AQA A Level Revision Guide Democracy and

Nazism: Germany 1918-1945

Section 1: The Establishment

and Early Years of the
Weimar
Republic, 1918-24

Test 1 – The Impact of War and the Political Crises of October to November 1918
1 What were the October Reforms? -Recommendations by Ludendorff that ended
Name 2 ideas created. autocratic rule
-Appointed Max of Baden as Chancellor
-Armed forces put under government’s control
2 What was the Peace Note? A letter Prince Max wrote to President Wilson in
October asking for an armistice.
3 What impact did the Peace Note Many soldiers and sailors lost respect for their officers
have on soldiers and sailors? and the beginning of naval mutiny.
4 What actions did the SPD take -9th November, SPD called for workers to join a strike
during the November Revolution? against the Kaiser
Name 1. -SPD threatened to withdraw support from Prince
Max’s government unless the Kaiser abdicated
5 What actions did Prince Max take in Prince Max had announced the abdication and
reaction to the SPD? resigned himself.
6 Who gained the role of Chancellor
from Prince Max and when?
7 What is the Reichstrat?
8 What was the Ebert-Groener Pact?
9 Name 3 strengths of the
constitution
10 Name 3 weakness of the
constitution
11 Who became the new Commander
in Chief of the army in 1920?
12 What was Article 48?
Test 2 – The Peace Settlement
1 What expectations did Germany
have of the Peace Treaty?
2 What percentage of land did
Germany lose?
3 Name 3 military restrictions under
the disarmament of Germany.
4 What article is the ‘war guilt clause’ Article 231 – Germany had to accept responsibility for
under? What is the clause about?
5 What was final amount for
reparations decided in 1921?
6 Name 2 things the German citizens
found humiliating about the peace
treaty.
7 When were the terms of the Treaty May 1919.
Friedrich Ebert, leader of the SPD, on the 9th November
– the day it was announced that Germany was a
republic.
The second chamber of German parliament, each state
represented in proportion to its population and could
provide advice on laws but overridden by Reichstag.
Groener told Ebert that the army leadership would
support the government in return Ebert should resist
demands of soldier’s councils to democratise the army.
-Provided a wider right to vote (women can vote)
-System of proportional representation
-Full democracy in local government
-Clearly set out rights of the individual
-Referendums could be called by the president,
reichstrat or by people’s request.
-System of proportional representation (small parties)
-Coalition governments
-Presidential decrees
-Survival of undemocratic institutions
-The existence of Article 48
General Hans von Seeckt.
The power of the President to rule by decree in
exceptional circumstances.
They expected that they would be allowed to
negotiate, and believed it would be based on
Wilson’s 14 points
Germany lost 13% of land.
-German Army was limited to 100,000 men
-German Navy limited to 15,000 men
-Forbidden from having an air force
-Conscription banned
-Rhineland demilitarised
starting the war and they were liable to pay
reparations
£6.6 billion.
-Exclusion from the League of Nations
-The ‘war guilt clause’ which justified reparations
-Being denied national self-determination
-The high amount of reparations
 revealed to the German
government?
8 Which Chancellor’s government had Chancellor Bauer as Chancellor Scheidemann
to sign the treaty? resigned due to the treaty.
9 What reactions did the SPD have -The SPD believed it was best to comply
towards the signing of the treaty? -SPD had to ask their main opponents to state those
Name 2. who signed the treaty were not unpatriotic
-Some former supporters of the Republic turned
against it due to the humiliation of the treaty
10 What did the Right wing name those They named the politicians that signed the treaty the
who signed the treaty? ‘November Criminals’.
11 What myth did Ludendorff create? He created the ‘stabbed in the back’ myth.
12 Who were the Freikorps? A group of violent soldiers cut from the army who
couldn’t/ unwilling to adjust to civilian life.
13 How did Britain react to the Peace -British public opinion was satisfied that Germany
Treaty? Give 1 way. couldn’t disrupt Europe’s peace.
-Lloyd George believed that Germany shouldn’t be so
weak
14 How did France react to the Peace -The French people believed they suffered the most
Treaty? Give 1 way. and wanted revenge
-Many believed the treaty was too lenient!
15 How did the United States react to -Widespread opinion that the treaty was very unfair
the Peace Treaty? Give 1 way. -Believed Britain and France were trying to enrich
themselves
- Caused the USA to refuse to join the League of
Nations

Test 3 – Economic and Social Issues in Germany, 1919 – 1924

1 Why did Germany finance the war by
printing more money?
2 How much debt did the Weimar
Republic face in 1919?
3 Give a reason why the Republic didn’t
increase taxes or reduce spending.
4 Compare Germany’s unemployment
figures in 1921 to Britains.
6 What was the time limit given to
accept the terms of the Treaty of
Versailles?
8 When did the French-Belgian troops
occupy the Ruhr? Why?
9 What was Chancellor Cuno’s plan in
retaliation to the occupation of the
Ruhr? Give 2 ways.
They believed they would win the war and then enforce
high reparations on their enemies.
1.5 billion marks.
-Alienated support for republic as anti-republicans would
claim the tax is for reparations
-Civil servants needed to be paid, and they didn’t want to
make them redundant
1921 – 1.8% compared to Britain’s 17%!
6 days.
January 1923 – because Germany fell seriously behind in
its payment of reparations to France in the form of coal.
-Responded by stopping reparation payments
-Ordered passive resistance (no one in the area would
cooperate with the French)
-Paramilitary groups to sabotage the French
10 How many Germans were expelled
from the Ruhr or shot by the French?
Name 1.
11 Name two ways the Ruhr occupation
led to hyperinflation.
12 What was the effect of rising food
prices? Give 2 examples.
14 Describe 2 Weimar reforms made for
social welfare and employment rights.
15 Who were the winners of
hyperinflation? Give 2 examples.
16 Who were the losers of hyperinflation?
Give 2 examples.
Test 4 – Political Instability and Extremism, 1919-24
1 Give one reason why it was difficult to
form a stable Weimar coalition.
2 How many coalitions and chancellors were
there February 1919 – November 1923?
3 Name 3 chancellors during this turbulent
time and if possible, an issue they faced.
4 When were the Spartacist Uprisings?
5 What were the aims of the Spartacist
Uprisings?
150,000 expelled
132 shot and killed
-Paying wages or providing goods for striking workers
drained government finances
-Tax revenue lost from closed businesses and
unemployment
-Germany had to import coal and pay for it from limited
foreign currency reserves
-Shortages of goods pushed prices up
-There were food shortages as supplies were hoarded
-Breakdown of law and order as there were food riots
-Gangs began to steal from farmers
-People bartered their possessions in exchange for vital
supplies
-Law passed limiting the working day to a maximum 8
hours
-State health insurance system extended from employed
workers to wives, daughters and the disabled
-Aid for war veterans incapable of working because of
injuries
-Aid for war widows and orphans
-National Youth Welfare Act required local authorities to
set up youth offices for child protection and a right to
education
People in debt, renters, black-marketeers, most farmers.
Pensioners, war widows, landlords, artisans and small
business owners, unskilled workers, the sick.
-No party would ever have a majority due to the number of
parties in the Reichstag and proportional representation
-Fragmentation of political parties became more pronounced as
German society became more divided
-Burden placed on Moderate Parties, as they were blamed for
problems
10 coalition cabinets and 8 chancellors
Scheidemann – Treaty of Versailles
Bauer – Kapp Putch
Muller – Poor election Results
Fehrenbach – Reparation payment fault
Wirth – More uprisings
Cuno – Economic Crisis
Stressemann – SPD left his coalition
January – March 1919
To establish a communist regime.
6 What risk did continued working class
rebellion have for the Republic?
7 When was the Kapp Putsch?
8 What was the cause of the Kapp Putsch?
9 How did the Republic handle the Kapp
Putsch?
10 How many assassinations were there in
1919-23?
11 How many assassinations did the left and
right commit as a fraction?
12 How were left wing and right-wing
assassins punished differently?
13 When was the Beer Hall Putsch?
14 What was the plan for the Beer Putsch
Hall? Explain.
15 Why did the Putsch fail?
16 How long did Hitler serve in prison?
Section 2: The ‘Golden Age’
of the Weimar Republic,
1924-1928
Test 5- Economic Developments
1 What happened to Chancellor Cuno in
August 1923 at the height of the
hyperinflation crisis?
2 Why was the coalition referred to as the
‘grand coalition’?
3 What was the name of the new currency
that replaced the worthless Reichsmark?
4 Who was the person in charge of
Germany’s economic transition?
5 What did Germany do to stabilise the
There was a fear of a ‘Red Revolution’ that frightened the law
abiding middle class and led them to support the right wing.
February 1920.
Under the Treaty of Versailles, the army had to be reduced and
Germany was supposed to get rid of the Freikorps groups.
Failed to gain civilian support as Ebert’s government called for a
general strike.
Nearly 400.
Left – Just 1/17
Right – 16/17
Judges lenient to the right but harsh to left.
November 1923
SA march into Beer Hall to hold Kahr & Lossow at gunpoint to
persuade them to agree to a march into Berlin to install
Ludendorff as Commander-in-Chief
Support of Kahr and Lossow lost overnight and SA unable to
gain control over Munich army barracks.
Sentenced to 5 years but only served 9 months!
The government of Cuno collapsed and was replaced by the
new coalition lead by Gustav Stresemann.
It was the first in the history of the Weimar Republic to include
parties from both the right and the left.
The Rentenmark, and it was introduced in August 1924.
Hjalmar Schacht.
In November 1923 Stresemann asked the Allies’ Reparations
 economy?
6 Who was the head of the Allies’
Reparations Committee?
7 In what ways were the payments made
more manageable?
8 How much money did the Dawes Plan lend
Germany?
9 When did living standards and wages
begin to improve due to the Dawes Plan?
10 What did Stresemann do in 1929 after his
coalition government collapsed?
11 Who was the American Businessman in
charge of the 1929 Young Plan?
12 What were some of the terms of the
Young Plan?
13 Was the reaction the Young Plan positive?
14 What was this response known as and
how many signatures did Hugenberg’s
petition receive?
15 In what ways was the “golden age” of
Weimar Germany a myth? Give 3
examples regarding the economy.
16 What did Stresemann say about the
danger Germany was putting itself in
through foreign loans?
Test 6- Social and cultural developments in Germany, 1924-28
1 Why was the German social welfare reform It supported over 2 million war widows, orphans and war
very expensive?
2 Why did the position of women in
Germany improve due to WW1? Give 1
example.
3 What was the viewpoint of the League of
German women (BDF), which was the most family values and maternal responsibilities.
popular women’s group in the 1920s?
4 Give 3 pieces of evidence to demonstrate
there were more rights for Weimar
women, one for each topic:
-employment
-sexual freedom
-politics and public life.
Committee to help with the repayments and give Germany a
loan.
Charles Dawes.
The amount Germany had to pay each year was reduced until
1929 and took into consideration Germany’s industrial output.
800 million marks.
Very quickly- the same year in 1924.
He continued to serve as Foreign Minister.
Owen Young.
What was the biggest achievement of the Young Plan for
Germany? The reparation bill was cut down to 1/3!
Not entirely, Alfred Hugenberg launched a nationwide
campaign against the plan.
I was referred to as the ‘freedom law’ and it received 4.1
million signatures.
-Welfare benefits for the unemployed and sick actually
resulted in several businesses being saddled with debt
-By 1929, German agricultural production was less than three
quarters of its pre-war levels
-By 1926, unemployment was up to over 3 million of the
population.
-The Mittlestand (middle class) gained very little during the
Golden Age only the lower incomes were raised.
“Germany is dancing on a volcano”.
disabled.
-Over 2 million German soldiers had been killed in the war and
there were less opportunities for young women to get
marriage.
-The war had brought many more women into paid
employment- many wanted to stay in work.
The group, who had 900,000 members promoted traditional
Employment -36% of the Weimar German workforce were
women
-By 1933, there were 100,000 women teachers and 3,000
women doctors
Sexual Freedom -Birth control was more widely available
-Divorce rates increased
-There was a rise in the number of abortions
Politics and public life -Women gained equal voting rights
-41 women were elected to the new Reichstag
5 Give 3 pieces of evidence to demonstrate
Weimar women’s rights were NOT as
perfect as often thought, one for each
topic:
-employment
-sexual freedom
-politics and public life.
6 Name two popular German youth groups
in the Golden Age.
7 How many Jewish people lived in Germany
under the Weimar Republic?
8 What percentage of banks did Jewish
families (such as the Rothschilds) own?
9 How did Berlin’s nightclubs change during
this time period?
10 What is the name of the predominant
movement in German art, music and
literature?
11 What is Jewish Bolshevism?
12 What is the name of the best-known film of
the Weimar Era which happens to be
directed by a Jewish director?
Test 7- Political Developments and the Workings of Democracy, 1924-28
1 What were the NSDAP results of the May The NSDAP achieved 6.5% of the vote.
1924 election?
2 What declined during the 1928 elections
and why?
3 How many coalition governments were
there during the Golden Age?
4 Why were there so many coalitions?
5 Which political party was involved in the The SPD.
most coalition governments?
6 Discuss the support and ideas of the KPD -The largest communist party outside Russia
during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.
7 Discuss the support and ideas of the SPD
during Weimar Germany Give 2 facts.
Employment -Women were required to give up their
employment when they married
-Women were paid less than me doing the same work
-Married women who continued to have paid jobs were
blamed for male unemployment
Sexual Freedom -Abortion was still a criminal offence and was
performed unsafely
-Catholic and Protestant churches vigorously opposed birth
control, divorce and abortion
Politics and public life -No woman became a cabinet member
during the Weimar Republic
-Only the KPD made gender equality a key element in its
programme
-None of the other parties gave support to feminist issues.
-Wandervogel: Highly nationalistic and enjoying the outdoors
-Church Youth Groups: Both for Catholic and Protestant
children.
-Political Youth Groups: E.g. The Social Democratic Youth
movement, The Bismarck Youth, Hitler Youth.
More than 500,000 (but less than 1% of the population). Over
80% of the Jews were well educated.
50%. They also owned 18% of the whole banking sector in
Germany.
They adopted American styles of jazz music and liberation.
Nudity was featured strongly and individuals did not need to
conceal their sexuality any longer.
Expressionism. Many believed that forms of art should
express meaning or emotion rather than reality.
A term used by anti-Semites in the Weimar period to imply
that Jews and communists were closely associated.
The Blue Angel.
Support for extremist and anti-republican parties. This is
because people are less likely to turn towards extremism when
the economy is thriving.
7.
They were weakly led and each coalition contained so many
squabbling parties.
-Had support in industrial areas such as the Ruhr and Berlin
-Dedicated to the overthrow of the Weimar Republic
-They remained the largest single party in the Reichstag
-The SPD had close links with trade unions and appealed mainly
to industrial workers
-It had limited appeal to young people, agricultural workers and

8 Discuss the support and ideas of the
Catholic Centre Party during Weimar
Germany. Give 2 facts.
9 Discuss the support and ideas of the DDP
during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.
10 Discuss the support and ideas of the DVP
during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.
11 Discuss the support and ideas of the
DNVP during Weimar Germany. Give 2
facts.
12 Discuss the support and ideas of the
NSDAP during Weimar Germany. Give 2
facts.
13 How many members did the Nazi party
have at the end of 1927?
14 What was the name of Hitler’s 1925
autobiography?
15 Who was voted to become the next
President of the Weimar Republic in
1925?
16 Why did the German people vote in
favour of Hindenburg?
Test 8- Germany’s International Position, 1924-28
1 What were the ideas surrounding the
Policy of Fulfilment that Stresemann put
forward?
2 What were some of the terms of the
1925 Locarno Pact? Name 2.
3 What were the League of Nations?
4 What year was Stresemann awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize?
5 How did right winged individuals react to They attacked Stresemann for appeasing the Allies and giving
Stresemann’s achievements?
6 Name 2 terms of the 1922 Treaty of
the Mittlestand
-Established to defend the interests of the Roman Catholic
Church.
-Supported by all classes as made up of Catholics in general
-No coalition government was formed without the participation
of the Centre Party
-Appealed to academics and professional groups
-Comprised of intellectuals with limited political experience
-Committed to the success of parliamentary democracy and
participated in all the coalition governments of this period
-Had support among the academics and the industrialists
-Provided the leading politician, Gustav Stresemann
-Drifted more to the right after Stresemann’s death in 1929
-Attracted support from industrialists, professional groups and
industrial workers
-Anti-democratic and nationalistic, with aims including restoring
the monarchy
-Refused to join coalitions most of the time.
-Hugenberg became party leader in 1928
-Later went into an alliance with the Nazi party
-Leader, Adolf Hitler was banned from public speaking until
1927 and focuses on asserting control over the Nazi Party
-Rural areas in the North showed the most political support for
the Nazis
-The Golden Age allowed Hitler to make a name for himself as a
talented politician within the Reichstag
-Took a dip in votes during the Golden Age
Only 75,000 members.
Mein Kampf, which translates to ‘my struggle’.
Paul von Hindenburg.
Hindenburg was a symbol of the past, a war hero and had
authoritarian views.
They involved Germany cooperating with the Allies on issues
such as reparations payments and removing allied occupation
forces from Germany territory.
-Germany, France and Belgium promised to respect the western
frontier
-All countries would support each other if any of them were
attacked.
-Germany agreed that any dispute between them would be
settled by a committee.
A permanent forum established after WW1 to meet and resolve
disputes without resorting to war; most states joined but USA
declined and Germany and Russia were initially excluded.
Stresemann was awarded for his work with the Locarno Pact,
regarded as his greatest achievement and was awarded in 1926.
too much away.
-Germany and communist Russia resumed trade
 Rapallo.
7 How did the allied forces react to the
Treaty of Rapallo?
8 Did Germany stick to the disarmament
clauses of the Treaty of Versailles?
9 How did the Reichswehr (the German
military) get around the limit of the size
of the army?
10 Who was the Reichswehr’s leader?
11 Did leading politicians highlight the
number of unofficial paramilitary groups
that had close relationships with the
army?
12 What were the terms of the 1928
Kellogg- Briand Pact?
13 Who succeeded in completing the
withdrawal of allied forces in Germany?
14 What are some interpretations of
Stresemann’s involvement during the
Golden Years?
-Diplomatic relations between the two countries were restored
-All outstanding claims for compensation for war damage were
dropped (Russia owed Germany money as they sought peace in
1917 when they turned communist)
-Germany was allowed to develop new weapons and train pilots
in Russia, (away from the scrutiny of the Allies)
They were angered, especially France, as the treaty showed
Germany’s intention to get around the disarmament terms of
the TOV!
Not really, the Treaty of Rapallo with Russia allowed Germany
to keep up with military training. They also had similar
arrangements with other countries such as Spain and Sweden.
Most army recruits were enlisted for a short period of time
whilst having their military training (so therefore they never
technically joined the army). This ensured that there was a
reserve of highly trained men who could be called into battle at
short notice!
General von Seeckt.
No- they turned a blind eye to the extent of military
cooperation.
Many counties agreed to not use war to resolve disputes.
Germany was one of the first states to sign.
Gustav Stresemann.
It could be argued that his commitment to ‘fulfilment’ was no
more than a devious policy to cover up his nationalist agenda!

Section 3: The Collapse

of Democracy,
1928-33

Test 9- The Impact of the Depression of 1929

1 What was the Wall Street Crash? It was the collapse of the stock market in New York
in October 1929.
2 Why did this affect Germany? They took loans from America, which were recalled
so the German economy suffered too as they
didn’t have enough to give back to them.
3 What happened to Germany’s It declined by about 60% after the crash.
export trade?
4 Was Germany in a greater Worse- industrial production fell by about 60% in
position than Britain or worse? Germany but by only about 10% in Britain.
5 What happened to banks and businesses?
6 How many people in 1932 were
registered as unemployed?
7 What is the estimated number of
unemployed people in 1933?
8 How did farmers suffer?
9 What happened to welfare benefits?
10 Name one way the government tried to
regulate this.
11 Name 2 conditions of living during the
Depression.
12 Why did the rates of juvenile crime
increase?
13 What sort of organisations did they join?
14 What did the government try to do to
help the youth? Give 2 examples.
15 How was women’s employment affected
by the depression?
16 Why did the Grand Coalition collapse?
Give 2 reasons.
17 Why were the results of the September
1930 election a concern?
18 Describe what political violence was like
during this time.
19 What did Bruning do to control the
violence?
20 How did the SA get around their ban?
Test 10- The Appeal of Nazism and Communism
1 Who was attracted towards the Nazis?
Name 3 groups giving a brief reason .
2 Who wanted to join the communists?
Name 2 groups.
3 How many votes did Hitler get in the
1932 Presidential campaign?
4 What was Hitler’s idea on ‘struggle and
war’?
5 What were Hitler’s views on a racial
Many became bankrupt as they lost investors and customers.
A third of German workers-but many like women were not even
counted in this figure.
Around 8 million.
Prices of food fell as well as exports of their produce causing
their income to decline.
They had to be limited as too many people now needed them.
-The unemployed were paid only temporarily
-Women were given less than men
-Diseases linked to poor living conditions thrived
-Increase of shanty towns
-Poverty and malnutrition
Rates of unemployment increased so young people had nothing
else to do other than join gangs and steal or fight.
Political extremist organisations like the KPD, Hitler Youth and
the SA.
-They established day-centres with activities
-Emergency Labour Schemes meant unemployed youths could
be paid a small amount to work
-Voluntary labour schemes to send people to residential work
camps for training
Married women were dismissed from Civil Service jobs.
-It was too broad-was made up of 5 political parties
-The Wall Street Crash divided left-wing and right-wing
members
-The army became (undemocratically) involvement in politics
-Hindenburg had to rule by decree- no democracy
Extremist parties gained more seats. The KPD had 77 seats but
the Nazis had 107, making then them the second largest party.
There were frequent riots, assassinations and uprisings,
particularly between the Nazi SA and the Communist Red-Front.
He issued a decree to outlaw the SA and ban the wearing of
political uniforms.
They wore white shirts and continued!
-Farmers (Nazis promised they wouldn’t import foreign food)
-Middle-class (frightened of communism)
-Anti-Communists (chose the next most likely winners to KPD)
-Youth (feeling angry and promised employment by the Nazis)
-Women (traditional women promised a return to their values)
-Protestants (not obliged to vote for one party unlike the
Catholics- so most Nazis voters were protestant)
-Working – Class
-Unemployed
-People from very industrial areas
-Non-nationalistic people
37%
He stated that the struggle between races was part of the
natural order. So war was needed to rebuild a greater Germany.
He wanted to establish Volksgemeinshaft, where only Aryans
 community? could live as equals to each other.
6 Why was the ‘National socialism’ policy They changed their message for different audiences. They
contradictory depending on the advocated socialist policies that could relate to those of the
audience? Communists, but advocated strong capitalist ideas when
speaking to businessmen/ middle class.
7 What was the ‘Fuhrerprinzip’? The idea that the democracy should be destroyed and replaced
with a dictatorship and one-party state under the leader.
8 What was ‘aggressive nationalism’? To restore Germany but also expand territory establishing a
Greater Reich and securing Lebensraum (living space).
9 Who became the Nazis key scapegoats in Jewish people, who were seen as responsible for all of
their campaign? Germany’s problems.
10 Did anti-Semitism help to gain electoral Anti-Semitic people expressed their opinions more freely but
support? most Germans weren’t particularly anti-Semitic and the Nazis
often had to tone down their anti-Semitism to win many
audiences.
11 Why was Hitler an important factor in He was a great public speaker and he tailored his speeches to
gaining support? his audience.
12 How successful was propaganda in It was very successful as Hitler could travel personally to
winning over Germans? different parts of Germany. They had their own plane,
newspapers, posters, leaflets, rallies and marches.
13 Name 2 ideas the KPD campaigned with. -End to cuts in wages
-Unemployment benefits for all needing them
-Legalisation of abortion
-Equal rights for women
-Establish a Communist regime
14 How were the KPD successful in gathering Their most successful ideas were their appeals to the
support? unemployed.
15 How were the KPD unsuccessful? Give 1) They didn’t have enough funding
both key reasons. 2) Most people (even women) were not really fussed by
women’s rights (due to other economic issues)

Test 11- The Appointment of Hitler as Chancellor

1 What type of government did
Hitler have initially?
2 Why was Bruning important to
Hitler coming to power?
3 What did Schleicher do during
Bruning’s time as Chancellor?
4 When and why did Bruning’s
government collapse?
5 What kind of government did
Chancellor von Papen form?
6 How did Papen show his support He lifted the ban that Bruning imposed on the SA
for the Nazis?
He had formed a coalition government with von
Papen.
His failed employment policies meant more
support from the unemployed.
He pushed for him to rule by presidential decree.
May 1932 as Hindenburg refused to pass more
laws by decree.
He made his government on a non-party political
basis, so it was known as the ‘cabinet of barons’
in 1932 and imposed more on left-wing press.
7 How many seats did the Nazi
Party get in the July 1932
elections?
8 How did this change in the
November 1932 elections?
9 Why did Papen resign in Dec
1932?
10 Who did Hindenburg put in
charge after Papen resigned?
11 How was the ‘backstairs
intrigue’ created?
12 How did Schleicher try to
weaken Hitler’s position during
this time?
13 What happened to Strasser?
14 How did Schleicher try to save
his failing position as
Chancellor?
15 How many emergency
Presidential decrees did
Hindenburg have to use
between 1929 and 1933?
16 How did Papen become re-
involved at this point?
17 What did Papen say to
Hindenburg to reassure him to
go with his plan?
Test 12- The Establishment of the Nazi Dictatorship, Jan 1933- March 1933
1 When was Hitler appointed as
Chancellor?
2 How many of the cabinet of 12 were
Nazis due to Hindenburg’s terms of
agreeing to have Hitler as Chancellor?
3 Name each of the 3 Nazi ministers
and their respective roles.
4 How was the role of Minister of the
Interior helpful to the Nazis?
5 How was the role of Minister without
They gained 230 seats, which made them the
largest party in the Reichstag.
They lost 2 million votes and 34 seats as many
middle class voters grew tired of Hitler’s refusal to
join the coalition.
He was unable to pass any laws and he had lost
support of the army so he no longer had the
power to control the government.
Kurt von Scheicher, his good friend.
Schleicher wished to form a coalition government
with the Nazis.
He tried to bypass Hitler by negotiating with the
organisation leader, Gregor Strasser.
He was immediately purged from the party after
this.
He asked Hindenburg to suspend the constitution
and give him emergency dictatorial powers.
Over 100.
He began to separately negotiate with both Hitler
and Hindenburg’s inner circles to form a coalition
with Hitler as Chancellor.
That with himself as Hitler’s deputy they could,
“Box him in”.
30th January 1933
Just 3.
 Hitler (Chancellor)
 Wilhelm Frick- Minister of the Interior
 Hermann Goering- Minister without portfolio/
Prussia
He controlled the police.
They don’t have a specific government department, so
 portfolio/ Prussia helpful to the Nazis? they can be involved in many policy areas, plus they are in
6 How many people attended Hitler’s
torchlight procession when he
became Chancellor?
7 Which paramilitary organisation had
500,000 members in 1933?
8 What was the Stahlhelm? (steel
helmet)
9 How were they given full freedom to
do whatever they wished?
10 What did they use this freedom to
do?
11 How did the Reichstag Fire help the
Nazis?
12 After this the ‘The Decree of the
Protection of the People and State’
was passed by Hindenburg giving
Hitler emergency powers. Name 3
things this meant.
13 Why did Hitler ask for fresh elections
in March 1933?
14 How many seats in the March 1933
election did the Nazis gain?
15 When was the Enabling Act passed?
16 What did this mean?
17 How did he get it passed?
Section 4:
The Nazi Dictatorship,
1933- 39
Test 13- Consolidation of Power, March 33- Aug 34
1 What did Hitler do with the SPD Party
after the Enabling Act as passed?
2 What did Hitler do with the other right
wing parties?
3 Why did Hitler ban non-Nazi trade unions He had seen what happened during the Kapp Putsch in 1922
in May?
4 How did Hitler convince the Catholic
Centre to disband?
charge of Prussia which is the largest state in Germany.
Around 100,000 people.
The SA.
A large paramilitary group of ex-servicemen aiming to
restore the monarchy and the military power of Germany.
The Nazis classified the SA and Stahlhelm as ‘auxiliary
police’ so they had powers above the regular police.
They launched an attack upon the KPD and SPD. This
resulted in deaths, banning of newspapers and
concentration camp arrests.
A Communist, van der Lubbe, was found guilty and it
allowed them to form the idea of a Communist plot,
sparking the decline of the KPD.
-Police had increased powers to arrest
-They could detain without charge
-They could enter and search private premises
-The government could censor information
-Central governments could take over state governments
if they didn’t comply
He hoped with the KPD banned the Nazis would now have
their majority.
They achieved about 44% of the votes.
24th March 1933, 3 weeks after the disappointing election.
Hitler could make laws and foreign treaties without the
President and Reichstag’s approval for a period of four
years.
He needed 2/3 of the Reichstag to approve and he
managed to get the DNVP and Centre Party on his side.
He banned them and its leaders went into exile.
They were told to join the Nazis or disband.
and he didn’t want to let workers have any power to legally
react.
He promised them that he would not interfere with the Catholic
Church. He also made a ‘Concordat’ with the Pope in July which

5 When did Germany become a One Party
State?
6 How many votes did the Nazis win in the
Reichstag election in November 1933?
7 What happened to the other 8% of votes?
8 When was the Reichsrat abolished?
9 How much did membership to the SA
increase from 1933 to 1934?
10 Give 2 causes of the Night of the Long
Knives.
11 What was the aim of The Night of the
Long Knives (TNOTLK)?
12 How many people were killed or arrested
in TNOTLK.
13 Name 2 significant figures who were
executed on TNOTLK.
14 How much did the membership of the SA
decline after the Night of the Long Knives?
15 When did President Hindenburg die?
16 How was Hitler’s power consolidated after
Hindenburg’s death?
17 When and how did the public agree to
make Hitler their Fuhrer and Reich
Chancellor?
18 How many people agreed of this change?
19 What was the title given to Hitler after his
consolidation?
Test 14- The ‘Terror State’
1 Name 3 of the key individual state
authorities of the German police system
under Hitler’s rule.
2 What was the main function of the SS?
3 Who was the appointed chief of the
German police and leader of the SS?
4 Name 2 of the requirements needed to
be part of the SS.
5 What was the role of the SD?
6 Who were the SD staffed by?
7 What was the role of the Gestapo?
made the disbandment acceptable to all Catholics.
July 1933
They won 92% votes.
Since there were no other parties to choose from, this means
that 8% of people did not mark their ballot papers despite SA
presence in ballot rooms.
February 1934.
Jan 1933- 500,000 by Jan 1934- 3 million members.
-Hitler was unable to control the SA properly
-The members were no longer stark Nazi supporters like the
original members, they were more interested in the SA itself
-The SA wanted the second revolution but Hitler didn’t
-SA units began taking weapons and supplies from the army
To eliminate the leadership of the SA and many other political
opponents of the Nazis.
It’s hard to know due to censorship but likely between 100-400
killed, and about 1000 arrested.
-Ernst Rohm
-General von Schleicher
-Gregor Strasser
-Gustav von Kahr
It declined by about half.
August 2nd 1934
The army took an oath of allegiance to Hitler personally.
The Plebiscite (a direct question asked to the voters) -19 th
August 1934.
90% (10% voted no/ blank).
Führer and Commander-in- chief of the armed forces
-The SS -The Gestapo
-The SD The People’s Court
-The SA
They were Hitler’s personal bodyguards. After TNOFTL they
became the main Nazi branch of police (although there was also
a police force).
Heinrich Himmler
-Strictly disciplined
-Racially pure
-Unquestionably obedient
-No disabilities
They were the internal security service of the Nazi Party.
Amateurs who were committed Nazis.
They were the secret state police.
8 How many Gestapo officers were there in
1939?
9 Name 2 disadvantages the Gestapo
actually had?
10 Who presided over the Nazi People’s
Court?
11 What nickname were People’s Courts
secretly given?
15 What was the name of the Protestant
resistance group?
14 Why did some protestant churches
refused to follow the requests of the Nazi
church? Give 2 reasons.
19 Name two factor which allowed the Nazis
to control the newspapers?
20 Name 3 methods the Nazis used as
propaganda.
22 What was the Hitler myth?
23 Name 3 characteristics that the Hitler
myth presented to the public?
24 In reality, name 3 negative facts about
Hitler’s leadership.
Test 15- Economic Policies
1 What is ‘economic autarky’?
2 Name 3 factors under Schacht which
helped the regime stimulate economic
recovery?
3 Name 2 ways the Nazis tried to reduce
unemployment (battle for work)?
Just 20,000 for the whole country.
-Small in numbers
-Agents were mostly office based
-They relied on information supplied by informers
-Most informers were motivated by personal grudges
Three Nazi judges and no juries.
Kangaroo courts- since the trail was over so quickly before the
next trial began.
Pastors Emergency Group (1933) which developed into the
Confessional Church (1934).
-They were trying to protect the independence of the
Protestant Church from the Nazi regime
-They were resisting the attempt to impose the Aryan
paragraph on the church (preventing Jewish conversions)
-They were trying to defend Lutheran theology, which was
based purely on the Bible
- Many newspapers were closed after the Reichstag Fire
Emergency Decree
- The Nazi brought out 27 daily newspapers
- News agencies that supplied the press with information
were all merged into one controlled by the state
- Newspapers - Art
- Radios - Book burnings
- Films - Posters
- Parades
The way in which propaganda was created in order to present
Hitler in a flattering light and as the savour of Germany.
-Hard working
-Uncompromising in fighting the nations enemies
-A political and military genius
-Dynamic and forceful
-Lived a simple traditional life
-Almost god-like
-Hitler liked people to compete for his attention
-He was usually never involved in decision making
-He was very lazy and slept in- often through meetings
-He disliked reading official documents
-His official often had difficulty in getting him to make decisions
The economic independence or self- sufficiently.
-Pumping money into the economy to build homes and
autobahns (motorways)
-Giving tax concessions and grants to particular groups
-Giving subsidies to private firms to encourage them to take on
more workers
-Putting controls on wages and prices to control inflation
-Introducing the ‘New Plan’ to control Germany’s foreign trade
-Taking the first steps towards rearmament, using an ingenious
methods for financing the expenditure: The Mefo Bill
-Spent money on building autobahns and public buildings
-The Reich Labour service was introduced in 1935 for young,
unemployed men to train and receive a small salary

4 What were the genius Mefo bills and how
did were they work?
5 What was the conflict of priorities known
as between the Nazis and Workers?
6 What was Goering’s 4 year plan?
7 Was Goering a good choice of Minister
for Economics by Hitler?
8 Then why did Hitler choose him?
9 How did the Nazis creatively prevent the
shortage of raw materials? Give 2
examples.
10 Did they achieve their goal of the 4 Year
Plan?
11 What propaganda tools did the Nazis use
to encourage workers? Give 3 examples.
12 Why was there a flaw in the statistics
stating that unemployment had
decreased? Give 2 examples.
13 Name a food item that declined in
consumption and an item that increased.
1 Name 2 ways in which the Nazi gained
control over teachers?
2 What percentage of women and Jews
were accepted to university in Nazi
Germany?
3 Name 3 ways in which the Nazis tried to
increase birth rates?
-Reintroduced conscription in 1935
Companies could be paid with a ‘guaranteed promise’ and
(after a delay) when they chose to exchange the bill for real
money, they made a small amount of interest. This gave the
Nazis time to re-arm as they didn’t have to ‘pay’ for the service
right away.
‘Guns or butter’
The aim to make Germany ready for war within 4 years.
No. He didn’t really understand the economy very well and he
was more concerned in making his Goering Steelworks business
profit for himself.
Hitler liked him and he was a war hero.
-Collected scrap metal form people’s homes/ public spaces
-Park railing and lampposts were removed and melted down
-Pots and pans were collected by the Hitler Youth
No, in 1939, Germany still imported one third of its raw
materials.
-Advertising campaigns for products such as the ‘people’s
receiver’ (radio) and the ‘people’s car’ (Volkswagon)
-Cruise ship and other holidays to the best workers/ managers
-Paid time off to compete in company sports teams
-Free shows (e.g. dance/ music) for workforces and their
families
-Economic recovery had actually begun before the Nazis took
power in Jan 1933.
-The reduction of employment may have been due to policies
forcing women to leave their jobs
-The DAF wasn’t really a ‘job’ but whilst in it you didn’t count as
unemployed
-The reintroduction of conscription in 1935, meant that young
men were technically employed
-Jews, women and other undesirables were excluded from the
workforce
High values items decreased: E.g. Meat, fruit and eggs
Cheaper foods increased: E.g. Rye Bread and potatoes
Test 16- Social Policies
-Under the Law of re-establishment of a Professional Civil
service ‘non-desirable’ teachers were fired
-Teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers League
-Vetting of textbooks was undertaken by local Nazi committees
so teachers couldn’t choose their own textbooks
-Central directives were issued by the Ministry of Education
controlled what should be taught
Women were restricted to 10% of the available universities
places, while Jews were restricted to 1.5%.
-The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage, gave newlywed
couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250
marks for each child they had
-Women were awarded medals for having children

4 Name an organisation which helped this
sexist ideology?
5 Was this policy for women a success?
6 When was membership to the Hitler
Youth made compulsory?
7 How did the Nazis try to control young
people’s fun?
8 Name 3 activities that were carried out by
the Hitler Youth?
9 What was the negative effect of the Hitler
Youth becoming stricter on members?
10 What was the girl’s equivalent to the
Hitler Youth? What was their motto?
11 What activities were carried by the
League of German Girls? Name 3.
12 Who was the leader of the DAF (Nazi
trade union)?
13 In what year did the DAF started to
provide free vocational training courses?
14 Name 2 ways in which the Nazis
campaigns persuaded parties’ members
to renounce their church membership?
Section 5:
The Racial State,
1933-1941
Test 17- The Radicalisation of the State
1 What is Social Darwinism?
2 What were Hitler’s views on races?
3 What was Hitler’s concept of the
Volksgemeinschaft (‘people’s
-Abortion was restricted, while birth control was discouraged
-Women were publically encouraged to adopt a healthy
lifestyle, with no smoking or drinking
-Young women were discouraged from going to university and
were therefore more likely to ‘settle down’ quicker
-The German’s Women’s League
-The National Socialist Women’s Organisation
-The Reich Mother’s Service
Not really. The number of women in the workforce actually
increased between 1933 and 1939. The number of births
actually slightly decreased!
1936, then again in 1939.
All non-Nazi sports teams, organisations and even religious
groups were banned. Therefore if you wanted to ‘be part’ of
something, it would have to be Nazi-approved.
-Military drills -Hikes and camping trips
-Singing Nazi songs -Sports competitions
-Reading Nazi political
pamphlets
Boys resented the harsh punishment imposed for minor
infringements of the rules and attendance dropped.
The League of German Girls (BDM)-
‘Be faithful, be pure, be German’
-Taught about hygiene, -Flag waving and saluting
cleanliness and healthy eating -Baby care (unpaid
-Dancing and group babysitting)
gymnastics -‘Home evenings’ taught
sewing and cooking
Dr Robert Ley.
1936
-Party member weren’t allowed to hold any office in the
Protestant or Catholic Churches.
-SA and SS members were forbidden to wear uniforms to
church services
-Priests and pastors were forbidden from playing any parts in
the Nazi Party
A theory that adapted Darwin’s concept of ‘Survival of the
Fittest’- the Nazis linked this to race.
He believed humanity was a hierarchy of races, with the master
race being Aryan. Also wished to ‘purify’ this race by eliminating
the ‘germs’ of the inferior races.
A community of true Germans, in terms of loyalty and racial
purity.
 community’)?
4 Name 3 groups excluded from the
Volksgemeinschaft.
5 What was the Nazi ideal of Lebensraum?
6 How did the Nazis use sterilisation as a
racial tool?
7 What was the T4 programme?
8 Which group in particular opposed the T4
programme and what did this lead to?
9 Name 2 groups considered to be ‘asocial.’
10 Name 1 policy against ‘tramps and
beggars’.
11 Why did the Nazis oppose
homosexuality?
12 How many men were arrested for
homosexuality overall?
13 How did the Nazi regime deal with
lesbians?
14 Which religious group continued to show
hostility to the Nazi state and why?
15 Why did the Nazis persecute the Roma
and the Sinti (Gypsies)?
16 What was introduced against Gypsies?
- Political enemies - Gypsies
- ‘Asocials’ - Homosexuals
- Racial enemies - Those with hereditary
- Jews defects
Expanding territory for the natural development of a country.
They introduced sterilisation for the mentally ill, those with
deformities, and in extreme cases, homosexuals.
The T4 programme was a euthanasia programme introduced in
1939.
The Catholic Church. In fact, Archbishop Galen preached an
attack on euthanasia, and copies of his sermon were widely
distributed. This led the T4 programme to be halted by Hitler in
August 1941.
- Criminals - Beggars
- The ‘work-shy’ - Alcoholics
- Tramps - Homosexuals
-In 1933, the regime began a mass round-up to concentration
camps of ‘tramps and beggars’ which intensified before the
1936 Olympic Games.
-‘Tramps and beggars’ caught more than once could be
sterilised.
-Some ‘tramps and beggars’ were also killed in the T4
Euthanasia Programme
They believed homosexuals to be degenerate and a threat to
the racial health of German people. Homosexuals also did not
contribute to the production of children.
100,000 men, of whom 50,000 were imprisoned.
Lesbians could choose to ‘reform’ and produce children with an
Aryan man. Those who refused were sent to concentration
camps.
The 30,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses in Germany at the time held a
belief that they could only obey Jehovah (God), so they refused
to obey rules such as conscription or the Hitler salute.
Gypsies live free, nomadic lifestyles. This type of lifestyle is not
co-operative to the Volksgemeinshaft. Gypsies are also usually
not Aryan.
The SS set up Reich Central Office for the Fight Against the
Gypsy Nuisance. The SS began locating, arresting, sterilising and
classifying Gypsies.

Test 18- Nazi Policies Towards the Jews, 1933-37

1 What were the Civil Service Laws It forced Jews to be dismissed from the Civil
of 1933 and what did they lead Service. It had a devastating economic impact on
to? middle class Jews, leading 37,000 to leave
Germany.
2 What did the Nazis impose A boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.
against Jews in April 1933 and
why?
3 Did the boycott go to plan? No, most members of the public didn’t know what
a ‘Jewish business’ was and many though the

4 How were Jewish professionals
attacked in 1933?
5 When did it become illegal for a
Jewish doctor to treat a non-
Jew?
6 What legislation was passed
regarding Jews in higher
education?
7 When were Jewish children
‘expelled’ from German schools?
8 What two ‘declarations’ did the
Nuremburg laws 1935
introduced?
9 What were Aryan women who
were married to Jews forced to
do?
10 What was a ‘full Jew’?
11 What was a ‘Mischlinge’?
12 Why did anti-Semitic policy
‘quiet down’ in 1936?
Test 19- The Development of Anti-Semitic Policies, 1938-40
1 What was the March 1938 Anschluss
with Austria?
2 When did the regime begin to adopt
more anti-Semitic policies and why?
3 What is ‘Aryanisation’?
4 What was the Reichkristallnacht?
5 What is a pogrom?
6 Who orchestrated Reichkristallnacht, Nazi leadership, with the majority of those involved in the
whole thing was a cover up for food shortages so
panic brought goods.
Many Jewish lawyers, judges, doctors and
university lecturers were subject to rough
treatment by the SA.
April 1933.
The Law against Overcrowding of German Schools
and Universities was passed in April 1933 to
restrict the number of Jewish children attending
schools and universities.
1937.
1. Jews were no longer German citizens
2. Marriage and sexual relations between Aryan
and non-Aryans persons were outlawed.
They were pressured into leaving their husbands,
those who remained in these relationships would
be reported to the Gestapo.
In 1935, a ‘full Jew’ was someone who had three
Jewish grandparents and were married to a Jew.
Meaning ‘crossbreed’ in German, referring to
people with both Aryan and Jewish ancestry.
The Berlin Olympic Games brought the
international press and Hitler didn’t want to
publicise his anti-Semitic policies.
A union between Germany and Austria into a greater
Germany, despite it being prohibited by the TOV.
In 1938, as the Anschluss meant Nazis in Austria were able
to act against Jews without constraint. Austrians were
more anti-Semitic than Germans.
Nazi policy of removing all Jews and other non-Aryans
from key aspects of Germany’s cultural and economic life.
The Night of the Broken Glass, which took place from 9-10
November 1938. Jewish homes and businesses were
looted and vandalised, synagogues set ablaze as well as
Jews being arrested, beaten up and killed.
An organised massacre of an ethnic group.
 despite the contrasting view that it
was a result of anti-Semitic public
opinion?
7 How many Jews suffered from the
violence?
8 Did ordinary Germans approve of the
attack?
9 How many Jews left Germany under
‘voluntary emigration’?
10 Name two reasons many Jews
remained in Germany.
11 Name two advantages the war against - A national emergency that enabled them to act with
Poland provided the regime with.
12 What was the so called ‘General
Government’?
13 How many people did the Nazis
intend to send to Madagascar?
14 For what reason did the Madagascar The war with Britain was ongoing and the plan would cost
plan not go through?
violence being SA and SS men without uniforms.
91 Jews were killed and thousands injured. The SS were
also ordered to place 20,000-30,000 Jews in ‘preventative
detention.’
No, and most people knew the attack had been organised
by the state. Hence, the newspapers stopped reporting
the incident on the second day as it had not achieved
public approval.
150,000 Jews overall between 1933 and 1938.
-Many German Jews felt thoroughly German, and
wanted to stay.
- It was difficult/ impossible to find countries willing to
accept large numbers of Jews.
- Jews were being stripped of the wealth needed to
emigrate easily due to Nazi policies against Jewish
business etc.
more dictatorial power and in greater secrecy
- A more rigorous propaganda machine to whip up
patriotism and hatred of Germany’s enemies
- New lands for the Reich bringing wealth and living
space
- A way to increase anti-Semitic policy under the cover
of war
Area of Poland used as a dumping ground for Jews
deported from the Reich. Most death camps were located
in the General Government.
4 million.
lots of money. There were also more than 4 million Jews
under Nazi possession after the invasion of Poland.

Test 20- Policies Towards the Jews, 1940-41

1 How many Jews did Nazi 3 million more Jews.
Germany ‘gain’ when they
invaded the USSR in 1941?
2 Name one new measure taken -Radio sets were confiscated from Jews.
against Jews in the first years of -Jews were excluded from the wartime rationing
war. allowances for clothing and shoes
-Police permits were required for Jews to travel.
3 What is a ghetto? A controlled area of a town or city.
4 Where was the first ghetto to be Lodz, the second biggest city in Poland.
set up by the Nazis?
5 Name two aspects of life in the - Most Jews had to sell valuables to survive
 Ghettos.
6 Name two ways Jews might defy -
Nazi regulations in the Ghettos.
7 How many Jews were
concentrated in the massive
Warsaw Ghetto?
8 Overall, how many Jews died
from starvation and disease in
the ghettos?
9 Who were the Einsatzgruppen
(‘Special Groups’)?
10 When were the Einsatzgruppen
used extensively?
11 What were the key
responsibilities of the
Einsatzgruppen?
12 How do the Einsatzgruppen
show the Anti-Semitism of the
time?
Section 6:
The Impact of War,
1939-45
Test 21- The Impact of War on German Society
1 When did WW2 begin?
2 Why were the Nazis adamant
not to limit food too much at the problem for the Kaiser during WW1 and had
beginning of the war?
3 For how long did the Nazis not
- 6 people shared an average room
- Few homes had running water
- Lice infestations were common
- Basic necessities such as food were scarce
- Diseases spread quickly
There was a black market for food smuggled in
from the outside.
- Jewish leaders organised prayers and religious
festivals
- They had illegal schools
- They had illegal printing presses
400,000 Jews.
500,000.
Temporary units made up of police and regular
troops, sent in to deal with Jews. E.g. move Jews
into Ghettos.
In support of military operation in the invasion of
Poland in 1939 and Russia in 1941.
The mass shooting of Jews and forcing Jews into
ghettos in the cities.
Local, eager volunteers were often recruited to
assist them.
September 1939.
They knew food rationing had been the biggest
turned the public against him.
For the first two years of the war.
 change rationing rules?
4 What caused food rationing to
be reduced after 2 years?
5 Who were mainly in charge of
monitoring the public’s mood
during the war?
6 Why did the German invasion of
the Soviet Union halt by winter
1941?
7 Why did things get worse for
Germany on 7th Dec 1941?
8 Why did anti-Semitism get
worse by winter 1941?
9 What propaganda could the
Nazis not control coming out of
Russia?
10 What homefront campaign did
Goebbels declare by Feb 1943?
11 What did ‘total war’ mean for
Germany?
12 When were the American and
British D-Day landings in
Normandy?
13 By what point did the SD report
that the mood had turned
completely against the Fuhrer?
14 What did British Bomber Harris
famously say?
15 How did the Nazi propaganda
machine report public morale
during the terrible civilian
bombing campaigns by the
British?
16 How many German civilians
were killed due to bombing raids
by the allies?
17 How many ethnic Germans fled
their homes due to Russian
westward advances in the later
part of the war?
The invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.
The SD.
The weather was too cold for the Germans who
were not used to the conditions- this allowed the
Russians to stop them and launch a counter-
attack.
America declared war on Germany because the
Japanese (Germany’s allies in Asia) attacked Pearl
Harbour in Hawaii.
Hitler said that the Jews were internationally
‘puppeteering’ the USA, the USSR and Britain to
destroy the Germans and their Aryan race.
The letters home for soldiers who described the
hideous conditions.
‘Total War’.
All non-war related workplaces (e.g. pubs) had to
be shut down so the workforce could be re-
allocated into the war effort.
June 1944.
By the D-Day landings the German public knew it
was over and only a matter of time.
“Turn their cities to rubble and their rubble to
dust”.
They said the German people were very resilient
and were completely behind the regime.
600,000 civilians (1/3 more than British killed by
German raids).
Between 500,000 to 1 million- all homeless and
essentially refugees.
18 Give 3 examples of turning
against the regime as the war
progressed.
19 List 2 things which happened to
worker’s rights in August 1944.
20 What was the percentage
change in women workers from
1939-1945?
21 What was the Women’s
Auxiliary Corps?
22 By what age were the Hitler
Youth able to be conscripted
into the regular army in 1945?
23 What were 12 years olds having
to do by the end of the war?
Test 22- The Wartime Economy and the Work of Speer
1 Who was in charge of the 4
Year Plan launched in 1936?
2 What was Goering more
interested in than the whole
German economy?
3 What shortages did the
German economy suffer from
in the first 2 years of war?
4 Why was Hitler shocked at
Britain and France in Sep
-Taking down swastika flags
-Privately criticising the regime (known as
‘defeatism’)
-Listening to the BBC (etc) on radios
-Not giving the ‘hail Hitler’ greeting
-Holidays were banned
-The working week was increased to 60 hours
-Overtime pay was abolished
-Workers were often paid for the amount they
produced rather than hourly
From 37%- 60%.
By late 1944 the Nazis had created a women’s
unit of the army to support the men. They began
in secretarial roles for the army but by 1945 they
were fighting on the front lines.
By just 16.
Dig ditches (etc) with the German Homeguard.
Hermann Goering; he was a war hero during
WW1.
His own business empire.
Weapon and equipment shortages.
He didn’t anticipate invading Poland would
cause them to declare war on him.
 1939?
5 Who took over from Goering
in 1942?
6 Name 2 policies Speer
introduced to help the
German economy.
7 How do people often describe
what Speer achieved?
8 Give an example of Speer’s
increase in war production.
9 Why did production slow
toward the end of the war?
10 How was a shortage in labour
fixed? Give 2 examples.
11 What percentage was the
foreign labour force?
Test 23- The ‘Final Solution’
1 How many Jews and other
‘undesirables’ were murdered during
the Holocaust?
2 Where and when was the Final
Solution agreed upon?
3 Who chaired the meeting at
Wannsee?
4 Which was given a higher focus when The killing of the Jews.
the war turned against Germany: the
killing of the Jews or military needs?
5 Which event caused Goebbels to give The German defeat at Stalingrad in Feb 1943.
his ‘total war’ speech?
Albert Speer.
-Centralisation of command of the entire
production industry
-Less factories and fewer choice in products
-24 hour a day operated factories via shift
work
As a ‘production miracle’.
-Aircraft increased by 200%
-Tanks increased by 250%
The allied bombing campaign focused mainly
on the Rhineland which had the most
factories.
-By paying for foreign labour by occupied
countries (mostly cheaper eastern Europeans)
-By making more and more women join the
labour force
-By using slave labour from concentration
camps
About a quarter of the labour force (7 million
workers).
About 6 million Jews and about 5 million others.
At the Wannsee Conference in Jan 1942.
Reinhard Heydrich- second in command of the SS.
6 After Stalingrad, which other 2 events
caused the Jews to be targeted more
so?
7 At what late point did the Nazis start
trying to conceal what they had been
doing to the Jews?
8 What is the difference between a
concentration camp and a death
camp?
9 Which gas was settled upon as the
favoured method of gassing inmates?
10 Name 1 other death camp besides
Auschwitz.
11 Which Jewish brothers fought from
within Polish forestland and saved
1200 Jews from the Nazis?
12 Which Jewish uprising lasted from Jan
1943 to May 1943?
13 How many people died on the death
marches as the Nazis began to move
the camp inmates westward in 1944?
14 Who do you find most to least
responsible for the Holocaust?
Test 24- Opposition and Resistance in Wartime
1 What types of people tended to join
groups like the Edelweiss Pirates?
2 Were pirate groups usually political?
3 Why were the Cologne Pirates
different?
4 What happened to the Cologne
Pirates?
5 What types of people tended to join
groups like the Swing Youth?
6 Name 3 types of non-Nazi activities
the Swing Youth took part in.
1- The heightened Allied bombing campaign in 1943.
2- The D-Day landings in 1944.
Nov 1944 (e.g. the crematorium at Auschwitz was blown
up).
Not all concentration camps became places of
extermination. But a death camp’s purpose was to kill the
inmates.
Zyklon B- a rat poison.
-Treblinka
-Belzec
-Sobibor
-Chelmno
The Bielski brothers.
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising- the Germans required
massive military firepower to crush this uprising.
Between 250,000 and 400,000.
Decide on your order:
-Hitler
-Other leading Nazis (Heydrich/ Himmler/ Goebbels/
Speer)
-The Death Heads Units who carried out the killings
-Ordinary Germans who did nothing
Disgruntled working-class/ 14-18 year olds/ mostly boys.
Not usually, they were more about being anti-Hitler Youth.
They attached military depots and helped a range of
prisoners escape from concentration camps.
They were executed when caught.
Disgruntled middle-class youth/ late teens-early twenties/
boys and girls.
-Listening to Jazz etc (foreign music)
-Wearing ‘English’-style clothing
-Girls/ women wore heavy make-up (very American)

7 Who led the White Rose Group?
8 What type of activities did the White
Rose Group partake in?
9 Who influenced the White Rose
Group?
10 What happened the group’s leaders?
11 Who was the most widely outspoken
member of the Catholic Church?
12 Which programme did the Galen
manage to temporarily shut down?
13 What happened to Galen?
14 What was the percentage split of
Catholics to Protestants in Germany?
15 What was the name of the Protestant
anti-Nazi organisation?
16 Which Protestant minister spoke out
against the Nazi treatment of the
Jews amongst other things?
17 Why did the Protestant Church not
make more protest against the Nazis?
18 Who were the Kreisau Circle?
19 List 3 facts about Operation Valkyrie.
20 How many Jewish people were saved
by ordinary people in the Berlin area?
-Arranging parties/ gatherings to dance and drink
Siblings: Sophie and Hans Scholl.
Creating and distributing anti- Nazi leaflets and painting
anti-Nazi slogans on buildings.
The Catholic Church, particularly, Bishop Galen.
They were caught and executed by guillotine.
Bishop Galen.
The T4 Euthanasia Programme.
He was too publically important for the Nazis to arrest.
While other Catholic priests etc were imprisoned, Galen
managed to avoid this.
40% Catholic to 60% Protestant (give or take e.g. about
1% of the population were Jewish).
The Confessional Church.
Bonhoeffer.
The Nazis had merged elements of itself into the
Protestant Church knowing that most people were
Protestant- therefore the church was never really under
attack from the regime.
They were mostly members of the elite, army high
command and leading Protestant churchmen such as
Bonhoeffer.
-It occurred in July 1944
-It was a plot to assassinate Hitler during a meeting
-It was led by Colonel Staffenburg
-They planted a bomb under a table, it went off but only
slightly injured Hitler
-Over 5,000 people (most involved, many not) were
executed as a result of the plot
About 22,000 Jewish people.