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1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this experiment was to observe synchronous machines behavior, and perform
Open Circuit/No Load Test and Short Circuit Test on it. Generator is an equipment that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A synchronous generator is an AC machine
where the speed is synchronous, i.e., its speed is proportional to the requency of the armature
current. The rotor, with the magnetic field produced by the field current, they rotate at the
same speed or in synchronism with the magnetic field produced by the armature current. This
results in a constant torque. To know the parameters of a synchronous generator we need to
analyze two curves:

• Open circuit / No load characteristic: represents the relationship between the voltage
and the field current. Also known as magnetization curve

• Short circuit characteristic: represents the relationship between the armature current
and the field current

Principle of operation of motor: Electromagnetism as the principle explains how motor

functions. When electricity run in wires, a magnetic field is created, and an even stronger
magnetic field can be formed through the wire when it is coiled around a rod. Each side of
the rod is having either a south or north magnetic pole,and these poles will interact with one
another through the principle of magnetism and therefore the rotator will be moved by the
magnetic force.

1. Stator is stationary and consist of permanent magnets.

2. Rotor is the rotating part which consist of copper wires bound into a coil.

2. RESULTS
EXPERIMENT 1 :
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Figure 1: Connection diagram

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Figure 2 Wiring connection.

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 Blabla ?

Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Excitation 0.2Amp % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

current
Excitation Ie A 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
current
Voltage Eo1 V 17 31 43 57 73 85 97 113 126 140
Frequency F1 Hz 49.37 49.36 49.35 49.34 49.31 49.30 49.29 49.26 49.24 49.23

Excitation 0.2Amp % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

current
Excitation Ie A 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
current
Voltage Eo1 V 145 129 120 103 91 78 64 47 33 21
Frequency F1 Hz 49.2 49.23 49.26 49.28 49.3 49.32 49.34 49.35 49.35 49.36
Table 1 : No Load Test

No Load Test
160 160
145
140
140 129 140
126
120
120 113 120
103
97
100 91 100
85
78
Eo1 (V)

80 73 80
64
57
60 60
47
43
40 33
31 40
21
17
20 20

0 0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Ie (A)

V (10% to 100%) V (100% to 10%)

Graph 1 : Power Factor, Power, Voltage vs Current

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EXPERIMENT 2 :
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Figure 3 : Connection diagram

Figure 4 : Wiring Connection

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 Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Excitation 0.2Amp % 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

current
Excitation Ie – A4 A 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
current
Current 1 A1 A 0.08 0.12 0.19 0.26 0.30 0.38 0.43 0.48 0.58 0.62
Current 2 A2 A 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.26 0.33 0.36 0.44 0.50 0.58 0.62
Current 3 A3 A 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.33 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.57 0.60
Short current Isc A
curr. 0.073 0.127 0.193 0.26 0.32 0.377 0.433 0.487 0.577 0.613
(Calculation)
Parameter Symbol Unit Value
Excitation 0.2Amp % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
current
Excitation Ie – A4 A 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02
current
Current 1 A1 A 0.62 0.58 0.48 0.43 0.38 0.30 0.26 0.19 0.12 0.08
Current 2 A2 A 0.62 0.58 0.50 0.44 0.36 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.13 0.07
Current 3 A3 A 0.60 0.57 0.48 0.43 0.39 0.33 0.26 0.19 0.13 0.07
Short current Isc A
curr. 0.613 0.577 0.487 0.433 0.377 0.32 0.26 0.193 0.127 0.073
(Calculation)
Table 2 : Short Circuit Test

Short Circuit Test

0.7 0.7
0.613
0.577
0.6 0.6
0.487
0.5 0.433 0.5
0.377
0.4 0.4
Isc (A)

0.32
0.3 0.26 0.3
0.193
0.2 0.2
0.127
0.073
0.1 0.1

0 0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Ie (A)

Isc (10% to 100%) A Isc (100% to 10%) A

Graph 2: Isc vs Ie

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EXPERIMENT 3 :
?

Figure 5 : Connection diagram

Figure 6 : Wiring Connection

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Blaba ?

Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Load R Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line Voltage V V 543 518 496 473 451 427
Excitation Ie A 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27
current
Line current I A 0.09 0.18 0.26 0.34 0.40 0.46

Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Load C Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line Voltage V V 540 560 563 640 647 659
Excitation Ie A 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
current
Line current I A 0.00 0.1 0.12 0.45 0.50 0.60

Parameter Symbol Unit Value

Load L Step 1 2 3 4 5 6
Line Voltage V V 499 468 434 401 375 350
Excitation Ie A 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
current
Line current I A 0.10 0.17 0.34 0.31 0.35 0.35
Table 3 : Determination of external characteristics

Determination of the external characteristics

700 647 659
640

600 560 563

543
540
518
499 496
500 468 473
451
434 427
401
Line Volage (V)

400 375
350
V(R)
300 V(L)
V(C)
200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Load (R/L/C)

Graph 3: Live Voltage vs Load

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 3. DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS:

EXPERIMENT 1
It is necessary to create magnetic flux between air gap of rotor and stator of synchronous
motor, for proper working of synchronous motor,. Hence magnetizing current is required to set
up magnetic flux in the air gap of motor. In case of synchronous motor, magnetic flux is
provided by dc excitation. Direct current is fed to the field winding of rotor to produce the
required magnetic flux.

The field current is the current flowing through the windings in the non-moving part of
the motor. That current creates an electric field, which interacts with the electric field or the
magnetic reluctance of the rotor. When there is field (exciting) current, magnetic field is
generated, and moving rotor of generator is perpendicular to the field, the flux generated by
rotor is cut by stator windings and hence electromotive forces will be produced in generator
rotor. This explains why the output voltage increases when the field (excitation) current
gradually increases from 0.2A to 0.02A. The graph shows the plot between excitation current
and output voltage. the relationship between the field current and no load voltage would have
been a straight line and that is why the straight line in the graph is called Air Gap Line. When
the excitation current gradually decreases from 0.2A to 0.02A, less electric field produced from
the current, less flux generated by the rotor and thus less electromotive forces produces from
the rotor.

From the experiment also, the frequency slightly drops when the exciting current
increases. In this experiment ideally the frequency should be the same on every test, so the
value of output voltage will be accurate. A drop in frequency would be associated with an
increased load, slowing the prime mover. Since this is a no load test or open circuit test,
excitation current does not influence the synchronous frequency of a generator. Slight changes
in frequency is a natural consequence of the power factor changes.

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EXPERIMENT 2
A synchronous machine has a magnetic field produced by direct current and stator
carrying an alternator current. During normal operation, current is consumed and converted to
mechanical energy. The armature terminal is short circuited with ammeters assuming the
internal resistance of it is approximately zero. When the machine is driven at a rated
synchronous speed, the short current would increase linearly with the excitation current. This
is shown in the short circuit test graph. Since the armature terminal is short circuited, the
terminal voltage is drastically reduced to 0 V, hence the flux density of the machine would be
very low. Comparing to open circuit test, the graph curves at the end due to saturation which
demands a high magnetization current. Short circuit on the other hand, would have a low to
nothing chance occurrence of saturation due to working at low flux density. Furthermore, the
magnetomotive force of the armature in the short circuit test is demagnetizing which results to
low flux density. The graph also shows the plot to be decreasing to prove that excitation current
and the short current are linear to one another.

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EXPERIMENT 3
A synchronous machine performance relies on the power factor of each load. If the
machine is operating alone without any external load, the performance will be different. As the
load increase, the active power and reactive will be increase as well as the load current. For
this experiment, the field windings resistance is not varied. Thus, the flux generated by the field
current is constant. This explained why the excitation current is always at the same value with
average 0.28A. Since the value of excitation current is constant, the internal generated voltage,
Ea was also a constant.

A resistive load causing the line voltage to keep decreasing as the load increase. From
the results, when the load is 1, the line voltage is 543V while the line current is 0.09A. The
values are gradually increase from the first load till the last load. Then, when the load is 6, the
line voltage is 427V and the line current is 0.46A. It can be seen that when load increase, the
voltage is decreasing. According to Ohm’s law, when the voltage increases, the current will
also increase. However, for this experiment, the current is keep decreasing. This is due to a
larger line current that causing a larger voltage drop created across the resistors. This action
resulted the output voltage to be decrease. Thus, explaining why the line current keep
increasing although the line voltage keeps decreasing. Resistive load has unity power factor
which is 1.

For a capacitive load, as the load increase, the line voltage as well as the line current
will keep increasing. From the result, when the load is 1F, the values of line voltage and line
current are 540V and 0.00A respectively. Then, when the maximum load is 6F, the line voltage
is 659V while the line current is 0.60A. In the early stage, the capacitor was uncharged causing
the current is 0A. After the capacitor completed charging, the total voltage will include the
voltage that has been charged in the capacitor causing the voltage to increase. Aside from
capacitor character to charge voltage, the armature reaction is also the reason why the voltage
increase. A pure capacitive load has a leading power factor. The armature reaction will help
the field flux to not distort causing the increment in voltage.

For an inductive load, as the load increase, the line voltage is decreasing but the line
current is increasing. This is because, the power factor of a synchronous machine that was
connected to an inductive load will be lagging. The armature reaction will weaken the field
flux when the power factor is lagging and trying not to distort it. Therefore, when the field flux
decrease, the generated EMF, will be decreasing as well. This can be seen that the voltage is
dropping from the results If there was increment in load, the armature current was increasing.

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This can be seen from the result, when the load increase from 1 to 6, the line voltage keeps
decreasing from 499V to 350V and the line current keep increasing from 0.10A to 0.35A.

To conclude this discussion, when the power factor is leading, it is a capacitive load
circuit. The voltage and the current will keep increasing as the load increase. If the power factor
is lagging, it is an inductive load circuit. The voltage will keep decrease but the current keep
increase as the load increase. Lastly, when the power factor is unity which is 1, it is a resistive
load circuit. The line voltage will decrease but the current is increasing as the load increase.
The excitation current remain constant as the field windings is not varied.

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 4. CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the objectives of the experiment were met. From the no load test, the
magnetization characteristics of a synchronous generator was able to plot. The graph that was
plotted was between the excitation current and output voltage. From the graph, as the excitation
current increase, the output voltage was increased as well. The value of frequency was also
recorded. The value of frequency dropped due to the power factor changes as ideally the
frequency should be constant. For the short circuit test, the short circuit characteristics of a
synchronous generator was able to plot. The graph showed the output current versus the
excitation current when the armature windings are short circuited. From the graph it can be
seen that the excitation current and the short circuit current are decreasing linearly. For the last
experiment, the determination of the external characteristics was met the objective which is the
external characteristics of synchronous generator with constant excitation current and constant
power factor was able to plot. From this experiment, when the load is resistive, as the load
increase, the line voltage keeps decreasing while the line current is increasing. For a capacitive
load, as the load increase, the line voltage as well as the line current will keep increasing. Lastly,
for an inductive load, as the load increase, the line voltage will decrease while the line current
keep increasing. Therefore, it can be conclude that all the objectives for this experiment met
the expectations and all of the result were shown in term of tables, graphs and discussions.

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