LECTURE 17, EEE 4305 (OCTOBER 20, 2022) -----------------------------------------------------------------

MOTOR PRINCIPLE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Electrical energy to Mech. energy.
• Current–carrying conductor inside a MF induces a force, 𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵.
• LHR.
• Constructional features of a DC G. & M. are same.
• Shunt–wound, series–wound, & Compound–wound.
• Armature conductors under N pole carry current downwards or a cross.
• τ direction is CCW (from chapman C7).
• Commutator reverses the current to allow continuous production of τ.

• Let the m/c is running as a G. first & the PM is moving CW.

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(Flux distribution)
• Flux lines on the RHS are crowded.
• MFx lines act like bent elastic rubber band of a catapult.
• A MFx line exerts mech. pressure on the next ones opposite to the armature rotation direction.
• This force IKA MAGNETIC DRAG/BACKWARD FORCE.
• The work done in overcoming this magnetic drag is converted to electrical energy.
• Energy conversion is not possible without some Opposition!
BREAK (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Let the same DC m/c is now uncoupled from the PM and current is sent through the armature.
• Under N pole, current moves downwards or a cross.
• CCW τ & 𝐹 will be induced.
• For this CCW armature rotation, a dynamically induced emf (RHR) appears which produces
current in outward direction or as a dot.
• This emf directly opposes the applied voltage and thus KA BACK EMF, 𝐸𝑏 .
∅𝑍𝑁 𝑃
• 𝐸𝑏 = 60 × (𝐴)
• Applied voltage has to work against this electrical energy, 𝐸𝑏 , and eventually gets converted to
mechanical energy.

• In an actual M., τ is produced due to tangential pull on the armature rather than the induced force.
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(One slot only)
• Uneven MFx distribution occurs.
• Thus, the induced force, 𝐹 becomes inclined rather than radial.
• 𝐹 can be resolved into 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 .
• Vertical components under N & S pole neutralizes and we have tangential pull on the teeth.
BREAK (2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BACK EMF SIGNIFICANCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Motor Equivalent ckt.
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• 𝑉 has to drive 𝐼𝑎 against 𝐸𝑏 .
• Opposing power = 𝐼𝑎 𝐸𝑏 .
• 𝐼𝑎 = (𝑉 − 𝐸𝑏 )/𝑅𝑎
∅𝑍𝑁 𝑃
• 𝐸𝑏 = 60 × (𝐴)
• 𝐸𝑏 ↑, 𝐼𝑎 ↓ & Vice–versa.
• 𝐸𝑏 makes the motor self–regulating as it draws 𝐼𝑎 depending on 𝐸𝑏 .
VOLTAGE EQUATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 𝑉 = 𝐸𝑏 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
• 𝑉𝐼𝑎 = 𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎
• Or, Elec. i/p = Converted Mech. o/p + Cu Losses
𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎 𝐸
• 𝜂 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑉𝑏
𝑎
• Mech. power in a M., 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎
𝑑
• For max. power, we solve for, 𝑑𝐼 𝑃𝑚 = 0.
𝑎
• 𝑉/2 = 𝐸𝑏
• Not realized in practice because, efficiency becomes 50%.
• Solve 29.1– 29.5
BREAK (3) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EoC--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------