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1. Proposal is a written presentation of an intended research

2. A research proposal is made up of three sections:
 Preliminaries
 the text
 Appendices.
3. Elements of research:-
 Preliminaries
 Text.
 Appendices
4. The Preliminaries contains the following:-
 Title or topic
 Table of contents
 List of tables
 List of figures.
5. The text section is divided into:-
 Introduction.
 Literature review.
 Research Methodology.
 Appendices contains:-
 Instruments.
 Massage
 Explanatory note.
6. Background of study is Set of statements relevant to the topic being studied that attracts
the reader to the work.
7. A research Background has three dimensions:-
 Historical background
 Theoretical background.
 Conceptual background.
8. Historical background The researcher shows that the issue under investigation has
historical significance.
9. Theoretical background is The researcher describes the theory (ies) on which the study
will be based.
10. Conceptual background is the researcher provides definitions of terms in the topic
11. There are three main definitions in this section
 literal definition
 working definition
 operational definition.
12. Research problem:-
 Research problem is the” why” of the study, Is the discrepancy between the ideal
& actual. Not all problems are research problem. It’s a discrepancy that can only
be solved through collection and analysis of data.
13. to identify a research problem, the researcher should answer “ YES” the following
questions
 Is there inconsistency between “what is” and “what should be”
 Is there a question about why there is a discrepancy?
 Are there possible solutions to the research questions.
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 To state the problem the researcher should be:-
 Describe the ideal: the description of the ideal should focus on the subject ( IV)
 Describe the actual performance: the description of the actual should focus on the
object ( DV)
 Describe the discrepancy between the ideal and the actual.
14. Purpose of study also referred to as research aim or general objectives.
15. A good purpose statement should:
 Mention the central concept being studied
 Provide definition of the central concept
 Method of inquiry to be used
 Specify the variables & their r/ship
 describe the unit of analysis.
16. objectives are specific aims arising directly from the purpose of the study, Research
objectives, questions and hypothesis have same characteristics but different wording.
17. Research objective has 3 basic characteristics.
 SMART ( Specific, measureable, attainable, realistic, time bound)
 Indicate the target population.
 Indicate the variables to be investigated.
18. Scope of study is a description of the boundary study in terms of:.
 content
 methodology
 geographical area
 time of the study.
19. Literature review refers to the reading of documented material related to your study
variables.
20. Importance of literature review:-
 Sets ground for further studies
 Assist the researcher to know the current knowledge about the topic to avoid
duplication of other peoples work
 Helps identify the strength and weakness of other researchers
 Helps know the best research methodology to follow
 Controversies could be easily identified and reconciled
 Acts as a springboard (facilitator) for action and development of an appropriate
design
 Sets the ball rolling and facilitates the discoveries of methodologies applied by
other researchers.
 It is a basis for developing historical background
21. There are three main sources of literature review:
 Preliminary sources, primary and secondary sources.
22. Advantages of secondary sources:-
 It is the cheapest
 Its time saving
 It is easily accessible since there are no rules and regulations governing secondary
resource.
23. What methodology focus on?
 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
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 TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE
 SCALE OF MEASUREMENT
 RESEARCH DESIGN.
24. TECHNIQUES OF DATA COLLECTION include:-
 Questionnaires.
 Interviews.
 Observation.
25. What is Questionnaires?
 A questionnaire is a form containing a series of questions and providing space for
their replies to be filled in by the respondent himself.
26. Questionnaires can either be:
 Open ended questionnaires.
 Closed ended questionnaire.
27. Open ended questionnaires :- This are questionnaires where the respondent is free to
give his own view of objectives This is a question that a respondent can answer in a
number of ways. It gives freedom to the respondent in any way.
28. Closed ended questionnaires This is a question that gives specific choice or alternative
way that a respondent may respond to.
29. Sampling
30. A sample refers to a representative portion or section of the entire population. It is a
section of the people (target – population) who are going to be involved in the research
process.
31. Sampling is the process of getting a section or portion of the entire population as a target
for research. It involves determining how many respondents would be contacted by the
researcher.
32. Sampling method can be
 Random (probability method)
 Non Random (Non probability method).
33. Random (probability sampling) is Every item in the population has a calculable or
known chance of being included in the sample
34. Non Random or Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples
are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal
chances of being selected.
35. Research report is a detailed account of a study which has been concluded, Presentation
of the results of a study
36. Research report contain three main sections
 Preliminaries
 Text & reference
 Appendices.
37. One difference b/ween a proposal and report is in the language
 A proposal is written in future tense whereas a report is written in past tense.
38. Interpretation: Refers to the task of drawing conclusions and explaining their
significance after a careful analysis of the data.
39. Report Writing: involves communicating the findings to relevant authorities. It gives a
detailed account of the research exercise.
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40. Format of research report.
 Its made up of 5 chapters:
 Preliminary pages
 Chapter one
 Chapter two
 Chapter three
 Chapter four
 Chapter five.
41. Preliminaries page contains:-
 Cover page
 Declaration page
 Approval page
 Acknowledgement page
 Dedication page
 List of abbreviations & acronym
 List of tables and figures
 Table of contents
 Abstract
42. The data obtained from research will be analyzed and presented in this chapter,
The results of analyses can be presented in tables and graphs and accompanied with texts,
highlighting the trends, tendencies and differences.
43. Why discussions?
 The purpose of the Discussion is to state your interpretations and opinions,
explain the implications of your findings, and make suggestions for future
research.
 Its main function is to answer the questions posed in the Introduction, explain
how the results support the answers and, how the answers fit in with exist
knowledge on the topic.
44. Definition of Questionnaires
 Techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the
same set of questions in a predetermined order.
45. When to use questionnaires
 For explanatory or descriptive research
 Linked with other methods in a multiple-methods research design
 To collect responses from a large sample prior to quantitative analysis
46. Types of Questionnaires.
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47. choice of questionnaires related factors:-

 Characteristics of the respondents and access
 Respondents answers not being contaminated or distorted
 Size of sample required for analysis
 Type and number of questions required
 Available resources including use of computer software.
48. Data collection key factors?
 Precisely defined questions
 Representative and accurate sampling
 An understanding of the organisational context
 Relationships between variables – dependent, independent and extraneous
 Types of variable.
49. Designing the questionnaires(1) Stages that must occur if a question is to be valid
and reliable:-
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50. Designing the questionnaires (2) assessing validity.
 Internal
 Content
 Criterion – related (predictive)
 Construct.
51. Testing for reliability- the 3 stage process
 Test re-test
 Internal consistency
 Alternative form.
52. Research interviews is
 An interview is a purposeful discussion between two or more people’
Kahn and Cannell (1957)

53. Types of interview used in research

 Structured interviews
 Unstructured interviews
 Semi Structured interviews

54. Forms of research interviews

55. Non-standardised (qualitative) interviews for key aspects

 Purpose of the research
 Significance of establishing personal contact
 Nature of the data collection questions
 Time required and completeness.
56. Data quality issues to considere;-
 Reliability
 Forms of bias
 Validity and generalisability.
57. Data quality The importance of preparation – the 5 Ps
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 ‘prior planning prevents poor performance’
58. Interviews preparation associated issues
 Interviewer’s level of knowledge
 Level of information supplied to interviewees
 Creating an interview guide
 Appropriate of location.
 AResearcher’s appearance – dress code
 Shaping the interview - opening comments
 Approach to questioning – clarity and reducing bias
 Use of critical incident techniques.
 Appropriate interviewer behaviour- verbal and non-verbal
 Attentive listening skills and testing understanding
 Approaches to data recording - notes and tape-recording
 Cultural differences and bias.
59. There are several areas where you need to develop and demonstrate competence in
relation to conduct of semi structured and in-depth research interview . These areas are:
 Opening the interview;
 Using appropriate language;
 Questioning;
 Listening;
 Testing and summarizing understanding;
 Recording and dealing with difficult participants;
 recording data.
60. Interviewing competence approaches to questioning
 Open questions
 Probing questions.
 Specific and Closed questions.
61. The use of open question will allow participants to define and describe the situation or
event. An open is designed to encourage the interviewee to provide an extensive and
developmental answer and may be used to reveal attitudes or obtain facts. It encourage s
the interviewee to reply as they wish.
62. The Probing questions Can be used to explore responses that are of significance to the
research topic. They may be worded like open questions but request a particular focus or
direction.
63. Specific and Closed questions These types of questions are simpler to those used in
structured interviews. They can be used to obtain specific information or to confirm a fact
or opinion.
64. Additional forms of interviews:
 Group interviews
 Focus groups
 Telephone interviews
 Internet and intra-net mediated interviews
65. Forms of electric nterviews are:-
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