ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude

to my chemistry teacher Mr. Gaurav Pandey sir who
gave me this golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project of chemistry on SOLUTIONS.
Sir your useful advice and suggestion were really
helpful to me during the project completion In this
aspect I am eternally grateful to you
Also I would like to take this opportunity to thank my
family members & supporters I could not forget their
love and support
At last I would like to thanks my classmates who also
helped me in completion of project.
Thanking you
Ayush Srivastava
Concentration terms
MASS PERCENTAGE(W/W)
Mass percent is the mass of the element or solute
divided by the mass of the compound or solute. The
result is multiplied by 100 to give a percent.
The formula for the amount of an element in a
compound is:
mass percent = (mass of element in 1 mole of
compound / mass of 1 mole of compound) x 100
The formula for a solution is,
mass percent = (grams of solute / grams of
solution) x 100
Examples: Ordinary bleach is 5.25% NaOCl by mass,
which means each 100 g of bleach contains 5.25 g
NaOCl.

VOLUME PERCENTAGE(V/V)
The volume percent of a solution is defined as the
ratio of the volume of solute that is present in a
solution, relative to the volume of the solution, as a
whole.  Additionally, because this type of concentration,
which is typically calculated for liquid- and gas-phase
solutions, is expressed as a percentage, this
proportion must be multiplied by 100, as shown below.
Volume Percent Volume
Percent = Vsolute(mL)Vsolution(mL)Vsolute(mL)Vsoluti
on(mL) × 100100

Because a solution is comprised of both a solute and a

solvent, the volume of a solution, as a whole, is equal to
the sum of the volumes of the solute and the solvent
that it contains.  Therefore, the following equation can
also be used to calculate the volume percent of a
solution.
Volume PercenT \Volume
Percent = Vsolute(mL)Vsolute(mL)
+Vsolvent(mL)Vsolute(mL)Vsolute(mL)+Vsolvent(mL) 
× 100100

While these two equations are equivalent to one

another, the first equation should be applied to
determine the volume percent of a solution if a
numerical quantity is associated with the
word "solution" in a given problem.  In contrast, the
second equation should be utilized if the amount
of solvent that is present in the solution is specified.
 SOLUBILITY
It can be defined as maximum amount of solute which can be
dissolve in specific amount of solvent at particular
temperature and pressure
It depends on
1 Nature of solute
2 Nature of solvent
A solute dissolve in solvent if the intermolecular interaction
are similar like dissolve like
Polar solvent dissolve polar solvent and non polar solvent
dissolve non polar solvent

Solubility of solid in liquid

At equilibrium
Rate of dissolution=rate of crystallization
Solute + solvent = solution
Dissolution: When a solid solute is added to the solvent ,
some solute dissolve and some concentration increases in
solutions .
Crystallisation: Some solute particles in solution collide with
the solid solute particles and get separated out of solutions .