25 24
=
49 49 ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬
A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ ‫ ! ت‬B‫ ء ا‬M: #‫ ھ‬Ω @ card ( Ω ) ‫د‬ .1
‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬ : ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫د ا ) ل ا‬ .2
B B B B B" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ث ات‬GH X3D "
N "‫داء‬#D ‫ث ات‬GH X3D "
M" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS ‫ث ات‬GH X3D "
) ‫ ھ> ك‬: E ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ب ا ) ل ا‬,
3 × 4 + 3 × 4 2 × 3 × 4 24
D" ]0)T ‫ن‬# ‫ث ات‬GH X3D "
p(E) = = = E" 9 : ‫ و‬M ' < X3D "
42 7×7 49
< : @ 3' ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ات‬i 6 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 :28 card ( Ω ) = A 93 = 9 × 8 × 7 = 504 (1:‫ا اب‬
7/0 ‫ي‬#)3 W ‫ و‬2I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ث ات‬GH ‫ و‬1 I ‫ن ا‬G 3< CardB A3 4×3×2 4×3×2 1 1
p ( B) = == 4 = = = = (2
? 3< ‫ث ات‬GH ‫ و‬2I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ ات‬4 @ 3' ‫داء‬#D ‫ات‬ Card Ω 504 9×8×7 3×3×8×7 3×7 21
.i 0 ' ‫ ' ا ! ات‬f ) ‫ " ! ا‬1I ‫ا‬ CardN A53 5 × 4 × 3 5× 4 × 3 5 5
p( N) = = = = = =
.‫> وق‬2 ‫ة وا ة ا‬ -‫ا‬#V X3, Card Ω 504 9 × 8 × 7 3× 3× 4 × 2 × 7 3× 2 × 7 42
B :"‫ ء‬M ' '#3, ‫"ا ! ة ا‬: ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫ ا‬A) CardM A43 + A53 4× 3× 2 + 5× 4× 3 24 + 60 84 1
p( M ) = = = = = =
N :"‫داء‬#D '#3, ‫"ا ! ة ا‬ CardΩ 504 504 504 504 6
U :"1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< '#3, ‫"ا ! ة ا‬ GH ‫ و‬D = M ‫ أي‬M ‫ ث‬30 ‫ د‬M ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬#‫ھ‬D
D :"2 I ‫ ? ا‬3< '#3, ‫"ا ! ة ا‬
p (D ) = p (M ) = 1− p (M ) = 1− =
1 5
B ∩ U ‫ و‬D ‫ و‬U ‫ و‬N ‫ و‬B : ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫ ا ) ل ا‬X, ‫(أ‬1 6 6
N ∩D ‫و و‬ ‫ "ت‬3 ‫ ھ> ك‬: E ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ب ا ) ل ا‬,
‫ ا" ) ل‬#‫ ھ‬: ‫ ء‬M ' '#3, ‫* أن ا ! ة ا‬2 ‫(أ(اذ ا _ أو‬2 A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬
1 I 0 0 ‫ن‬#!< ! ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬
P (B ∩U )
‫ و‬PB (U ) : ‫ب( رن‬ B B B
P ( B)
‫ ا" ) ل‬#‫ ھ‬: ‫داء‬#D '#3, ‫* أن ا ! ة ا‬2 ‫(أ(اذ ا _ أو‬3 A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬
‫أو‬
2 I 0 0 ‫ن‬#!< ! ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬
P(D ∩ N ) B B
‫ و‬PN ( D ) : ‫ب( رن‬
B
P(N ) A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ A3, ‫ا‬ ‫أو‬
X3D ‫ ا" ) ل‬#‫ ھ‬: 1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< '#3, ‫* أن ا ! ة ا‬2(4 ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ / ‫و‬E‫ا‬
‫ء‬M'‫ة‬ B B B
‫ و‬P ( D ) = 7 ‫ و‬card ( Ω ) = 12 (1:
7
P (U ) = ‫أ‬
12 12
5 5
P (U ) = ‫ و‬P ( B) = ‫و‬
12 12
; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 6
 ‫ة‬ ‫ا‪ A)6‬ر ‪ :‬أ ھ ھ‪X3D #‬‬ ‫‪ s G‬أن ھ ه ا )( ' !‪#‬‬ ‫‪4 1‬‬
‫‪ P(B ∩U ) = 2 = 1‬و‬
‫= )‪P ( N ∩ D‬‬ ‫=‬
‫ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪ , A‬و ا‪ 6t‬ھ‪ X3D #‬ة ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪ B‬و أن‬ ‫‪12 3‬‬ ‫‪12 6‬‬
‫ا" ) "ت ا <‪ g' A‬ا"‪ A)6‬ر " <) ‪ u- )>' ^0‬ا"‪ A)6‬ر ا‪, 6t‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪P ( B ∩U‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ا‪ A)6‬ر ‪. 0 ),‬‬ ‫‪#‬ل ‪ :‬ھ ه ا ‪ 3‬إن ھ ه ا )( ' !‪#‬‬ ‫= ) ‪ (2 PB (U‬ب( ) ‪= 12 = = PB (U‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬أ(‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫' )‪ A‬ر ا ‪ X3D " E 1 : H 3‬ة ' ‪ M‬ء ‪ " A‬و ‪X3D " E 2‬‬ ‫)‪P ( B‬‬ ‫‪5 5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ة ‪#D‬داء ‪#! " B‬ن ا ) ل ا ‪ 3‬ث ‪ E‬ھ‪ #‬اء ا ) ل ا ‪H 3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ E 1‬و ‪. p ( E ) = p ( E1 ) × p ( E 2 ) : > E 2‬‬ ‫‪P ( D ∩ N ) 12 4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫= ) ‪ (2 PN ( D‬ب( )‪= = = PN ( D‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬أ(‬
‫‪6 3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫) ‪P( N‬‬ ‫‪7 7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫= ) ‪ : p ( E 2‬ن‪:‬‬ ‫و ' أن‪ p ( E 1 ) = :‬و أن‪= :‬‬
‫‪10 5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫) ‪P( D ∩ N‬‬
‫‪3 3 9‬‬
‫= × = ) ‪p (E‬‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اذن ?‪ >.‬أن ‪= PN ( D) :‬‬
‫‪7 5 35‬‬ ‫) ‪P( N‬‬
‫‪#)3 : 31‬ي ‪ >Z‬وق ‪:/0‬‬ ‫)‪P( N ∩ D) = P( N) PN ( D‬‬
‫ات <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 1 I‬و ة وا ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 0 I‬و ا ! ات‬ ‫‪HGH‬‬ ‫) ‪ : PN ( D‬أ ‪ W‬ا ) ل ا ‪ 3‬ث ‪ 0 D‬أن ا ‪ 3‬ث ‪^ 3 N‬‬
‫ا )‪ ? 3< A‬ا ‪.2 I‬‬
‫< < ‪.‬‬ ‫‪#V X3,‬ا‪-‬‬ ‫أو أ ا ) ل ‪ X3D‬ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 0 2 I‬أ ‪#D‬داء‬
‫و ! ‪ X‬ا )\ ا ‪#V‬ا‪ -‬ا ي '‪ (' A3D ? 9‬اء ا‪E‬ر م‬ ‫‪ *2 (4‬أن ا ! ة ا ‪ ? 3< '#3,‬ا ‪ 1 I‬و ا" ) ل ‪ X3D‬ة‬
‫ا ‪# #‬دة ‪ /0‬ا ! < ا ‪. )'#3,‬‬ ‫' ‪ M‬ء ھ‪: #‬‬
‫إذا ا‪ >l ):‬أن ھ> ك <‪ ,‬وي ا" ) ل !? ا ‪ A3,‬ت‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪P(U ∩ B) 12 2‬‬
‫‪ (1‬د ا ‪ I‬ا ) ‪ 6g‬ھ ا )\ ا ‪#V‬ا‪. X -‬‬ ‫= )‪PU ( B‬‬ ‫= =‬
‫) ‪P (U‬‬ ‫‪5 5‬‬
‫‪ (2‬د ‪#‬ن ا ) ل ‪. X‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫‪ (3‬د ا‪ ? E‬ا ‪ l‬و ا \ ة و ا" ‪ 3‬اف ا ازي ل ‪X‬‬
‫‪ + (1:‬ا ( ‪ N‬ا ; ‪ LM‬ھ ا ‪ J‬ا ‪ I:‬ا‪. X ;4‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬إ ‪ 6 /‬ة وا ة ا‬ ‫دا أو ‪ Q‬ا ‪),‬‬ ‫‪: 29‬‬
‫!>> ‪G 3< < X3D G‬ن ا ‪ 1 I‬اذن ا ( اء ھ‪1 #‬‬
‫!>> ‪G 3< < X3D G‬ن ا ‪ 2 I‬اذن ا ( اء ھ‪4 #‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫و )‪ A‬ا ‪ H 3‬ا )‬
‫ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 0 I‬و >‪ Q‬ا ( اء ھ‪0 #‬‬ ‫' ا ! ات ا ‪'#3,‬‬
‫"‪ A‬و " ظ ‪#‬ر ر ‪ 0 ] M I‬د ‪B" 3‬‬ ‫" ظ ‪#‬ر ر ‪ I‬زو‬
‫!>> ‪ X3D G‬ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 1 I‬و ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 2 I‬اذن‬
‫‪ (1‬د ا ) ل ا‪ E‬اث ا ) ‪ A :‬و ‪ B‬و ‪ A ∩ B‬و ) ‪ PB ( A‬ا ( اء ھ‪2 #‬‬
‫ت أ‪ L‬ى‬ ‫‪ O‬ھ‪ H‬ك ا‬
‫اذن ‪ P‬ا ( ‪ N‬ھ; ‪ 0 :‬و ‪ 1‬و ‪ 2‬و ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬رن ‪ p ( A ∩ B ) :‬و ) ‪p ( A) × p ( B‬‬
‫‪X ( Ω ) = {0; 1, 2, 4} :‬‬
‫‪2 1‬‬ ‫‪3 1‬‬
‫‪ R + (2‬ن ا‪ .‬ل ‪. X‬‬ ‫‪ P ( A) = = :‬و = = ) ‪P ( B‬‬ ‫أ‬
‫ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪:f ' " 0 I‬‬ ‫ا ‪ 3‬ث‪ ' ":‬ا ! ات ا ‪'#3,‬‬ ‫‪6 3‬‬ ‫‪6 2‬‬
‫)‪( X = 0‬‬ ‫و ‪ 0 ] M‬د ‪A∩ B" 3‬‬ ‫" ظ ‪#‬ر ر ‪ I‬زو‬
‫ا ‪)'#3,‬‬ ‫اء ا‪E‬ر م ا ‪# #‬دة ‪ /0‬ا ! <‬ ‫> "‬ ‫‪(X‬‬
‫)‪= 0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ ,‬وى ا ‪" S2‬‬ ‫)‪P ( A ∩ B‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫= )‪ p ( A ∩ B‬و‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ) ‪PB ( A‬‬ ‫= ‪= 6‬‬
‫)‪P ( B‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪ X,3‬ا ) ل ا ‪ 3‬ث ‪( X = 0 ) :‬‬ ‫‪3 3‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪C11 × C71 1× 7 7 1‬‬
‫= )‪P ( X = 0‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪ s G (2‬أن ‪p ( A) × p ( B ) = p ( A ∩ B ) :‬‬
‫‪C82‬‬ ‫‪28 28 4‬‬
‫‪( X = 1) :f‬‬ ‫<‪G 3‬ن ا ‪' " 1 I‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫ا ‪ 3‬ث‪X3D ":‬‬ ‫‪#‬ل إن ا ‪ A H 3‬و ‪G ), B‬ن‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ A‬و ‪#)3 @ 3' B‬ي ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪A‬‬ ‫‪ >Z A) : 30‬و‬
‫= )‪P ( X = 1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪ 7 /0‬ات‪ M ' 3 :‬ء و ‪#D 4‬داء ‪#)3‬ي ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪10 /0 B‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ات‪ M ' 4 :‬ء و ‪#D 6‬داء‪.‬‬
‫‪:f‬‬ ‫ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪' " 2 I‬‬ ‫ة <‪ ? 3‬ا ‪ 1 I‬و‬ ‫ا ‪ 3‬ث‪X3D ":‬‬ ‫" ! ا ) ‪ ' f‬ا ! ات ' ‪.i 0‬‬
‫)‪( X = 2‬‬ ‫‪#‬م ' )( ' ا ) ‪ X3, :‬ة ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪ A‬و ة‬
‫‪C31 × C41 3 × 4 12 3‬‬ ‫ا ‪ 2‬وق ‪. B‬‬
‫= )‪P ( X = 2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫أ ‪ X,‬ا ) ل ا ‪ 3‬ث ‪" : E‬ا ‪#23‬ل ‪ /0‬ة ' ‪ M‬ء ‪ A‬و‬
‫‪C82‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪28 7‬‬
‫‪ /0‬ة ‪#D‬داء ‪" B‬‬
‫‪(X‬‬ ‫‪= 4 ) :f‬‬ ‫<‪G 3‬ن ا ‪' " 2 I‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫ا ‪ 3‬ث‪X3D ":‬‬ ‫اب‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫= )‪P ( X = 2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪C‬‬‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪28 14‬‬
‫‪; 82‬‬ ‫ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪7‬‬
 V ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X )) : ‫ا \ ة ھ‬ . X ‫ ل‬.‫ ن ا‬R : / , ‫ ( ول‬: 2T0 u- )> ‫ ھ ه ا‬: ‫اذن‬
2

X (Ω) 0 1 2 4
2
 1  1  1  1 5
V ( X ) =  ( −1) ×  +  02 ×  +  22 ×  +  42 ×  −  
2
P ( X = xi ) 7/28= 3/28 12/2 6/28=
 3  4  4  6 6 1/4 8=3/7 3/14
: ‫> أن‬.?
1 8 25 25 144 − 25 119
V ( X ) == +1+ − = 4 − = = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1) + P ( X = 2 ) + P ( X = 4 ) = 1
3 3 36 36 36 36
E(X ) : ‫ ب‬Q f : ;S ‫ ا‬T ‫ ب ا‬0.(3
119
σ (X ) = :Q> ‫و‬ E( X) = 0× p( X = 0) +1× p( X =1) +2× p( X = 2) +4× p( X = 4)
36
 7   3   12   6  3+ 24 +24 51
1 ,1 ,0 :‫ر م‬E‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ ات‬6 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 33 E( X) = 0×  +1×  +2×  +4×  = =
.i 0 ' > ' f ) ‫ " ! ا‬2 ,2, 2, ,  28  28  28  28 28 28
‫ن إ ! ت‬# Ω ! .‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ < g< ‫ و‬-‫ا‬#V X3, V ( X ) : ‫ ب‬Q f : ‫ ة‬J ‫ ب ا‬0.
. -‫ا‬#V ‫ھ ه ا )( ' ا‬
V ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) − ( E ( X )) : ‫ا \ ة ھ‬
2
‫عر‬ ( ) ? 9' ) ‫ ا‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )\ ا‬Y !
)'#3, ‫ا ! < ا‬ 2
 7  3  12   6   51 
. Y -‫ا‬#V ‫ ھ ا )\ ا‬6g ) ‫ ا‬I ‫( د ا‬1 =  02 ×  + 12 ×  +  22 ×  +  42 ×  −  
. Y ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫( د‬2  28   28   28   28   28 
2 2
Y ‫ اف ا ازي ل‬3 "‫ و ا \ ة و ا‬l ‫ ? ا‬E‫( د ا‬3 3 48 96  51  147  51  4116 2601
= + + −  = −  = 2 − 2
: ‫أ‬ 28 28 28  28  28  28  28 28
/0 1 ‫ و‬0 ‫ن ا‬G 3< ‫') ن‬#3, ‫(إذا _ ا ! < ن ا‬1 1515
x = 1 + 0 = 1 :‫ ن‬: ‫ا‬#) ‫ا‬ V (X ) =
784
. x = 1 + 2 = 3 ‫ ن‬: ‫ا‬#) ‫ ا‬/0 2 ‫ و‬1 ‫ن ا‬G 3< ) ‫و إذا‬ σ ( X ) :‫ ازي‬W ‫ اف ا‬+ -‫ ب ا‬0.
‫ و ھ‬Y -‫ا‬#V ‫ ھ ا )\ ا‬6g ) ‫ ا‬I ‫ ا‬/ ,< >! ‫ ا‬I ‫ا‬
Y ( Ω) f ' f # ( ‫ن‬#!< σ ( X ) = V ( X ) #‫ازي ھ‬ ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫ا‬
Y ( Ω ) = {1; 2;3; 4} : > ‫اذن‬ 1515
σ (X ) =
. Y -‫ا‬#V ‫ن ا ) ل ا )\ ا‬# ‫ د‬3> (2 784
Y ( Ω ) = {1; 2;3; 4} : > :‫ف‬ Q ) ‫ن ا‬# -‫ا‬#V ‫ )\ ا‬X ! : 32
: ) ‫ا ( ول ا‬
‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬,0 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> ا‬ (X = 1)
xi −1 0 2 4
1 I ‫ ? ا‬3<
C11 × C21 2 p (X = x i ) a
. p (Y = 1) = 2
= ‫إذن‬ 1 1 1
C6 15 3 4 6
‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬, 2 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ ة‬/0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫( > ا‬Y = 2 )
.1 I ‫ن ا‬G 3< < /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ أو ا‬.0 I ‫ ? ا‬3<
a ‫ ( أي‬X = 2 ) ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا ) ل ا‬X, ‫(أ‬1
C1 × C31 + C22
p (Y = 2 ) = 1 :‫إذن‬ . σ ( X ) ‫ و‬E ( X ) X, ‫(أ‬2
C62
‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬,1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> ا‬ ( Y = 3) P ( X = 2) + (1: ‫ا‬
C11 × C31 6 3 : ‫ أن‬N*:
p (Y = 3) = 2
= = .‫ إذن‬.2 I ‫ ? ا‬3< P ( X = −1) + P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 2 ) + P ( X = 4 ) = 1
C6 15 5
:‫ إذن‬,2 I ‫ن ا‬G 3< < /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> ا‬ (Y = 4 ) 3
+ a = 1 : ‫; أن‬H:
1 1 1
+ + a + = 1 : ‫; أن‬H:
4 3 4 6
C32 3 1
p (Y = 4 ) =
2
= = 1 3
a = : ‫; أن‬H: a = 1 − : ‫; أن‬H:
C6 15 5 4 4
: ) ‫ ا ( ول ا‬: Y -‫ا‬#V ‫ن ا ) ل ا )\ ا‬# vT0 (2
 1   1   1   1  1 1 2 5
E( X ) =  −1×  + 01×  + 2×  +  4×  =− + + =
 3  4   4   6  3 2 3 6
σ ( X ) :‫ ازي‬W ‫ اف ا‬+ -‫ ب ا‬0.
σ ( X ) = V ( X ) #‫ازي ھ‬ ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫ا‬

; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 8
 C11 × C31 3 2 3 4
p ( Z = 0) =
xi 1
2
= .‫إذن‬
C6 15
‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬−1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> ا‬ ( Z = 1) p (Y = xi ) 2 4 6 3
15 15 15 15
.2 I ‫ ? ا‬3<
1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ ة‬/0 ‫ و‬0 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ ة‬/0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫أو ا‬
C11 × C31 + C11 × C11 4 Y ‫ازي ل‬ ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫و ا \ ة و ا‬ l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ا‬3<(3
p ( Z = 1) = 2
= :‫إذن‬ :#‫ ھ‬l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ا‬
C6 15
 2  4  6  3  40 8
‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬2 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> " ا‬ ( Z = 2) E (Y ) = 1×  +  2 ×  +  3×  +  4 ×  = =
 15   15   15   15  15 3
" .0 I ‫ ? ا‬3< : ‫ا \ ةھ‬
C × C11 1
1
p ( Z = 2) = V ( X ) = E (Y 2 ) − ( E (Y ) ) =
2
1
= :‫إذن‬
C62 15 2
 2  4  6  3   8
‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬2 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> " ا‬ ( Z = 3) 64 8
= 12 ×  +  22 ×  +  32 ×  +  42 ×  −   = 8 − =
 15   15   15   15   3  9 9
" . 1 I ‫ ? ا‬3<
8 2 2 :#‫ اف ا ازي ھ‬3 "‫ا‬
C × C11 1
1 σ (Y ) = V (Y ) = =
p ( Z = 3) = 1
= .‫إذن‬ 9 3
C62 15
:34
: ) ‫ ا ( ول ا‬: Z -‫ا‬#V ‫ن ا ) ل ا )\ ا‬# vT0 0,-1,-1,-1,1,2 :‫ر م‬E‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ ات‬6 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3
.i 0 ' > ' f ) ‫" ! ا‬
xi −2 −1 0 1 2 3
‫ن إ ! ت‬# Ω ! .‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ < g< ‫ و‬-‫ا‬#V X3,
. -‫ا‬#V ‫ھ ه ا )( ' ا‬
p ( Z = xi ) 3 3 3 4 1 1
‫عر‬ ( ) ? 9' ) ‫ ا‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )\ ا‬Z !
15 15 15 15 15 15 )'#3, ‫ا ! < ا‬
.Z -‫ا‬#V ‫ا‬ \) ‫ ھ ا‬6g ) ‫ ا‬I ‫( د ا‬1
. Z ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫( د‬2
Z ‫ازي ل‬ ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫و ا \ ة و ا‬ l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ا‬3<(3 Z ‫ازي ل‬ ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫ة و ا‬ \ ‫ و ا‬l ‫ ? ا‬E‫( د ا‬3
:#‫ ھ‬l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ا‬ : ‫أ‬
 3  3  3  4  1   1 ( −1) + ( −1) = ( −2 ) (1
E( Z) =−2× +−1× +0× +1× +2× +3× 
 15  15  15  15  15  15
( −1) + ( 0 ) = ( −1)
 6  3  4  2  3
E( Z) = −  +−  +  +  +  = 0 ( −1) + (1) = ( 0 )
 15  15 15 15 15
V ( Z) = E( Z2 ) −( E( Z) ) : ‫ا \ ة ھ‬
2 (1) + ( 0 ) = (1) ‫ ( أو‬2 ) + ( −1) = (1)
 3  3  2 3 ( 2) + (0) = ( 2)
V ( Z ) =  ( − 2 ) ×  +  ( −1) ×  +  ( 0 ) × 
2 2

 15   15   15  ( 2 ) + (1) = ( 3)
 4   1   1  Z -‫ا‬#V ‫ا‬ \) ‫ ھ ا‬6g ) ‫ ا‬I ‫ ا‬/ ,< >! ‫ ا‬I ‫ا‬
+  (1) ×  +  ( 2 ) ×  +  ( 3) ×  − ( 0 )
2 2 2 2

 15   15   15  Z ( Ω ) = {−2; −1;0;1; 2;3} : ‫ھ‬

 12   3   4   4   9  32
V (Z ) =   +   +   +   +   = . Z -‫ا‬#V ‫ن ا ) ل ا )\ ا‬# ‫ د‬3> (2
 15   15   15   15   15  15
Z ( Ω ) = {−2; −1;0;1; 2;3} : >
32 :#‫ازي ھ‬
σ (Z ) = V (Z ) = ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫ا‬
15 −1 ‫ن‬G 3< < /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> ا‬ ( Z = −2)
‫ و‬,9 / ‫ إ‬1 ‫ت‬
' a,< /0 i ‫ي‬#)3 :35 C 2
3
.i 0 ' > ' f ) ‫" ! ا‬ . p ( Z = −2 ) = = ‫إذن‬
3
2
C 15
6
i ! ‫ ' ت ا‬3 ‫ل‬G ‫ و ' ون إ‬a' )) ' X3,
‫ث ' ت‬G >! ? 9' ‫ ا ي‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )\ ا‬X ! /0 ‫ و‬−1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ ( > " ا‬Z = −1)
‫ د‬: ‫ ? ر‬3< ) ‫ ت ا‬A ‫ د ا‬: " .0 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬
. X ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫( د‬1 C × C1 3
1
p ( Z = −1) = 3 2 1 = :‫إذن‬
.V ( X ) ‫ و ا \ ة‬E ( X ) l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ا‬X, ‫(أ‬2 C6 15
: ‫أ‬ ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ و‬−1 I ‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ة‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> " ا‬ ( Z = 0)
(1 " . 1 I ‫ ? ا‬3<

; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 9
 ,: 36 ‫ ? ر‬3< ' ‫ أي‬X3D ‫' !>> م‬#3, ‫ ت ا‬A ‫ث ا‬GH :
: ; ‫ ر ا‬L-‫ ا‬: .I 0 ‫ وى‬, ‫ د‬S ‫ _ ا‬A ‫ د أي د ا‬:
6/‫ا‬1 ), ‫ ا‬Q ‫ أو‬A ! ‫دا‬ _ A ‫ د أي د ا‬: ‫ ? ر‬3< ‫وا ة‬ ' X3D >>! ‫أو‬
" 3 /0 , 0 ?' ‫ د‬/0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ " ا‬: ) ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬A) ‫و‬ 1 ‫ وى‬, ‫ د‬S ‫ا‬
A ‫ د‬S ‫ _ ا‬A ‫ د أي د ا‬: ‫ن ر‬G 3< ) ' X3D >>! ‫أو‬
‫ ا ) ل‬p ( A ) = p ‫ و‬A ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا ) ل ا‬p ( A ) = p X, ‫أ‬ 2 ‫ وى‬,
‫ د‬S ‫ _ ا‬A ‫ د أي د ا‬: ‫ ? ر‬3< HGH X3D >>! ‫أو‬
A ‫ ث‬3‫ا‬ 3 ‫ وى‬,
: ‫ ات‬P ‫ [ أر‬0 ‫ را‬L-‫ ر ا‬.II : ‫ ھ‬X -‫ا‬#V ‫ ھ ا )\ ا‬6g ) ‫ ا !> ا‬I ‫اذن ا‬
n = 4 : #‫ د ا ات ھ‬: ‫ ات‬4 ‫ا > د‬ ‫اي‬ X ( Ω ) = {0;1; 2;3}
^ 3) ) ‫ د ا ات ا‬2 ‫ وي‬, ‫ ا ي‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )\ ا‬X !
.(‫ ر‬A)6‫ ا‬n = 4 ‫ل‬G6) A ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا‬: . X -‫ا‬#V ‫ن ا ) ل ا )\ ا‬# ‫ د‬3> (2
-‫ا‬#V ‫ ھ ا )\ ا‬6g ) ‫ ا‬I ‫( د ا‬1 X ( Ω ) = {0;1; 2;3} : >
. X ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫( د‬2 ‫زو‬ ‫ ? ر‬3< ‫ت‬ A ‫ث ا‬GH ‫ل‬#23 ‫> ا‬ ( X = 0)
.V ( X ) ‫ و ا \ ة‬E ( X ) l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ا‬X, ‫( أ‬3 3
A 2 1
: ‫أ‬ . p ( X = 0) = 4
3
= = ‫إذن‬
A
9 42 21
: ; ‫ ر ا‬L-‫ا‬: (1
" ‫ د‬: ‫ ? ر‬3< ‫وا ة‬ ' /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> " ا‬ ( X = 1)
( )
p A = 1 − p ( A) =
2
‫و‬
2 1
p ( A) = =
C × A × A 15
1 2 1
p ( X = 1) =
3 6 3 3
= :‫إذن‬
4 5

\) #‫ ھ‬X -‫ا‬#V ‫(ا )\ ا‬2

3
‫ ه ھ‬D‫ا و‬ -‫ا‬#V A 42 9
1
p= ‫ و‬n=4 " ‫ د‬: ‫ن ر‬G 3< ) ' /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> " ا‬ ( X = 2)
3 C ×A ×A
2 1 2
20 10
: )‫ةا‬ ‫و > ا‬ p ( X = 2) = 3
= 4
3
= .‫إذن‬
5

A 42 21
p ( X = k ) = Cn p (1 − p ) , k ∈ {0;1; 2;3; 4}
k k n−k 9

. X ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫ د‬3<
" ‫ د‬: ‫ ? ر‬3< ‫ت‬ ' ‫ث‬GH /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫> " ا‬ ( X = 3)
3
A 5
p ( X = 3) =
0 4 4
0 1  2 2 16 = .‫إذن‬
p ( X = 0 ) = C4     = 1 × 1 ×   =
5
3
3  3 3 81 A 42 9
1 3 3 : ) ‫ ا ( ول ا‬: X -‫ا‬#V ‫ن ا ) ل ا )\ ا‬# vT0
1  2 1 2 32
p ( X = 1) = C     = 4 × ×   =
1
4
3  3 3 3 81 xi 0 1 2 3
p ( X = xi )
2 2 2
1  2 1 2 24 2 15 20 5
p ( X = 2 ) = C42     = 6 × ×   =
3  3 9 3 81 42 42 42 42
3 1 1
1  2 1 2 8
p ( X = 3) = C43     = 4 × ×   =
3  3 27  3  81 X ‫ازي ل‬ ‫ اف ا‬3 "‫و ا \ ة و ا‬ l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ا‬3<(3
1  2
4
1 1
0
:#‫ ھ‬l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ا‬
p ( X = 4 ) = C44     = 1 × =
 2   15   20   5 5
3  3 81 81 E ( X ) =  0 ×  + 1×  +  2 ×  +  3 ×  =
xi 0 1 2 3 4  42   42   42   42  3
V ( X) = E( X2 ) −( E( X) ) : ‫ا \ ة ھ‬
2

p ( X = xi ) 16 32 24 8 1 2
 2 2   2 15   2 20   2 5   5 
81 81 81 81 81 V ( X ) = ( 0) ×  +  (1) ×  +  ( 2) ×  +  ( 3) ×  −  
 42   42   42   42   3 
10 25 5
(3 V ( X) = − =
.V ( X ) ‫ و ا \ ة‬E ( X ) l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ب ا‬,
3 9 9
5 5 :#‫ اف ا ازي ھ‬3 "‫ا‬
‫هھ‬ D‫ا و‬ -‫ا‬#V \) #‫ ھ‬X -‫ا‬#V ‫' أن ا )\ ا‬ σ (Z ) = V (Z ) = =
9 3
1
p= ‫ و‬n=4
3
V ( X ) = np (1 − p ) ‫ و‬E ( X ) = np : ‫ ن‬:
1 4
E ( X ) = np = 4 × = :#‫ ھ‬l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ا‬
3 3

; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 10
 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 8
E (X ) = 0 × + 1× + 2 × + 3 × = (3 V ( X ) = np (1 − p ) = 4 × × = : ‫ا \ ة ھ‬
8 8 8 8 2 3 3 9
1  2 2 2 2 ' )) ‫ث ات‬GH S f m
×  0 −  + ×  1 −  + : 37
3
V (X ) =
8  3 8  3 A" F Q # ‫ر ا‬# ‫ " ظ‬: ) ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا‬A) ‫و‬
3  2 2 2 2 : ) ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا ) ل ا‬X, ‫أ‬
×  2 −  + ×  3 − 
1
8  3 8  3 B" 9AM ' < F Q # ‫ر ا‬# ‫" ظ‬
3 3 : ' )) ‫ث ات‬GH ‫ ر وا )! ر‬A)6‫ أ م ا‬3 : ‫ا اب‬
σ (X ) = ‫؛‬ V (X ) = 1
2 4 p = ‫ و‬n = 3 ‫ ه ھ‬D‫ا و‬ -‫ا‬#V \) ‫أي أ م‬
2
‫داء و‬#D 12 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ات‬ 5 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 40 1
. ‫اء‬ 3 p ( A) = @ n = 3 : ) ‫ة ا‬ ‫) ? ا‬,
2
‫ل‬G q' a' )) ' ‫ ات‬8 X3,
p ( X = k ) = Cnk p k (1 − p ) , k ∈ {0;1; 2;3}
n−k
" 9AM ' ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ات‬6 /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ " ا‬: B ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا‬A)
P ( B ) : X, ‫(ا‬1
2 1 1
1 1 1 1 3
p ( X = 2 ) = C32     = 3 ×   ×   =
" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ا ! ة‬: ‫ن‬#!< ) ‫ " د ا ات ا‬: X : A) (2 2 2 4 2 8
V ( X ) ‫ ؛‬E ( X ) : X, ‫ا‬ 2
: #‫ رام ا ف ھ‬X 2 ! ‫ ا" ) ل‬: 38
. ‫ة وا ة‬ X3D #‫ ر ھ‬A)6"‫(ا‬1 : ‫أ‬ 3
. ‫ ة‬n = 8 ‫ ر‬A)6"‫د ا‬ : ‫ و"ت‬3 5‫م ھ ا ا ا ب‬
: ' )) ‫ات‬ H ‫ ر وا )! ر‬A)6‫ أ م ا‬3 : ) ‫ ث ا‬3 ‫ ا ) ل ا‬X, ‫أ‬
" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ة‬/0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ " ا‬: A B" 9AM ' ‫ ات‬a'‫ ا ف أر‬X 2 ‫" ا ا‬
5 1 : ' )) ‫ات‬ , 6 ‫ ر وا )! ر‬A)6‫ أ م ا‬3 : ‫ا اب‬
P (A) = =
20 4 2
p = ‫ و‬n = 5 ‫ ه ھ‬D‫ا و‬ -‫ا‬#V \) ‫أي أ م‬
1 3
p= ‫ و‬n=8 ‫هھ‬ D‫و‬ ‫ا‬ -‫ا‬#V \) ‫أي أ م‬
2
4 p ( A) = @ n = 5 : ) ‫ة ا‬ ‫) ? ا‬,
"‫ة‬ k = 6 A ‫ع‬# ‫ " و‬: B 3
1 8−6 p ( X = k ) = Cnk p k (1 − p ) , k ∈ {0;1; 2;3; 4;5}
n−k
1 6
P ( B ) = P ( X = 6 ) = C 86   1 − 
4  4 4 1 4 1
4  2 1  2 1  16  80
6 2 p ( X = 4) = C5     = 5     = 5  =
P ( B ) = P ( X = 6 ) = C 86    
1 3  3 3  3   3  243  243
4 4
1 )) ‫ ات‬3 :39
p = ‫ و‬n = 8 ‫ ه‬W ‫ ا ; و‬. ;4‫ ا‬I2 J X (2
4 ‫ ? ) ( ' د ا ات ا ي‬9' ‫ ا ي‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ " ا )\ ا‬: X
‫ ؛‬E (X ) = 8 ×
1
: ‫إذن‬ " P Q #‫ ا‬: w
4 X ( Ω ) ‫ ؛‬cad Ω ‫ د‬-1
1  1 3 X ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫ د‬-2
V ( X ) = 8 × × 1 −  =
4  4 2 σ ( ) ( ) ; E ( X ) : X, ‫ ا‬-3
X ;V X
‫ ات‬4 ‫ ء و‬M ' ‫ ات‬5 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 41 card Ω = 23 = 8 (1: ‫أ‬
2 ‫داء و‬#D Ω = FFF ; FFP ; FPF ; PFF ; FPP ; PFP ; PPF ; PPP
{ }
. ‫ ات‬5 ‫> وق‬2 ‫ ا‬X3, .‫اء‬
‫ع ا ! ات‬# ( ' ( ) ? 9' ‫ ا ي‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ " ا )\ ا‬: X X ( Ω ) = {0; 1; 2; 3}
"‫ء‬MA‫ا‬ 1
P ( X = 0 ) = : ‫ ( إذن‬X = 0 ) = {FFF } (2
" ? E‫ ا‬/0 ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ ة‬/0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ " ا‬: A ‫ ث‬3 ‫ا‬ 8
X ( Ω ) : ‫ د‬-1 ( X = 1) = {FFP ; FPF ; PFF }
: ? : p ( X = 2 ) cardA : X, ‫ ا‬-2 3
P ( X = 1) = : ‫إذن‬
z< X3, ‫ ا‬-‫أ‬ 8
‫ل‬G q' a' )) ' X3, ‫ ا‬- ‫ب‬ 1 3
‫ل‬G ‫ ' ون إ‬a' )) ' X3, ‫ ا‬- ‫ج‬ P ( X = 3) = ‫ ؛‬P (X = 2) = :
8 8
X ( Ω ) = {0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5} (1: ‫ا اب‬ X (Ω) 0 1 2 3
card Ω = C11 :
5
_ +0 ‫( أ( ا‬2 P ( X = xi ) 1/8 3/ 3/8 1/8
8
" ‫ ء‬M ' ‫ أي ة‬/0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ " م ا‬: A ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا‬A)

; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 11
 3
P (A ∪ B ) =
:‫إذن‬ cardA = C11
5
− C 65 :‫ إذن‬cardA = C 65 : H
4
C 52× C 63
( )
P A ∩ B = P (B − A ) : ‫ أن‬N*: p (X = 2) = 5
C11
P (B − A) = P (B ) − P (A ∩ B ) : ‫و‬
card Ω = 115 : ‫?ل‬.` P +0 ‫ب ( ا‬
( )
P A ∩ B = P ( B ) − P (A ∩ B ) :‫إذن‬ " ‫ ء‬e ‫ ة‬C ‫ أي‬b*2 ‫ ل‬c+ ‫ م ا‬2 " : A ‫ ث‬+ ‫ ا‬:
cardA = 115 − 65
(
P A∩B = ) 1
12
: GH ‫و‬ :‫ إذن‬cardA = 65 : H
5263 2
2 5 6
3
p ( X = 2) = C52 : ‫أو‬ p ( X = 2) = C    
h 8 ‫ وا‬N2 ‫ وا‬i+ * ‫ر‬ 115
5
 11 11
‫ ء‬M ' ‫ات‬ 3 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 :(2009 ‫ ن‬+ ‫ )ا‬:1 card Ω = A11
5
: ‫?ل‬.‫ ون إ‬P +0 ‫ج ( ا‬
‫اء‬ ‫ ات‬5‫و‬
‫) ض أن‬S ‫ آن وا و‬: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ < -‫ا‬#V X3, " ‫ ء‬e ‫ ة‬C ‫ أي‬b*2 ‫ ل‬c+ ‫ م ا‬2 " : A ‫ ث‬+ ‫ ا‬:
.X3,< ! ‫ ا" ) ل‬iS ‫ ا ! ات‬a cardA = A11
5
− A65 :‫ إذن‬cardA = A65 : H
iS ‫ث ات‬GH /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫ " ا‬: ) ‫ ا‬H 3 ‫ ا‬A) (1
A52 A63
A" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ا‬ p (X = 2) = C 52 5
B"/> /> ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬S0)T ‫ث ات‬GH /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫" ا‬ A11
3 3 .‫اء‬ 3 ‫داء و‬#D ‫ ات‬6 /0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 : 42
p ( B) = ‫ و‬p ( A) = : ‫' أن‬
11 44 . ‫ل‬G ‫ ' ون إ‬a' )) ' < ‫> وق‬2 ‫ ا‬X3,
‫ث ات‬G A3D ? 9' ‫ ا ي‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )\ ا‬X ! (2 " ‫داء‬#D / ‫و‬E‫ " ا ! ة ا‬: A ‫ ث‬3 ‫ ا‬: A)
0 3< ) ‫ان ا‬# E‫ د ا‬: " ‫اء‬ ‫ " ا ! ة ا‬:B ‫ ث‬3 ‫ا‬
. X ‫ن ا ) ل‬# ‫أ( د‬ P ( A ∩ B ) ; P (B ) ; P ( A ) : ‫أ – د‬
E ( X ) l ‫ ? ا‬E‫ ا‬X, ‫ب(أ‬ ‫ن ؟‬G ), B ‫ و‬A ?‫ ھ‬-‫ب‬
:/0 ‫> وق‬Z ‫ي‬#)3 :2 (
P A∩B ) , P ( A ∪ B ) , PB ( A ) : X, ‫ ا‬-‫ج‬
2 , 1 , 1 ‫ر م‬E‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ أ اص‬3
2 , 2 , 1 , 1 ‫ر م‬E‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ أ اص‬4 : ‫ا‬
3 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 1 ‫ر م‬E‫ ? ا‬3< ‫ أ اص‬5 card Ω = 9 × 8 = 72 ( ‫أ‬
‫) ض أن‬S ‫و‬ ‫ آن وا‬: ‫> وق‬2 ‫ا‬ Z -‫ا‬#V X3, (‫اء‬ ‫داء أو‬#D X ) NX : A ‫ ث‬3 ‫ا‬
.X3,< ! ‫ ا" ) ل‬iS ‫ اص‬E‫ ا‬a card ( A ) = 6 × 8 = 48
" ‫ن‬#0 ‫ ا‬iS Z X3D " : ) ‫ اث ا‬E‫ ا‬A) (1 2
p ( A) =
48 2
‫ ة‬C A ‫ أو‬p ( A ) =
=
A 3 72 3
RR ‫ أو‬NR : B ‫ ث‬3 ‫ا‬
‫ل‬#23 ‫و " ا‬ B" 9 : M6‫أ‬ ‫ص وا‬ /0 ‫ل‬#23 ‫" ا‬
card ( B ) = 3 × 2 + 6 × 3 = 24
C" I ‫ ا‬iS ‫ن‬G 3 Z /0 3 2 6 3 24 1
p (B ) = × + × ‫ ة‬$ ‫ أو‬p ( B ) = =
C‫ و‬B ‫ و‬A ‫ اث‬E‫د ا ) ل ا‬ (a 9 8 9 8 72 3
1
‫ن ؟‬G ), B ‫ و‬A ‫ ن‬H 3 ‫( ھ? ا‬b p (B) = :‫إذن‬
3
Z >! A3D ? 9' ‫ ا ي‬-‫ا‬#V ‫ ا )\ ا‬X ! (2 NR " ‫ اء‬. 8 ‫ داء و ا‬b ‫" ا و‬: A ∩ B ‫ ث‬+ ‫ا‬
0 0(, ‫ا‬ ‫ع ا‬# ( ' 1 6×3
‫ن‬# ‫د‬ ‫ و‬X -‫ا‬#V ‫ ھ ا )\ ا‬6g ‫ ا ي‬I ‫د ا‬ (a P (A ∩ B ) = : GH ‫ و‬P ( A ∩ B ) = :‫إذن‬
4 9×8
. ‫ا ) ل‬
X
3 p (A ∩ B )
σ ( x ) , V ( X ) , E ( X ) X, ‫( أ‬b PA ( B ) = :‫ إذن‬PA ( B ) = : ‫ أن‬N*:
8 p (A )
‫ر ل‬ AD ‫ت‬ ( ‫ ى ا‬B ‫داري‬B‫ ا‬X)! ‫ن ا‬#!) :3 ‫ (?ن‬0 g B ‫ و‬A (‫ب‬
: >D ‫ن‬#HGH I >D ‫ل وا أ< ن‬ ‫ا‬ ' '‫ أر‬, ‫ ء‬, ‫ث‬GH‫و‬ P ( A ∩ B ) ≠ P (A ) × P (B ) : ‫ن‬
‫ق‬#: pA ( B ) ≠ p ( B ) : ‫أو ن‬

:‫ إذن‬PB ( A) = (
3 p A ∩ B)
? ) X)! ‫ھ ا ا‬ ‫ اد‬:‫ أ‬HGH ‫ آن وا‬: -‫ا‬#V ‫) ر‬T PB ( A ) = : ‫ أن‬N*: (‫ج‬
4 p ( B)
. : (‫ا‬
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) : ‫ أن‬N*:

; 82 :‫ذ‬ ‫ا‬ 12
 ‫"‪B‬‬ ‫'‪M‬و‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪X3D " :‬‬ ‫د ا ) ل ا‪ E‬اث ا )‬ ‫د ا‪ :E‬اد ا ي ‪.4 I >D‬‬ ‫! ‪ X‬ا )\ ا ‪#V‬ا‪ -‬ا ي ‪ ,‬وي‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫"‪N‬‬ ‫‪#D‬داو‬ ‫<‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬ ‫ا‪ :E‬اد ا ‪ HG‬ا ‪ )T‬ر‬ ‫'‬ ‫‪#HGH‬ن ‪#: : >D‬ق‬
‫‪ iS‬ا ‪#0‬ن "‪M‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬ ‫د ‪#‬ن ا ) ل‬ ‫‪ X‬و‬ ‫د ا ‪ I‬ا ي ‪ 6g‬ھ ا )\ ا ‪#V‬ا‪-‬‬
‫‪#‬ن ‪D" ]0)T‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬ ‫‪.X‬‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ A) (2‬ا ‪ H 3‬ا )‬
‫ة وا ة ' ‪ M‬ء "‪B‬‬ ‫" ا‪ )6‬ر ‪ HGH‬أ‪ TC‬ص " ‪X3D‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫" ا‪ )6‬ر ر ‪ 0‬و ا أة "‪A‬‬
‫‪ 4‬إ ث و ‪ 8‬ذ ‪#‬ر‬ ‫‪#!) :7‬ن ‪I,‬‬ ‫‪B" >D‬‬ ‫‪HGH‬‬ ‫‪ I >D‬أ ?‬
‫دا‪?6‬‬ ‫) ? ا ‪ : I,‬ا‪V E‬‬ ‫<‪0‬‬ ‫‪ )T‬ر ‪#V‬ا‪ : -‬آن وا‬ ‫‪ A‬و‪B‬‬ ‫دا ) لا‪H 3‬‬ ‫‪(a‬‬
‫ا ‪#‬‬ ‫‪ (b‬ھ? ا ‪ H 3‬ن ‪ A‬و ‪G ), B‬ن ؟‬
‫د ا"‪ )6‬رات ا !>‬ ‫د ) ‪card ( Ω‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫ا‪ E‬اد‬ ‫دا ! ‪ A‬أو ‪ Q‬ا ‪ /0 ? 3< ),‬ا )‪#‬ا‬ ‫‪A) :4‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫د ا ) ل ا‪ E‬اث ا )‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫‪-1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , -2 :‬‬

‫"‪B‬‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫» ا‪ )6‬ر <‪0‬‬ ‫)‪ ,‬و ا ) ل‬ ‫و ‪ )S‬ض أن ا‪E‬و ‪ Q‬ا ‪),‬‬
‫"‪N‬‬ ‫" ا‪ )6‬ر <‪< 0‬‬ ‫>‪Q‬‬ ‫ة وا ة و )‪ A‬و )‪ A‬ا د ا ي‬ ‫ھ ا ا> د‬ ‫‪(1‬‬
‫>‪D" ]0)T i‬‬ ‫" ا‪ )6‬ر <‪0‬‬ ‫‪),‬‬ ‫ا> د >‬
‫‪ iS‬ا (>‪M" i‬‬ ‫" ا‪ )6‬ر <‪0‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫"‪A‬‬ ‫د ‪ A,‬زو‬ ‫‪ " :‬ظ ‪#‬ر‬ ‫)‪ A‬ا ‪ H 3‬ا )‬
‫" ظ ‪#‬ر د ‪B" X #‬‬
‫" ا‪ )6‬ر ‪ /0‬ا‪ 0< ? E‬ة "‪F‬‬ ‫دا ) لا‪ A H 3‬و‪B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫= )‪P (B‬‬ ‫'‪ P ( A ) = : @ 3‬و‬ ‫‪ A:8‬و ‪) # ( B‬‬ ‫‪ (a‬ھ? ا ‪ H 3‬ن ‪ A‬و ‪G ), B‬ن ؟‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪ ,‬و ! ‪ X‬ا )\‬ ‫‪ (2‬ر > ھ ا ا > د ‪GH‬ث ات ))‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫و = )‪P ( A ∪ B‬‬ ‫‪ Q :‬ا > د دا ‪A,‬‬ ‫ا ‪#V‬ا‪ -‬ا ي ‪ ,‬وي د ا ات ا )‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫زو‬
‫د ‪#‬ن‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪X‬‬ ‫د ا ‪ I‬ا ي ‪ 6g‬ھ ا )\ ا ‪#V‬ا‪-‬‬ ‫‪(a‬‬
‫)‪ P ( A‬و )‪P ( A ∩ B‬‬ ‫أ‪0.‬‬
‫ا ) ل ‪.‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪ (b‬أ ‪σ ( x ) , V ( X ) , E ( X ) X,‬‬
‫دا ) لا‪ 3‬ثا) ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(c‬‬
‫"‪C‬‬ ‫د ‪ A,‬زو‬ ‫‪ /0‬ا‪E‬‬ ‫" ظ ‪#‬ر <‬
‫ات ' ‪ M‬ء‬ ‫‪3 /0 ]C‬‬ ‫‪#)3 :5‬ي ‪ >Z‬وق ‪m‬‬
‫<‬ ‫ات ‪#D‬داء ‪#V X3,‬ا‪ a' )) ' -‬و' ون إ ‪G‬ل‬ ‫و‪4‬‬
‫ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪:‬‬
‫@ ‪ Ω‬ھ‪ M: #‬ء ا‪ ! B‬ت‬ ‫‪ .3‬د ) ‪card ( Ω‬‬

‫"‪B‬‬ ‫'‪M‬و‬ ‫<‬ ‫‪X3D " :‬‬ ‫د ا ) ل ا‪ E‬اث ا )‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫"‪N‬‬ ‫‪#D‬داو‬ ‫<‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬
‫‪ iS‬ا ‪#0‬ن "‪M‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬
‫‪#‬ن ‪D" ]0)T‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬
‫‪#‬ن ‪D" ]0)T‬‬ ‫ة وا ة ' ‪ M‬ء‬ ‫" ‪X3D‬‬
‫ات ' ‪ M‬ء و ‪4‬‬ ‫‪3 /0 ]C‬‬ ‫‪#)3 :6‬ي ‪ >Z‬وق ‪m‬‬
‫ات ‪#D‬داء ‪#V X3,‬ا‪ a' )) ' -‬و'‪G q‬ل‬
‫ا ‪ >2‬وق ‪:‬‬ ‫<‬
‫@ ‪ Ω‬ھ‪ M: #‬ء ا‪ ! B‬ت‬ ‫د ) ‪card ( Ω‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪; 82‬‬ ‫ذ‪:‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫‪13‬‬