SOME PERSONALITIES OF NUMBER π

( Andrés Granados, 24/Sept/2020 )

Decimal

3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 58209 74944 5923 . . .

Binario
11.001001000011111101101010100010001000010110100011 . . .
Hexadecimal
3.243F 6A8885A308D31319 . . .
Approximations
· · · < π3− < π2− < π1− < π < π1+ < π2+ < π3+ < · · ·
223 √
π6− = = 3.140845070 . . .
π1+ =
29
71 261424513284461 = 3.14159265358979329193 . . .
333 104348
π5− = = 3.141509434 . . . π2+ = = 3.14159265392142 . . .
106 33215
52163 355
π4− = = 3.1415923873765 . . . π3+ = = 3.141592920 . . .
16604 113

192 377
π3− =
4
92 + = 3.141592652582646125 . . . π4+ = = 3.141666667 . . .
22 120
103993 22
π2− = = 3.141592653011902604072 . . . π5+ = = 3.142857143 . . .
33102 7
√
245850922 π6+ = 10 = 3.162277660 . . .
π1− = = 3.14159265358979316028 . . .
78256779
Continued Fraction

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
π =3+ ···
7+ 15+ 1+ 292+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 1+ 14+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 2+ 2+ 2+

4 12 32 52 72 92 4 12 22 32 42 52 62 72
π= ··· π= ···
1+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 3+ 5+ 7+ 9+ 11+ 13+ 15+
 −1
12 32 52 72 92 12 32 52 72 92
π =3+ ··· π =4 1+ ···
6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 6+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
b1 b2 b3 b1
Note: a0 + · · · = a0 +
a1 + a2 + a3 + a1 + b2
b3
a2 +
.
a3 + . .
Complex

1 dz
π = −i ln(−1) π = −2i ln(i) π= (CCW around z = 0)
2i z

Trigonometry
√
π = arccos(−1) π = 6 arcsin(1/2) π = 6 arctan( 3/3) π = 4 arctan(1)
√ √
π = RootOf(sin θ) (3 < θ < 4) π = 12 arcsin[ 2( 3 − 1)/4] π = 4 [ arctan(1/2) + arctan(1/3) ]
 ∞
 ∞
  
1 1
π=4 arctan (Fk Fibonacci serie) π=4 arctan
F2k+1 k2 + k + 1
k=1 k=1

π = 4 [ 4 arctan(1/5) − arctan(1/239) ] π = 4 [ 2 arctan(1/3) + arctan(1/7) ] (John Machin (1680-1751))

π = 4 [ 5 arctan(1/7) + 2 arctan(3/79) ] (Euler & Jurij Vega (1754-1802))
π = 4 [ 4 arctan(1/5) − arctan(1/70) + arctan(1/99) ] (William Rutherford, (1798-1871), 1841)
π = 4 [ arctan(1/2) + arctan(1/5) + arctan(1/8) ] (Johann Martin Zacharias Dahse, (1824-1861), 1844)
π = 4 [ 3 arctan(1/4) + arctan(1/20) + arctan(1/1985) ] (D. F. Ferguson, 1947)
π = 4 [ 12 arctan(1/49) + 32 arctan(1/57) − 5 arctan(1/239) + 12 arctan(1/110443) ] (K. Takano, 1982)
π = 4 [ 44 arctan(1/57)+7 arctan(1/239)−12 arctan(1/682)+24 arctan(1/12943) ] (F. C. W. Störmer, 1986)

1 1 1 1
π =4 183 arctan + 32 arctan − 68 arctan + 12 arctan (Hwang Chien-Lih, 2003)
239 1023 5832 113021

1 1 1
− 100 arctan − 12 arctan + 12 arctan
6826318 33366019650 43599522992503626068
∞
 ∞

(k!)2 4k (k!)2 4k 1
π = 864 + 1824 − 20 arctan (Gilloud & Bouyer, 1973)
(2k + 1)! 325k+1 (2k + 1)! 3250k+1 239
k=0 k=0

 (−1)k z 2k+1 ∞
z3 z5 z7
arctan(z) = z − + − + ··· = |z| ≤ 1 z = i, −i Maclaurin series
3 5 7 2k + 1
k=0

∞ k ∞
z  (2n) z2  (2k)!! z 2k+1
arctan(z) = = Euler transform series
1 + z2 n=1
(2n + 1) (1 + z 2 ) (2k + 1)!! (1 + z 2 )k+1
k=0 k=0
  3     ∞

1 z 1 · 3 z5 1 · 3 · 5 z7 (2k − 1)!!
arcsin(z) = z + + + + ··· = z 2k+1 Taylor series
2 3 2·4 5 2·4·6 7 (2k)!! (2k + 1)
k=0

x  ∞
dx 1
Note: arctan(x) = = (−1) x2k Integral definitions
0 1 + x2 1+x2
k=0

x ∞
 (2k)! ∞
 (2k − 1)!!
dx 1
arcsin(x) = √ √ = 2k 2
x2k = x2k
0 1 − x2 1 − x2 k=0
2 (k!)
k=0
(2k)!!
∞
 √ ∞
k arctan( x)  (−1)k k
f (x) = ak x = √ = x  
x 2k + 1 n

k=0 k=0 n
bn = (−1)k ak Euler transform
∞
 1  x  k
k=0
g(x) = (T f )(x) = bk xk = f
1−x x−1
k=0
∞ 
   
α α k α α (α − 1) (α − 2) · · · (α − k + 1)
(1 + x) = x = Binomial Taylor series
k k k!
k=0

0!! = 1

 n2
−1 (2k)!! = 2k k!
· · · 4 · 2 (even n)
n!! = (n − 2k) = n(n − 2)(n − 4) · · · (2k)!
· · · 3 · 1 (odd n) (2k − 1)!! =
k=0 2k k!
(2k + 1)!
(2k + 1)!! =
2k k!
Integrals

1 √
1
1 
1  12
x dx dx ln x
π=2 √ π=4 1 − x2 dx π= √ π= 6 dx
0 1−x 0 −1 1 − x2 0 x−1

∞
∞ 
1 
dx sin x 1
π= 2
π=2 dx π= exp 2 ln[Γ(x)] dx
−∞ 1 − x 0 x 2 0

∞ 2
1 
∞ −1
2 22 x4 (1 − x)4
π= e−x dx π= − dx π=2 i1−x dx
−∞ 7 0 1 + x2 0

Special Functions

π = [Γ( 12 )]2 = [2Γ( 32 )]2 = [ 43 Γ( 52 )]2

 
 ∞   
  1 6 ζ(2)   ∞
1 4
90 ζ(4) π= [ exp(−ζ  (0)) ]2 = [ 15
1
2
8
Γ( 72 )]2

π= 6 = 
4
π = 90 =
k2 12 η(2) k 4 4
(720/7) η(4) π = 2 3 ln(2) ln(γ)
k=1 k=1

π = B(1/2, 1/2)

Bernhard Riemann (1826 − 1866)

  ∞

  1 1
∞
 ∞

 1  1 ζ(s) = s
=
1 − p−s
π=
6
945 6
= 6 945 ζ(6) π=
8
9450 8
= 8 9450 ζ(8) k
k=1 p∈P
k k
k=1 k=1

∞ 
−s k
((s) > 1) = (p )
p∈P k=0

∞
 3k − 1
π= ζ(k + 1) Philippe Flajolet - Ilan Vardi
4k
k=1

Euler totient function ϕ(n) counts the positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime or
coprime to n (p | n = where the product is over the distinct prime numbers p dividing n)
 
ϕ(n) =  {m ∈ N | m ≤ n ∧ gcd(m, n) = 1} 
 1

ϕ(pk ) = pk−1 (p − 1) ϕ(mn) = ϕ(m) ϕ(n)
=n 1−
p
p|n


n

3 n2
π= lim Φ(n) = ϕ(k)
n→∞ Φ(n)
k=1

Infinite Series
 
 ∞   ∞  ∞
√  (−1)k+1   1   (−1)k+1
π =2 2 1+ π = 8 π = 12
2k + 1 (2k + 1)2 k2
k=1 k=0 k=1

  
 ∞  ∞  ∞
  (−1)k  27!  1  691  1
π=
3
32 π= 
26
π=
6
(2k + 1)3 224 76977927 k 26 11340 p6
k=0 k=1 p∈P
 Halley-Gregory-Sharp,1699 Euler (1707-1783) Stirling (1692-1770)
∞   2
 2 (−1)k 31/2−k  6 n! en
π= π=
   = 6 ζ(2) π= 1
2 lim √
2k + 1  1 n→∞ nn n
k=0 1− 2
p
p∈P

 ∞ 2k2
−1
1 k 1 24k
π= 4k
= lim  2
4
k=0
k+1 2 k→∞
k 2k k

Jonathan & Peter Borwein algorithm

 
√ 1 − (1 − yk4 )1/4 1 
note:  − an  ≤ 16(4n )(e−2π4 )
 n
1 y0 = 2 − 1 yk+1 =
π = lim √ 1 + (1 − yk4 )1/4 π
n→∞ an
a0 = 6 − 4 2
ak+1 = ak (1 + yk+1 )4 − 22k+3 yk+1 (1 + yk+1 + yk+1
2
)

David H. Bailey - Peter Borwein - Simon Plouffe, BBP

∞
  
1 4 2 1 1
π= − − −
16k 8k + 1 8k + 4 8k + 5 8k + 6
k=0

Fabrice Bellard, 1972 (43% more rapid than BBP)

∞  
1  (−1)k −25 1 28 26 22 22 1
π= − + − − − +
26 210k 4k + 1 4k + 3 10k + 1 10k + 3 10k + 5 10k + 7 10k + 9
k=0

Eugène Salamin - Richard Brent, 1975 (Gauss-Legendre algorithm)

 √ √ 2
[ a0 = 1, ak+1 = (ak + bk )/2 ] + [ b0 = 2/2, bk+1 = ak bk ]
π = lim
k→∞ 4 [ t0 = 1/4, tk+1 = tk − 2k (ak − ak+1 )2 ]

François Viète, Leonhard Euler


∞ √ −1
[ a0 = 0, ak+1 = 2 + ak ]
π=2 (see βn below)
2
k=1
√
[ a0 = 4 3, ak+1 = 2ak bk /(ak + bk ) ] + [ b0 = 6, bk+1 = ak+1 bk ]
π = lim (a0 , b0 regular hexagon)
k→∞ 2

Sine of Infinite Half Partitions of An Angle

α sin α α sin α π
2k sin = k α = lim 2k sin = ∞ α=
2k α k→∞ 2k α 2
cos n cos k
2 2
n=1 k=1


2 1
π= ∞ βk+1 = (1 + βk ) βo = 0
2
βk
k=1
Archimedes of Syracuse (287 b.C.-212 b.C.)

1 + α2n − 1 Circumference of radius r = 1, circumscribed
+ n+2 αn+1 =
π = lim 2 αn αn by a N = 2n+2 sides regular polygon of side
n→∞
α0 = 1 (square) length LN = 2 αn , 2π + = lim N×LN .
 
 
 √ Circumference of radius r = 1, inscribed
− n+1 
π = lim 2 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 + · · · by a N = 2n+2 sides regular polygon of side
n→∞    
√
n times length LN = 2 αn = 2 − βn .

n+1
βn+1 = 2 + βn Note: 2 α2n+1 = 1 − 1 − α2n ,
= lim 2 2 − βn √
n→∞
β0 = 0 (None) α0 = 2/2 (square), 2π − = lim N×LN .
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
∞ ∞ √ √ √ √
 (2k)!  (2k)! 2 ( 3 − 1)2k+1 2( 3 − 1)
π=6 (arcsin(1/2)) π = 12 (arcsin[ ])
24k+1 (k!)2 (2k + 1) 25k+2 (k!)2 (2k + 1) 4
k=0 k=0
∞
 √ ∞ 
(2k − 2)! k 3  (2k)!
π =4− π = 24 −
22k−3 (k!)2 (2k + 1) 32 24k+2 (k!)2 (2k − 1) (2k + 3)
k=1 k=0

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)

∞
 (−1)k
π=4
2k + 1
k=0

John Wallis (1616-1703)

∞
(2k)2
π=2
(2k − 1) (2k + 1)
k=1

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

 
∞ ∞  ∞  ∞
 2k k!2  k!   1   1
π=2 =2 π = 24 π = 8
(2k + 1)! (2k + 1)!! (2k)2 (2k − 1)2
k=0 k=0 k=1 k=1

Madhava of Sangamagrama (1350-1425)

∞
√  (−3)−k
π=2 3 (compare with Halley-Gregory-Sharp)
2k + 1
k=0

Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840)

∞
!2
1 
−k2 /4
π= e (The summation formulae of Poisson)
4
k=−∞

Nilakantha Sri Ram (1889-1973)

∞

4 4 4 4 (−1)k+1
π =3+ 3 − 3 + 3 − 3 + ··· = 3 + 4
3 −3 5 −5 7 −7 9 −9 (2k + 1)3 − (2k + 1)
k=1
∞
 (−1)k+1
=3+
k(k + 1)(2k + 1)
k=1
Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan (1887-1920)
  3  3  3 −1  ∞ 
n 3 −1
1 1·3 1·3·5 2k − 1
π =2 1−5 +9 − 13 + ··· =2 1+ (−1)n (1 + 4n)
2 2·4 2·4·6 n=1
2k
k=1

" ∞
#−1
992  (4k)! (1103 + 26390 k)
π= √ adds 8 decimal places each term
2 2 [ (k!) (4×99)k ]4
k=0
" ∞
#−1
√  (−1)k (4k)! (1123 + 21460 k)
π = (42 2)2 √ adds 6 decimal places each term
k=0
[ 4k (k!) (21 2)k ]4

David Volfovich Chudnovsky (1947-) and Gregory Volfovich Chudnovsky (1952-)

" ∞
#−1
 (−1)k (6k)! (13591409 + 545140134 k)
π= 12 adds 14 decimal places each term
(3k)! [ (k!) (640320)k+1/2 ]3
k=0