Asm Full Combined

18ASC201J – Applied Solid
Mechanics
By
Ravichandrakumar.K.B.
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Syllabus- lesson plan
19-01-2021 18ASC201J by Ravichandrakumar.K.B. 2

Text book followed

Unit 1- Topic outline
• Stress – Strain relation; Young’s modulus
• Shear stress
• Poisson ratio; Bi-axial & Tri-axial loading state
• Analysis of prismatic bars and non prismatic bars
with single load and multiple load.
• Composite bars
• Thermal stress & its effect on composite bars

Concept of Stress & Strain



Tensile, Compression and shear

Stress - strain curve :

Ductile Vs Brittle

Engineering & True – Stress & Strain

Engineering & True – Stress & Strain

Elastic constants

Poisson’s ratio

Uniaxial stress system

Bi axial stress system

Tri-axial stress system

Problem 1: A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following
data was obtained from the test :
(i) Diameter of the steel bar = 3 cm
(ii) Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
(iii) Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
(iv) Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
(v) Maximum load = 380 kN
(vi) Total extension = 60 mm
(vii) Diameter of the rod at the failure = 2.25 cm.
Determine :
(a) the Young's modulus, (b) the stress at elastic limit, (c) the percentage
elongation, and (d) the percentage decrease in area.

Problem 2: The ultimate stress, for a hollow steel column which carries an
axial load of 1.9 MN is 480 N/mm2. If the external diameter of the column is
200 mm, determine the internal diameter. Take the factor of safety as 4.

Problem 3: A metallic bar 300 mm x 100 mm x 40 mm is subjected to a force
of 5 kN (tensile), 6 kN (tensile) and 4 kN (tensile) along x, y and z directions
respectively. Determine the change in the volume of the block. Take E = 2 x
105 N/mm2 and Poisson's ratio 0.25.

Relation between ‘E’, ‘K’ & ‘C’
• E=2C(1+μ)
• E=3K(1-2µ)
• E=9KC/(3K+C)

Problem 4: Calculate the modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus of a
cylindrical bar of diameter 30 mm and of length 1.5 m if the longitudinal
strain in a bar during a tensile stress is four times the lateral strain. Find the
change in volume, when the bar is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of
100 N/mm2. Take E = 1 x 105 N/mm2.

A bar of cross-section 8 mm x 8 mm is subjected to an axial pull of 7000 N. The lateral
dimension of the bar is found to be changed to 7.9985 mm x 7.9985 mm. If the
modulus of rigidity of the material is 0.8 x 105 N/mm2, determine the Poisson's ratio
and modulus of elasticity.

Analysis of bars of varying cross
section

An axial pull of 35000 N is acting on a bar consisting of three lengths as
shown in Fig. If the Young's modulus = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2, determine:(i)
stresses in each section and (ii) total extension of the bar.

The bar shown in Fig.is subjected to a tensile load of 150 kN. If the stress in
the middle portion is limited to 160 N/mm2, determine the diameter of the
middle portion. Find also the length of the middle portion if the total
elongation of the bar is to be 0.25 cm. Young's modulus is given as equal to
2.0 x 105 N/mm2.[Ans. 3.45 cm, 29.38 cm]

A brass bar having a cross sectional area of 1000 mm2 is subjected to axial
force. Find the total elongation of the bar. Take E = 1.05x105 N/mm2

A member ABCD is subjected to point loads P1, P2, P3 and P4 as shown in
Fig. Calculate the force P3, necessary for equilibrium if P1 = 120 kN, P2 = 220
kN and P4 = 160 kN. Determine also the net change in the length of the
member. Take E = 200 GN/m2. [Ans. 0.55 mm]

ANALYSIS OF UNIFORMLY
TAPPERING CIRCULAR ROD
4𝑃𝐿
𝑑𝐿 =
𝜋. 𝐸. 𝐷1 . 𝐷2

Find the modulus of elasticity for a rod, which tapers uniformly from 30 mm
to 15 mm diameter in a length of 350 mm. The rod is subjected to an axial
load of 5.5 kN and extension of the rod is 0.025 mm.

ANALYSIS OF A UNIFORMLY
TAPPERING RECTANGULAR BAR
𝑃𝐿 𝑎
𝑑𝐿 = log 𝑒
𝐸. 𝑡(𝑎 − 𝑏) 𝑏

The extension in a rectangular steel bar of length 400 mm and thickness
10 mm, is found to be 0.21 mm. The bar tapers uniformly in width from
100 mm to 50 mm. If E for the bar is 2 x 105 N/mm², determine the axial
load on the bar.

Elongation of bar due to it own
weight
𝑤.𝐿2
• 𝜕𝐿 =
2.𝐸
w = Specific weight (N/m3)

Analysis of bar of uniform strength
𝑤𝐿
𝐴1 = 𝐴2 . 𝑒 𝜎
A vertical bar fixed at the upper end and of uniform strength carries an axial
tensile load of 600 kN. The bar is 20 m long and having weight per unit
volume as 0.00008 N/mm3 . If the area of the bar at the lower end is 400
mm², find the area of the bar at the upper end.

Analysis of composite bars

Analysis of composite bars

Three bars made of copper, zinc and aluminum are of equal length and have cross-section 500, 750
and 1000 square mm respectively. They are rigidly connected at their ends. If this compound
member is subjected to a longitudinal pull of 250 kN, estimate the proportional of the load carried
on each rod and the induced stresses. Take the value of E for copper = 1.3 x 105 N/mm?, for zinc =
1.0 x 105 N/mm2 and for aluminum = 0.8 x 105 N/mm2.

Two brass rods and one steel rod together support a load as shown in Fig. If
the stresses in brass and steel are not to exceed 60 N/mm2 and 120 N/mm2,
find the safe load that can be supported. Take E for steel 2 x 105 N/mm2 and
for brass = 1 x 105 N/mm2. The cross- sectional area of steel rod is 1500 mm2
and of each brass rod is 1000 mm2 .

A steel rod of 3 cm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollow copper tube
of external diameter 5 cm and internal diameter of 4 cm. The composite
bar is then subjected to an axial pull of 45000 N. If the length of each bar is
equal to 15 cm, determine : (i) The stresses in the rod and tube, and (ii)
Load carried by each bar.

Thermal stresses

A rod is 2 m long at a temperature of 10°C. Find the expansion of the rod,
when the temperature is raised to 80°C. If this expansion is prevented, find
the stress induced in the material of the rod. Take E = 1.0 x 105 MN/m2 and
a = 0.000012 per degree centigrade.

A steel rod of 3 cm diameter and 5 m long is connected to two grips and the
rod is maintained at a temperature of 95°C. Determine the stress and pull
exerted when the temperature falls to 30°C, if (i) the ends do not yield, and
(ii) the ends yield by 0.12 cm.

Thermal stresses on composite
bar

A steel rod of 20 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of 50
mm external diameter and 40 mm internal diameter. The tube is closed at
each end by rigid plates of negligible thickness. The nuts are tightened lightly
home on the projecting parts of the rod. If the temperature of the assembly
is raised by 50°C, calculate the stresses developed in copper and steel. Take E
for steel and copper as 200 GN/m2 and 100 GN/m and a for steel and copper
as 12 × 10° per °C and 18 x 106 per °C.

A steel tube of 30 mm external diameter and 25 mm internal diameter
encloses a gun metal rod of 20 mm diameter to which it is rigidly joined at
each end. The temperature of the whole assembly is raised to 140°C and the
nuts on the rod are then screwed lightly home on the ends of the tube. Find
the intensity of stress in the rod when the common temperature has fallen to
30°C. The value of E for steel and gun metal is 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 and 1 x 105
N/mm2 respectively. The linear co-efficient of expansion for steel and gun
metal is 12 x 106 per °C and 20 x 10-6 per °C.

Unit 2
18ASC201J – Applied Solid Mechanics
By
Ravichandrakumar.K.B
Topics covered
• Hardness Vs Strength • Sign convention of Shear force and
• Ductility Vs Brittleness bending moment diagram.
• Static loading Vs Dynamic loading • Shear force and bending moment
diagram for a cantilever beam
• Impact Loading subjected to point load and UDL
• Determinate Vs Indeterminate • Shear force and bending moment
Structures diagram for a simply supported
Refreshing the topics beam subjected to point load and
UDL
• Types of load, beams and
supports • Shear force and bending moment
diagram for a overhanging beam
• Calculating Reaction supports and point of contraflexure
10-02-2021 18ASC20J - Applied Solid Mechanics by Ravichandrakumar.K.B. 2
Hardness Vs Strength
• Hardness – Surface Property • Strength – Internal Property
• It is a resistance given by the material • Strength is a measure of a material’s
to scratches and surface deformation resistance to permanent deformation
• Ex : Abrasion, Scratch, Penetrate and or complete breakage under stress
wear etc., • Any form of change in shape is
considered

Ductility Vs Brittleness
• Ductile materials can be • Brittle materials breaks or fails
deformed before the failure instantly with out any warning.
• Can be drawn in to wires • It can’t withstand strains
• Ex : Metals • Ex : Ceramic,glass etc.

Static loading, Dynamic loading & Impact
Loading
• Static Loading: The loading of a material which is
independent of time or very slowly then it is a static
loading.
• Live load : load acting on Structures,
• Dead load : self weight.
• Dynamic Loading: The loading which is function of time
and changing faster in a time period.Ex: people, wind,
waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts etc
• Impact load is the suddenly applied load with high
magnitude and capability of the material to withstand a
suddenly applied load and is expressed in terms of
energy is called as Impact Strength.
• Often measured with the Izod impact strength test or
Charpy impact test, both of which measure
the impact energy required to fracture a sample.

Types of Dynamic Loading
Solving of a beam (Refreshing from AEM)

Sign convention of Shear force and bending
moment diagram.

Relation between load, shear force and
bending moment

Bending stress in beams
Pure Bending : If a length of a beam is Assumptions made for pure bending theory:
subjected to a constant bending moment and 1. The material of the beam is homogeneous and
no shear force (i.e., zero shear force), then the isotropic
stresses will be set up in that length of the
beam due to B.M. only and that length of the 2. The value of Young's modulus of elasticity is the same
beam is said to be in pure bending or simple in tension and compression.
bending. The stresses set up in that length of 3. The transverse sections which were plane before
beam are known as bending stresses. bending, remain plane after bending also.
4. The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal
filaments bend into circular arcs with a common
centre of curvature.
5. The radius of curvature is large compared with the
dimensions of the cross-section.
6. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract,
independently of the layer, aboveor below it.

26-02-2021 18ASC201J - Applied Solid Mechanics by Ravichandrakumar.K.B.
Condition of Simple Bending
• . The equation is applicable to a member which is subjected to a constant
bending moment and the member is absolutely free from shear force. But
in actual practice, a member is subjected to such loading that the B.M.
varies from section to section and also the shear force is not zero. But
shear force is zero at a section where bending moment is maximum.
Hence the condition of simple bending may be assumed to be satisfied at
such a section. Hence the stresses produced due to maximum bending mo
ment, are obtained from equation as the shear forces at these sections
are generally zero. Hence the theory and equations discussed in the above
articles are quite sufficient and give results which enables the engineers to
design beams and structures and calculate their stresses and strains with
a reasonable degree of approximation where B.M. is maximum.

Some common examples for Max.
Bending moment

Calculate the maximum stress induced in a cast iron pipe of external diameter 40 mm, of
internal diameter 20 mm and of length 4 metre when the pipe is supported at its ends
and carries a point load of 80 N at its centre.

An I-section shown in Fig., is simply supported over a span of 12 m. If the maximum
permissible bending stress is 80 N/mm², what concentrated load can be carried at a
distance of 4 m from one support ?

SECTION MODULUS
Section modulus is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a
section about the neutral axis to the distance of the outermost layer
from the neutral axis. It is denoted by the symbol Z. Hence
mathematically section modulus is given by,
𝐼
𝑧=
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀 = 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑍

What is the section modulus of the following?

A cast iron beam is of T-section as shown in. The beam is simply supported on a span of 8
m. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m length on the entire span.
Determine the maximum tensile and maximum compressive stresses.

Shear stress in beams
𝐹. 𝐴. 𝑦ത
𝜏=
𝐼. 𝑏
𝜏 = Shear stress N/mm2
F = Shear force N
A = Area mm2
𝑦ത = Centroid of the A mm
𝐼= Moment of inertia mm4
b = base of the A mm

A wooden beam 100 mm wide and 150 mm deep is simply supported overa span of 4
metres. If shear force at a section of the beam is 4500 N, find the shear stress at a
distance of 25 mm above the N.A.

Shear force for different sections

Shear force for different sections

A simply supported wooden beam of span 1.3 m having a cross-section 150 mm wide by
250 mm deep carries a point load W at the centre. The permissible stress are 7 N/mm2 in
bending and 1 N/mm2 in shearing. Calculate the safe load W

A circular beam of 100 mm diameter is subjected to a shear force of 5 kN.Calculate :(i) Average shear stress,(ii)
Maximum shear stress, and(iii) Shear stress at a distance of 40 mm from N.A.

An I-section shown in Fig., is simply supported over a span of 12 m. If the maximum
permissible bending stress is 80 N/mm², what concentrated load can be carried at a
distance of 4 m from one support ?What will be the shear stress distribution for the beam
section?

Problem 8.9. The shear force acting on a section of a beam is 50 kN. The section of the
beam is of T-shaped of dimensions 100 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm as shown in Fig. 8.12.
The moment of inertia about the horizontal neutral axis is 314.221 x 104 mmt. Calculate
the shear stress at the neutral axis and at the junction of the web and the flange.

Unit 3

By
Deflection of beams

A cantilever beam of length 2 m carries a uniformly
distributed load 2KN/m over a length of 1 m from the
free end. Find the slope and deflection at the free end.
Find the slope & deflection a the free end if E = 2.1x105
N/mm2 & I = 6.667 x107 mm4.

Deflection of simply supported beam carrying a point load at
the centre

Deflection of simply supported beam carrying
a point load at the eccentric point load

Deflection of simply supported beam carrying
a UDL

A

Macaulay’s Method

Moment Area method-Mohr’s Theorem

Slope and deflection of a simply
supported beam carrying a point load
at the centre by Mohr’s Theorem

Slope and deflection of a simply
supported beam carrying a Uniform
distributed load by Mohr’s Theorem

Maxwell reciprocal theorem
• A simple example of the general rule is illustrated in the
diagram on the right. A simple supported beam with a unit
load is applied in the centre (for simplicity as an example),
at point C.
• The beam is not just deflected at the centre but all along its
length.
• Let the deflection at a point D be δDC.
• Maxwell's reciprocal theorem says that the deflection at D
due to a unit load at C is the same as the deflection at C if a
unit load were applied at D.
• In our notation, δCD = δDC. The lower diagram illustrates the
second situation.
Note: The principle of superposition says that when a number of loads are acting on a body, the resulting
strain, according to the principle of superposition, will be the algebraic sum of strains caused by individual
loads.
Unit 4

By
Pure Torsion theory

Unit 4

By
Pure Torsion theory

Maximum torque transmitted by
solid circular shaft

Maximum torque transmitted by
hollow circular shaft

Torque in terms of polar moment of inertia

In a hollow circular shaft of outer and inner diameters of 20 cm
and 10 cm respectively, the shear stress is not to exceed 40
N/mm2. Find the maximum torque which the shaft can safely
transmit.

A hollow circular shaft 20 mm thick transmits 300 kW power at 200 r.p.m. Determine the
external diameter of the shaft if the shear strain due to torsion is not to exceed 0.00086.
Take modulus of rigidity = 0.8 × 105 N/mm2.

A solid cylindrical shaft is to transmit 300 kW power at 100 r.p.m.
(a) If the shear stress is not to exceed 80 N/mm2, find its diameter.
(b) What percent saving in weight would be obtained if this shaft is replaced by a hollow
one whose internal diameter equals to 0.6 of the external diameter, the length, the
material and maximum shear stress being the same ?

Polar Modulus & Torsional Rigidity
• Polar modulus is defined as the ratio of the polar moment of inertia to the
radius of the shaft. It is also called torsional section modulus. It is denoted
by Zp Mathematically
𝐽
Zp=
𝑅
• The strength of a shaft means the maximum torque or maximum power

the shaft can transmit.
• Torsional rigidity or stiffness of the shaft is defined as the product of
modulus of rigidity (C) and polar moment of inertia of the shaft (J). Hence
mathematically, the torsional rigidity is given as,
torsional rigidity = C x J

Determine the diameter of a solid shaft which will transmit 300 kW at 250 r.p.m. The
maximum shear stress should not exceed 30 N/mm2 and twist should not be more than 1°
in a shaft length of 2 m. Take modulus of rigidity = 1 x 105 N/mm2.

A hollow shaft, having an internal diameter 40% of its external diameter, transmits 562.5
kW power at 100 r.p.m. Determine the external diameter of the shaft if the shear stress is
not to exceed 60 N/mm2 and the twist in a length of 2.5 m should not exceed 1.3 degrees.
Assume maximum torque = 1.25 mean torque and modulus of rigidity =9 x 104 N/mm2.

Combined Bending and Torsion
Solid Shaft
16
Major Principal Stress: 3 (𝑀 + 𝑀2 + 𝑇2)
𝜋𝐷
16
Minor Principal Stress: 3 (𝑀 − 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2)
𝜋𝐷
16
Max. Shear stress : 3 ( 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 )
𝜋𝐷
Hollow Shaft
16𝐷𝑜
Major Principal Stress: 4 4 (𝑀 + 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 )
𝜋(𝐷𝑜 −𝐷𝑖 )
16𝐷𝑜
Minor Principal Stress: 4 4 (𝑀 − 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 )
16𝐷𝑜
Max. Shear stress : 4 4 ( 𝑀2 + 𝑇 2 )

A solid shaft of diameter 80 mm is subjected to a twisting moment of 8 MN.mm and a
bending moment of 5 MN.mm at a point. Determine :(i) Principal stresses and(ii) Position
of the plane on which they act.

The maximum allowable shear stress in a hollow shaft of external diameter equal to twice
the internal diameter, is 80 N/mm2. Determine the diameter of the shaft if it is subjected
to a torque of 4 x 106 Nmm and a bending moment of 3 x 106 Nmm.

Strain Energy due to Torsion (Solid shaft)
(𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)2
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = . 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2𝐶
𝑟 2
𝜏
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑅 . (2𝜋𝑟. 𝑑𝑟. 𝑙)
2𝐶
𝜏2 .𝑙
T𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 2𝐶𝑅2 . 𝐽
𝜏2
T𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 4𝐶
.𝑉

Strain Energy due to Torsion (Hollow shaft)
𝜏2 .𝑙
T𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = .𝐽
2𝐶𝑅2
𝜏2 .
T𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 4𝐶𝐷2
. 𝐷2 + 𝑑2 . 𝑉

Determine the maximum strain energy stored in a solid shaft of diameter 10 cm and of
length 1.25 m, if the maximum allowable shear stress is 50 N/mm2.Take C = 8 x 104
N/mm2.

Calculate the diameters of a hollow shaft of the same length and same cross-sectional
area as a solid shaft of 15 cm diameter if the strain energy in the hollow shaft is 25%
greater than that of solid shaft transmitting the same torque at the same maximum shear
stress.

Strain energy due to bending
(𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)2
𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = . 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
2𝐸
𝑀 2 𝑀 2
𝐼
∗𝑦 𝐼
∗𝑟
Bending 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑡 𝑟 = . 2𝜋𝑟. 𝑑𝑟. 𝑙 = . (2𝜋𝑟. 𝑑𝑟. 𝑙)
2𝐸 2𝐸
𝑀2 .𝑙
T𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 2𝐸.𝐼

Helical spring

A close-coiled helical spring has a stiffness of 10 N/mm. Its length when fully compressed,
with adjacent coils touching each other is 40 cm. The modulus of rigidity of the material of
the spring is 0.8 x 105 N/mm2.
(i) Determine the wire diameter and mean coil diameter if their ratio is 1/10
(ii) If the gap between any two adjacent coil is 0.2 cm, what maximum load can be applied
before the spring becomes solid, i.e., adjacent coils touch ?
(iii) What is the corresponding maximum shear stress in the spring ?

Two close-coiled concentric helical springs of the same length, are wound out of the
same wire, circular in cross-section and supports a compressive load P. The inner spring
consists of 20 turns of mean diameter 16 cm and the outer spring has 18 turns of mean
diameter 20 cm. Calculate the maximum stress produced in each spring if the diameter of
wire = 1 cm and P = 1000 N.

Unit 5

By
A rectangular bar of cross-sectional area of 11000 mm² is subjected to a tensile load P as
shown in Fig. The permissible normal and shear stresses on the oblique plane BC are
given as 7 N/mm² and 3.5 N/mm² respectively. Determine the safe value of P.

The tensile stresses at a point across two mutually perpendicular planes are 120 N/mm2
and 60 N/mm². Determine the normal, tangential and resultant stresses on a plane
inclined at 30° to the axis of the minor stress. Also determine the maximum shear stress
at that point of the material

A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm2 on one
plane and a tensile stress of 47 N/mm² on the plane at right angles to the former. Each
of the above stresses is accompanied by a shear stress of 63 N/mm² and that
associated with the former tensile stress tends to rotate the block anticlockwise. Find:
(i) the direction and magnitude of each of the principal stress and(ii) magnitude of the
greatest shear stress.

The normal stress in two mutually perpendicular directions are 600 N/mm² and 300
N/mm² both tensile. The complimentary shear stresses in these directions are of intensity
450 N/mm². Find the normal and tangential stresses on the two planes which are equally
inclined to the planes carrying the normal stresses mentioned above.

Graphical method : Mohr’s Circle
(i) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal tensile
stresses of unequal intensities.
(ii) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal stresses
which are unequal and unlike (i.e., one is tensile and other is
compressive).
(iii) A body subjected to two mutually perpendicular principal tensile
stresses accompanied by a simple shear stress.

The tensile stresses at a point across two mutually perpendicular planes are 120 N/mm2
and 60 N/mm². Determine the normal, tangential and resultant stresses on a plane
inclined at 30° to the axis of the minor stress.

The stresses at a point in a bar are 200 N/mm² (tensile) and 100 N/mm2
(compressive). Determine the resultant stress in magnitude and direction on a plane
inclined at 60° to the axis of the major stress. Also determine the maximum intensity
of shear stress in the material at the point
Determine normal, tangential and resultant
stress for the given oblique plane
A rectangular block of material is subjected to a tensile stress of 110 N/mm2 on one
plane and a tensile stress of 47 N/mm² on the plane at right angles to the former. Each
of the above stresses is accompanied by a shear stress of 63 N/mm² and that
associated with the former tensile stress tends to rotate the block anticlockwise. Find:
(i) the direction and magnitude of each of the principal stress and(ii) magnitude of the
greatest shear stress.

The normal stress in two mutually perpendicular directions are 600 N/mm² and 300
N/mm² both tensile. The complimentary shear stresses in these directions are of intensity
450 N/mm². Find the normal and tangential stresses on the two planes which are equally
inclined to the planes carrying the normal stresses mentioned above.

Thin walled pressure vessel
subjected to internal pressure
This leads two types of stress

a) Hoop stress (Circumfrencial stress)
b) Longitudinal stress

Expression of circumferential stress

Expression of longitudinal stress

A cylindrical pipe of diameter 1.5 m and thickness 1.5 cm is subjected to an internal fluid
pressure of 1.2 N/mm². Determine :(i) Longitudinal stress developed in the pipe, and(ii)
Circumferential stress developed in the pipe.

A thin cylinder of internal diameter 1.25 m contains a fluid at an internal pressure of 2
N/mm². Determine the maximum thickness of the cylinder if:
(i) The longitudinal stress is not to exceed 30 N/mm².
(ii) The circumferential stress is not to exceed 45 N/mm².

Joint efficiency

A boiler shell is to be made of 15 mm thick plate having a limiting tensile stress of 120
N/mm2. If the efficiencies of the longitudinal and circumferential joints are 70% and 30%
respectively determine:
(i) The maximum permissible diameter of the shell for an internal pressure of 2 N/mm²,
and
(ii) Permissible intensity of internal pressure when the shell diameter is 1.5 m.

Internal fluid pressure effects on dimension of
thin cylinder wall

A cylindrical shell 90 cm long 20 cm internal diameter having thick ness of metal as 8 mm
is filled with fluid at atmospheric pressure. If an additional 20 cm³ of fluid is pumped into
the cylinder, find
(i) the pressure exerted by the fluid on the cylinder and
(ii) the hoop stress induced.
Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm² and μ= 0.3.

A cylindrical shell 3 metres long which is closed as the ends has an internal diameter of 1
m and a wall thickness of 15 mm. Calculate the circumferential and longitudinal stresses
induced and also changes in the dimensions of the shell, if it is subjected to an internal
pressure of 1.5 N/mm². Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm² and μ= 0.3.

Thick walled cylinder – Lame’s Theory

Determine the maximum and minimum hoop stress across the section of a pipe of 400
mm internal diameter and 100 mm thick, when the pipe contains a fluid at a pressure of
8 N/mm². Also sketch the radial pressure distribution and hoop stress distribution across
the section.


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w = Specific weight (N/m3)

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