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    Exercises For Chapter 11

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    Quang Minh

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    826 14.1. Functions of Several Variables re VW G, r= VIG ‘Spheres with larger radi correspond to eaoer temperatures, Figure 11.8 Isothermal surfaces for T As you can see by the examples in this section, you will need to recall the graphs of quadtic surfaces (see Section 9.7). It will also help if you can recognize the surface by looking at its equation. What you will need to remember is summarized in Table 9.2, page 736. PROBLEM SET 11.1 Find the dematn and range foreach fein given in 1, What does this say? Discuss what is meant by e fone- —Pr@blens 5-14, tion of (wo variables. Your discussion should include ‘examples of a function of two variables not discussed 8. fry) = VERE inthis section, 1 6 fy) = 2 MWhat does this say? Deserbe how level eurves ver can be used o sketch the graph ofafuneton (9). flusu) = J Include some examples in your discussion (diferent = from hos ine ex, 8 poy)= fe 3. Letfs.y) = 32) ay? Atri areal number, fn 9. for.y) = Inty =2) 2/00) BfH10) f=!) fad efOd— BfD 10, fe.) = Virsing eer) hed 11. f1,)) = VOIP FO DF 4, Lefte.y,2) =a 4 ty = a. 040.0) b FLL) pony) a ehh) a Speen) 1B. fee) M4 fr) a ad © Bt. d Bile 11.1 Functions of Several Variables Sketch some level curves f(x,y) = C for © & Ofor each function given in Problems 15-20 1S. f(s.y 2x ~3y 16. fry) 17. f(n.y) = 18. gee 19. A(xy) =? + 20. ftx.y) = y In Problems 21-26, sketch and describe the level surface F 6,942) = C for the given value of C. 21 fle.y.2) for =1 22 flxyys2) = 42 +2? for C 23. flx,ys2) ety —s fore 24, flx.y.2) = 8 Fy =z lor =0 25. flx,y,2) = (+ DP + —2P + — 3) for =4 26. f(x,y.) = 2? = 2y? =z for = 1 In Problems 27-34, deseribe the iraces of the given ‘quadric surface in each coordinate plane, then sketch the surface. 27, 9x? Ay? 827 ‘Match each family of level curves given in Problems 35-40 with one of the surfaces labeled A-E. 38. foyyaxt—y? 36. f(x,y) c D. Sketch the graph of each fiction given in Problems 41-82, AL Foy) B. So) 5 L609) 41 fy) 9. FO) 42 sory 44. F659) 46. for.y) = 4B foe 3 50, fy) = VERT SL fly) S174)? +2 82, fey) = To? 53, IF E(x.) isthe voltage (potential) at each point (x,y) inthe plane, the level curves of E are called equipoten- tid curves. Suppose Fwy) Sketch the equipotential curves that correspond to Bale =2,andE 54, According tothe ideal gas law, PY = kT, where P is pressure, Vis volume, 7 is temperature, and k is eon stant, Suppose a tank contains 3,500 in. of a gas ata pressure of 24 Ibvin? when the temperatue is 270°K (ogeees Kelvin), 1, Determine the constant of proportionality k. be, Express the temperature as a function of P and V using the constant found in part a and sketch the isotherms for the temperature Functions 88. The fens equation in optics sates that 11.1. Functions of Several Variables where dis the distance of an olject from s thin, spher- ical lens, dis the distance of its image on the other side of the lens, and L is the focal lent of the lens (see Figure 11.9). Write Las a function od, and dy and describe some level curves of the function (these are curves of constant focal length), lige Figure 11.9 Image of an object through a lens 56, ‘The EZGRO sericultural company estimates that when 100 worker-hours of labor are employed on y acres of land, the number of bushels of wheat produced is SF(,y) = Axty”, where A, a, and b are nonnegative ‘constants. Suppose the company decides to double the production factors x and y. Determine how this deei- sion affects the production of wheat in each of these matb> | bath 0 (see Figure 11.108). If the boundary of the disk fs included «that is, it J@ a+ GBP S 1), the disk is said to be closed (sce Figure 11.10b). Open and closed disks are analogous to open and closed intervals on a coordinate line. A poim Po is said to be an interior point ofa set $ in R? if some open disk centered al Po is contained entirely within $ (as shown in Figure 11.11a), If § is the empty set, cr if every point of S is an interior point, then S is called an open set (Figure 11.11). A point Po is called a boundary point of § if every open disk centered at Pp contains boty points that belong to and points that do not. The collection of all boundary points of S is called the boundary of S, and S is said to be closed if it contains its boundary (Figure 11.116). The empty set and R? are both open and closed, Similarly, an open ball centered at C(a,b,c) is the set of all points (x,y,z) such that Gay FY =D + 0 0. A point Py isan interior point of a set S in R? if there exists an open ball centered at Py that is contained emtirely wi 5, and the nonempty set $ is an open set if all its points are interior points. A point Py is a boundary point of S if every open disk centered at My contains both points that belong to $ and points that do not, and S is closed if it contains all its boundary points As with R2, the set 2? is both open and closed Gey +4. a, Open disk 44+ b. Closed disk Figure 11.10 Disks in the ayrplane PROBLEM SET 11.2 11.2 Limits and Continuity ‘means that for each number ¢ > 0, there exists a number § > 0 such that Ieay.z) =H] <€ whenever (x,7,2) is a point in the domain of f such that 0< Vea TOF ea <8 The function f(¢,'.2) is continuous at the point Polo, Yo. 0) i 1. f (40.30.20) is defined; 2 Him yf ode) eit: 3, fim Fesy2) =F Gor 30.20) Most commonly considered functions of three variables are continuous wherever they sre defined, We elose with an example that illustrates how to determine the set of dis- ‘continuities of a function of three variables. Example 7 Continuity for a funetion of three variables For what points (x,y,2) is the following function continuous? Solution The function f(x.y.2) is continuous except where it is not defined; that i, for x+y? — 22 <0. Thus, f(.3,=) is continuous at any point not inside or on the paraboloid ¢ = Hx? +y") Pls ori nton of wo ele 9. tim, [es mc tim vy +s 10. tim Inge? #92 arear y+5) swat OE PD 4 (5x? = 2ay +y? +3) om (x? = 1)? - 4) volta, @= Dy 2) 11.2 mits and Continuity 837 e* tan"! 25. m et 26. lim (e+ ye 1B. tim ‘ Le 10.0) wotn® + txohMao) . 2p 1 tim, weston Fa 15, fim O42) eatMoa a Fy seta Sins + £089) 27. im, (sins — cosy) aisaconstant 1. 20, im coon Joey? 42 28 | In Problems 21-30, evaluate the indicated limit, if it ene00) exists. it does not exist, give reasons. fim, (ay? +239 tim | (Sx? — Dey +" Fe Hin FED A ih Be — 28049) 23 lim, tela sy 30, im aot 00 [ caste? + ky in Problems 31-34, show that exist BL fey) mf Gey) does not cia = fans “eae BB. F(0,9) for (x, ») # 0,0) for (x.y) = @.0) Is f continuous at (0,0)? Explain. 36. Let f be the function defined by for (x.y) # (0,0) fawy= | 0 For (a3 Is f continuous at (0, 0)? Explain. 37. Let f be the function defined by (0,0) x42? foe tt for ts.9) #©.0) a Find “lim, For. oh tay b. Prove that has no limit at (0,0) 38. Let f be the function defined by FO) = For (x.y) 0.0) a Find 14.2 Limits and Continuity 39, Given that the function 3x3 = 399 fora? #97 a otherwise reoe| ro is continuous atthe origin, what is A? 40, Given that the function for (x,y) # (0,0) for (x.y) = (0,0) is continuous at the origin, what is B? 41. Given that the function (° is continuous atthe origin, what is C? Hint: Use polar coordinates, 2. Let xty? +2)? for (ry) # 0,0) (0,0) Fees) for (ry (a? $97) Soy = A for (x,y) # (0,0). For what value of f(0,0) is (6.3) continuous at 0.0)? Hint: Use polar coordinates, 43, Let for (xy) # (0,0) Soy = 0 for (x,y) = (0,0) Given that fc.) has a limit at (0,0), is the function f continuous there? 44, Let for (x.y) # (0,0) fou) = | +y 0 for (x,y) = (0,0) Given that f(x.) has a limit at (0,0), is the Funetion f ‘continuous there? 45. Assuming that the limit exists, show that y lim, (ya) 000 Use polar coordinates to find the limit given in Prob- ems 46-49. “ ceo! Mom 25 48, lim csr} 11.3 Partial Derivatives 49. hho’ BYE AS Think Tank Problems tn Prablens 80°52, eter stow 50. Ti lim f(0,y) = O,then tim, fory) cst oa SI, IffC..y) is eontinuous for all x # O and y #0. and $(0,0) = 0,then tim, S89) = 0. 52. If F(x) and g() are continuous functions of x, andy, respectively, then Ne) =F) +80) js a continuous function of «andy eGo Use the €-8 definition of limit to verify the Hit stazemens given in Problems 53-56, 53. lim, x? +3y7) =O. to 100) S84. tim te colon + 55. tim ~—* <0 toto FS 56, tim | SSF a2 Gomtlab wPD 11.3 PARTIAL DERIVATIVES st. 58, 98. 0, 839 Prove that iff is continuous and f(a.) > 0, then there exists a 5-neighborhood about (a, such that F{e,y) > 0 for every point (x,y) in the neighborhood, rove the scalar multiple rule a tim lim Laser =ar fim, econ) soy) Prove the sum rule: lim Uf + alee.y =Lim where L= (im f¢r.y) and Mm io sect yy ‘A function of two variables f(x) may be continuous in each separate variable at.x = x9 and y = yo without being itself continuous at (40, 0). Let x43) be defined by ay Soe re #0 0 for (0,0) £09) Let g(x) = F(r,0) and f(y) = (0,3). Show that both £¢(5) and f(y) are continuous at 0 bur that f(x,y) fs not continuous at (0,0), IN THIS SECTION: Partial differentiation, partial derivative as a slope, partial derivative as arate, higher-order partial derivatives In many problems involving functions of several variables, the goal is to find the derivative of the funetion with respect tw one of its variables when all the others are held constant. In this section, we consider this coneept and we will see hhow i ean be used to find slopes and rates of change, Partial Differentiation Is often important 10 know how a function of two variables changes with respe 285 Jaw, the pressure ol ‘one of the variables. ‘or example, according to the is related 10 its temperature and volume by the formula P constant while the volume is allowed to vary, we might want lo know the effect on the rate of change of pressure. Similarly, lowed to vary, we might wi Ifthe temperature is kept ‘constant while the temperature i the rate of change of pressure ‘Tho process of differentiating a Funct its variables while keeping the other v and the resulting derivative Recall that the derive limit of « diterence quotient, namely, " Se + 4x) -f) FO) = Sin Partial deri tives with respect to x or y are defined similary. SE where & is constant, if the volume is kept to know the effect on 3” of several variables with respect to one of iable(s) fixed is called partial differentiation, ‘a partial derivative of the function, ‘of a function of a single variable f is defined 10 be the 846 PROBLEM SET 11.3 41, ME What does this say’? What is partial derivative? 2, MWhat does this say’? Deseribe two funda: ‘mental interpretations of the partial derivatives Fely) and fr 60,99) Determine fa fia. fy tn Problems 3-8. 3 fart tayt ty? 4 fy = Otay ty? 8 fOnyh= y 7. Fy) = Ine +39) 6. Flesy) = xe" 8 Siey Determine f. and f, in Problems 9-16. 9. a. f(x,y) = (Sins?) cos be f(y) = singe? easy’ 10. a f(x,y) = (Sin YE) Iny? b. foxy) = sin ZF Iny?) U1 fos) = Vay 12 fly) =7Ine +9) 1B. fx) Sate cosy 14. fOe9) = ay tan! y 18. f(x,y) = sin“ "Gay 16. f(x,y) = cos (ay) Determine fe, fysand fin Problems 17-22. IT, fO,9.2) say? tye) +92 18. flowy) Saye 19, Fory,2) = SEX 20. fory.2) = 2 2. f(ry,z) = Inge + y 2. fur singey + n Problems chifferentiaring implicitly Bok 1 oF 2d, Be? Ay? 4 2e 28, 3xy $99 26. x3 = 21. SE, 28. Ingsy #924 sims 3) =S(y > Oy +02 > 0) In Problems 29-32, compute the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f atthe given point Po in the direction par- altel 10 a the xz-plane b the yz-plane 29, Fors) = ay) ty; Poll 1-2) 11.8 Partial Derivatives 30. fx.) s Be Fox) 32. F099 ep 33, Determine f, and f, for Poll, ) ings + 995 Pots $, 0) x Inex +9}; Poles 0e) Fry (P+ 2+ Ide 34. Determine f, and f, for fowyy= fet +3nde A function f(x,y) i said to be harmonic on the open set Sif fu and fare continuoses and foc thy =0 throughout S. Show that each finction in Problems 35-38 is harmonic on the given set 38. f(x,y) = 3x2y — y55 3 is the entire plane. 36. f(x,9) = In(x? +'y2); 5 is the plane with the point (0,0) removed. 37. (ey) = e sins § isthe entire plane. 38. f(x,y) = sinx cosh y; 5 is the entite plane. 39. FarCry) = cosy? show fy =f 40, For f(x,y) = (sin? (sin y), show fs = See 4M. Find fee — fee, where Pleye) aa? by? = Dry 00s 42. ‘Two commodities Q and Q2 are said to be substitute commodities if an inevease in the demand for either results in a decrease in the demand of the other. Let Du(pr.p2) and D2(py.p2) be the demand functions Yor Qy and Qs, respectively, where py and py are the respective unit prices forthe commodities pe Pa ‘D2 a Exphin why 5" < Oand 22 <0 op " = positive or negative? Explain €. Give examples of substitute commodities 11.3 Partial Derivatives: 43, Two commodities Qy and Qs are said to be comple ientary commodities if deercase in the demand for cither results in a decrease inthe demand of the other Let 3, (pip) and Ds(p,p2) be the demand fonctions for Q, and Qs, respectively, where py and p2 are the ative? Explain, examples of complementary commodities Modeling Problem The flow (in em’ss) of blood from an artery into a small capillary can be modeled by Foy for constant c > O, where x isthe diameter of the capil- lary, isthe pressure inthe artery, and zis the pressure in the capillary. Compute the rate of change of the flow of blood with respect to the diameter of the capillary. D. the arterial pressure. €. the capillary pressure. ‘Modeling Problem Biologists have studied the oxy- ‘gen consumption of certain furry mammals. They have Found that if the mammal's body temperature is T| degrees Celsius, fur temperature is degrees Celsius, and the mammal does not sweat, then its relative oxy- ‘zen consumption can be modeled by 45, 50, 087 COm1,7) = o(T = 1m (kgfh) where mi is the mammal’s mass (in kg) and isa physical constant, Compute the rate at which the ‘oxygen consumption changes with respect to 1 the mass nt be. the body temperature 7 fe the fur temperature ¢ Modeling Problem A gas that gathers on a surface {n.a condensed layer is said to be adsorbed on the sur- face, und the surface is called an adsorbing surface. The amount of gas adsorbed per unit area on an adsorbing surface ean be modeled by 46. S@.T ih) = ape where p is the gas pressure, Tis the temperature of the gas, the heat of the adsorbed layer of gas, and a and b are physical constants. Compute the rate of change of with respect to ap ba eT Modeling Problem At. certain factory, he output ven by the production function @ = 12047712", where K denotes the capital investment (in units of 47, 1. The temperatu si. 847 '$1,000) and £ measures the wworker-hours) ‘a, Determine the marginal productivity of capital, 8Q/AK, and the marginal productivity of labor, agsat. Determine the signs of the second-order partial derivatives 39 /0L? and 0° Q/0K, and give an economic interpretation, ‘The ideal gas law says that PY = kT, where P is the pressure of a confined gas, V isthe volume, 7 isthe temperature, and & is a physical constant, Je of the labor Force (in av ap a, Calculate - Calculate Calculate = », Caleulate 5 ap av «Show ha =I 3 T in degrees, ‘given metal plate inthe xy-plane ing to the formula 1a point (x,y) ona determined accord Tony) = + 2yt hy ‘Compute the rate at which the temperature changes. with distance if we star at (2,1) and move a. parallel to the vector bs, parallel to the vector t In physics, the wave equation is and the heat equation is In each of the following cases, determine whether sat- isfes the wave equation, the heat equation, or neither. a. zs e"Gsin + 005) beg = sinctsin3x ©. 2 = sinSctcosSx “The Cauchy-Riemann equations ane au _ av 5 ae ae ay ay ae where w= u(x,y) and v= v(x, ). Which (iPany) of the following funetions satisty the Cauehy-Riemann equations? buat 848 52, When two resistors Ry and Re are eonnected in parallel, their combined resistance R whatis 228 aR; ORY 53, Show that the production function P(L, K) = L4K?, ‘where a, 6 constants, satisfies = (a+ pP 54, The kinetic energy ofa body of mass mand velocity » is k = dmv? Show that aK am oe 58. A study of ground penetration near a toxie waste dump models the amount of pollution P at a depth x (in feet) and time ¢ (in years) by the Function POxt) = Pot Pre™ sin(At — kx) where A, 4, Po, and Py are constants, Show that P(x) satisfies the diffusion equation ae or ify) 40.0) 0.0) Fou) ity Show tha (0,3) = =y and f66,0) =, forall and y. Then show that fy(0,0) = I anf, (0,0) = 1 Why does this not violate the equality of mixed partials theorem? 57. Show thatf.(0,0) O but J, ¢0,0) does not exist, where Seay [orn tone o IF G9) = 0.0) 58, Modeling Problem Suppose a substance is into a tube containing a liquid solvent and that the Ch, Prob 54, Vo. 6 (1980), p54 11.3 Partial Derivatives tube is placed so that its axis is parallel 10 the x-axis as shown in Figure 11.17. Figure 11.17 Problem 58 ‘Assume that the concentration of the substance varies oly in the x-direction, and let C(x,1) denote the cor centration at position.* and time f, Because the number ‘of molecules in this substance is very large, itis r sonable to assume that C is a continuous function ‘whose partial derivatives exist. One model for the flow yields the diffusion equation in one dimension, namely, ac oF where dis the diffusion constant, ‘a, What must be fora function of the form consent (and b ate constants) to satisy the diffusion equation? bb. Verify that cw. satisfies the diffusion equation. . The area ofa triangle is ab sin, where 7 isthe a Tength a and 5 ygle between sides of be WA aA aA a Determine 5. Sp van 5 b. Suppose a is given as.a function of 6, A, and y. What is 7 ay |. Journal Problem (Crux, problem by John A. Win- terink.)* Prove the validity ofthe following simple ‘method for finding the center of «conte: For the central ley) = ast + Day + by? +2 +2 $020 where ab — 1? 4 0, show that the comter isthe intersee- tion ofthe lines 96x = Oand a¢/iy = 0 11.4 Tangent Planes, Approximations, and Differentiability ‘Theorem 11.3 Sufficient condition for differentiability IFf is a function of x and y, and f. f.. and f are continuous in a disk D centered at (19,30), then f is differentiable at 4X, 40). Proof: ‘The proof is found in advanced calculus texts + Example 8 Establishing differentiability, Show that fc.) = x2y + ay" is differentiable for all (4,39. Solution Compute the partial derivatives Siltsy = Bory to) 229 +9 Because f, f,, and f, are all polynomials in x and y, they are continuous throughout the plane, Therefore, the sufficient condition for differentiability theorem assures us that f must be differentiable for all x and y Finally, let us cemark that although continuity of the first-order partial derivatives in some neighborhood of the point (%,¥%9) guarantees that fis differentiable at Cry, Ht js possible for a funetion to be differentiable at (tg, yo) when its partial derivatives are rot continuous there, Examples that illustrate this fact can be seen in advanced calculus. PROBLEM SET 11.4 857 Note that the fection in Example 7 does not contradict Theorem 11.3 because there is no disk centered at (0,0) 0n whieh is continous. 4 = 10st =? at P9(2,2,2) Whar does this say? Discuss the notion of differentia- biliy of a function of two variables Wha does this say’? Even though itis important 1 read and understand threv-dlimensional figures in the book, we have also given drawing lessons to help ‘you drav three-dimensional figures. On your paper, ‘drawa surface S and a plane tangent to the surface at point P. Interactive In Problems 3-8, determine the standard-form equations Jor the ungent plane to the given surface at the prescribed point Po. Be Bl) Pa. 4 Interactive Interactive 2 y2 4 sinay at Py = (0,2,4) siny at Po(, 3,1) POF) + Interactive tan! £ at Po(2,2, $) In| + 92] at Pa(—3, -2,0) Be Determine the total differential of the functions given in Problens 9-20. 9 F643) = Sx2y9 10. fy) = By ty 11. Fy) = sina 12. F€6,)) = coss¥y 1B Fes 22 4 fen == 1S. f(r) = ye" 16. fixyy =e 17. f6,9,8) = 3x9 — Dy 4 Sz 18. f(0,y,2) = sina + siny + cosz 19. f(x,y, 2) = 2? sin(2x — 3y) 2. fO.¥2) 3yz cos. Show tha the functions in Problems 21-26 are differentiable for all (x). 2. fy) y3 + Say? Be fey sere 25. f(x,y) = cos(2x = 3y?) 26. f(x, Find f,f,.and fi, for the functions in Problems 27-30. 27, fsy.2 =x + Day + Ray ~ 10) 2B. f(y.) = 2x +2) + ay 2. fly. 2) =x? #y? = AG +2y =O) 30. F099) = 02 =? = MS = 3y + 10) Use an incremental approximation 10 estimate the fune- tions at the vatues given in Problenss 31-36. Check by sing a caleutator 3A. f(UL01, 2.03), whore f (v5) = ax + 294 32. £0.98, 1.03), where f(c,)) = 2x8 —2y* 33. £6 + 0.01, = 0.01), where f(r.) = sing +y) Mf (VE 40.01, /F - 0.01), where f(x,y) = singsy) 35. f(1.01,0.98), where f(y 36. (1.01, 0.98), where f(x,y’ 11.4 Tangent Planes, Approximations, and Differentiability 37. Find an equation for each horizontal tangent plane 19 thesurface gaS—a ay bay Find an equation for each horizontal tangent plane to the surface Bade 174307 417 39. Show thau ifr and y are sulficiently close to zero and f is differentiable at 0,0), thea LOY) ® FOO) +x f(0,0) +9 F(0,0) 40. Use he approximation Formula in Problem 3919 show that Tee wicety for small. and y 41, Ix and y are sufficiently close to zero, whet is the approximate value ofthe expression \ GFP +orr Hint: Use Problem 38. 42, When two resistors with resistances P and Q ohms are connected in parallel, the comibined resistance is R, where IEP and Q are measured at 6 and 10 ohms, respectively, with errors no greater than 1%, what is the maximum percentage error in the computation of R? 43, A closed box is found to have Length 2 f, width 4, and height 3 fi, where the measurement of each dimen- sion is made with a maximum possible error of 0.02 fi, The top of the box is made from material that costs 2/12; and the material for the sides and bottom costs ‘only $1. 50/2, Use increments to approximate the max- imum error inthe computation ofthe cost ofthe box 44, A cylindrical tank is 4 Iv high and has an outer diameter of 2 The walls ofthe tank are 0.2 in, thick, Approx: imate the volume of the interior of the tank assuming the tank has atop and a bottom that are both also 0.2 thick. 45. a, ‘The Higrade Company sells two brands, X and ¥, of a commercial soap, in thousand-pound unit. If units of brand X end y units of brand ¥ are sol, the unit price for brand X is p6x) = 4,000 = 500x 11.4 Tangent Planes, Approximations, and Ditferentiabilty ‘and that of brand ¥ is gO) = 3,000 ~ 450 Find an expression forthe total revenue & in terms ofp andg. »- Suppose brand X sells for $500 per unit and brand ¥ sells for $750 per unit, Estimate the change in otal Fevenue if the unit prices are increased by $20 for brand X and $18 for brand 46, The output ata certain factory is Q = 150K 713 \where is the capital investment in units of $1,000, and Lis the size oF the labor force, measured in worker hows. The current capital investment is $500,000 and 1,900 worker-hours af Tabor are used. a. Bstimate the change in output that results when cap: ital investment is increased by $700 and labor is increased by 6 worker-hours, bb. What if capital investment is inereased by $500 and labor is decreased by 4 worker-hours? 47. According to Poiseuille’s law, the resistance to the flow of blood offered by a cylindrical blood vessel of radius rand length x is Rex) for constant ¢ > 0. A certain blood vessel in the body js 8 em long and has a radius of 2 mm. Estimate the per- centage change in X wien x is increased by 3% and r is decreased by 2%, 48. For | mole of an ideal gas, he volume V, pressure P, and absolute temperature are related by the equation PV’ = kT, where & is a certain fixed constant that depends on the gas. Suppase we know that if 7 = 400 (absolute) and P = 3,000 Ib/f, then V = 14 0 Approximate the change in pressure ifthe temperature ‘nd volume are increased to 403 and 14.1 f, respectively. Modeling Problem If gram-moles of sulfuric acid tre mixed with y_ gram-moles of water, the heat liber ated is modeled by 49, 1.78609 POW) = Tey Approximately how much additional heat is generated i'a mixture of 5 gram-moles of acid and 4 gram-moles of water is increased to a mixture of 5.1 gram-moles of acid and 4.04 gram-moles of water? 859 $0, Modeling Problem A business analyst models the sales of a new produet by the funetion 260.9) = 20045 where « thousand dollars are spent on devefopment and y thousand dollars on promotion. Current plans call for the expenditure of $36,000 on development and $25,000 on promotion. Use the total differential ‘of @ to estimate the change in sales that will rele ithe amount spent on development is increased by ‘$500 and the amount spent on promotion is decreased by $500, 51, Using x hours of skilled labor and y hours of unskilled labor, « manufacturer can produce f(x,y) = xy" ‘units, Currently, the manufacturer fas used 30 hr Of skilled labor and 36 hr of unskilled labor an planning to use 1 additional hour of skied Tabor. Use ealculos to estimate the corresponding change {hat the manufacturer should make inthe level of unskilled labor so that the total output will remain te same. 52, Modeling Problem A grocer's weekly profit from the sale of 1wo brands of juice is modeled By Poy) (x ~ 30)(70— Sx + 49) + (y = 40)(80 + 6 — 79) dollars, where x cents is the price per can ofthe frst brand and y cents isthe price per can of the second. Currently the first brand sells for 50¥ per can and the second for 52¢ per can. Use the (otal differential to esli- mate the change in the weekly profit that will result if the grocer raises the price of the first brand by 1¢ per can and lowers the price of the second brand by 2¢ percan. 53. Modeling Problem It is known that the period T of a simple pendulum with small oscillations is ramft Ve where Lis the Fength of the pendulum and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Fora certain pendulum, itis Known that d= 4.03 fi Wis also known that g = 32.2 Jis?, What is the approximate error in calculating T by using L = 4 and g = 32? 54, A juice can is [2 em tall and has aradius of 3 em. A. manufacturer is planning to reduce the height of the can by 0.2 em ans the radius by 0.3 em. Usea total differen lial to estimate the percentage decrease in volume that 860 ‘occurs when the new cans ar introduced. (Round to the rarest percent.) 455. Ifthe weight of an object that does not float in water is + pounds inthe air and its weigit in water is y pounds, then the specific gravity of the object is For certain object, x and y are measured tbe 1.2 1b «and 0.5 Ih, respectively. ILis known thatthe measuring instrument will not register less than the irue weighis, but it coukd register more than the tue weights by as much as 0.01 Tb, Use ineremental approximations to estimate the maximum possible error inthe comput tion ofthe specific gravity 56. A football has the shape ofthe ellipsoid ‘where the dimensions are in inches, a of leather 1/8 inci thick. Use differentials to esti= rate the volume of the leather shell. Hint: The ellipsoid has volume V = Srabe. 11.5 CHAIN RULES 14.5 Chain Rules '57. Show that the following function is not differentiable at 0): xy if Gy) # 0,0) ep Fe #0 0 if.) = 0,0) 58, Compote the toal differentials «( Why are these differentials equal? 59. Let Abe the area ofa triangle with sides @ and b sepa rated by an angle 9, as shown in Figure 11.22. o Figure 14.22 Problem 69 Suppose @ = f, and a is increased by 4% while b is decreased by 3%. Use differentials to estimate the per- comage change in A. 60. In Problem 59, suppose that 9 also changes by no more than 2%. What isthe maximum percentage change ina? Fy) IN THIS SECTION: Chain rule for one parameter, extensions of the chain rule Funetional composition is as important in several-variable calculus as in the single-variable case, and now because ‘more than one variable are available, itis possible to form & junction of a function” in a variety of ways. We will examine several derivatives and partial derivatives in each case, Chain Rule for One Parameter We begin with a differentiable function of two variables f (x.y). Itt are, in turn, functions of a single parameter f, then z (i) and y = y(t) Feet), ¥(O) is @ composite funetion of a parameter ¢. In this case, the chain rule for finding the derivative with respect (0 one parameter can now be slated, Theorem Ld ‘The ch rule for on idependent parameter Let f(x,y) be a differentiable function of x and y, and let x (0) and y = y(t) be ifferentiable functions of r. Then z =/(x,y) is a differentiable function of f, and ae _ ded a7 edi 866 In general, if w =J(4.4% Stee ny which in turn then au int aw 14.5 Chain Rules va) is a differentiable function of the n variables ie dilferentinble functions of parameters ya, stn. a Aw By aw ax: Bx Oey te on Example 8 Chain rule for a function of three variables with three parameters a rts Find 2 and ring 2 ad Sotation du _ wea away , due Is ~ Ox os * ay as” az as acest ncnll cers) af 2earase ees] [2g tt® -[daotso[2e5]-[Loere [Eo] ac este 5] +[zaw ty te | ms | 2 1 =4[e" ens] +(e = Brse" 23 #37) a Im terms of r,s, and 1, the pa au PROBLEM SET 11.5 artal derivative is What does this say’? Discuss the various chain rules, id the need for such chain rules, 2, ME What dos this say’? Discuss the usefulness of the schematic ((ree) representation for the chain What does this say’? Write outa chain rule fora func: tion of two variables and three independent parameters Jn Problems 4-7, the function 2 =f(e,y) depends on x ‘andy, which in turn are each functions of t In each case, fund dz fd in two different ways: a. Express = explicitly n terms of b. Use the chain rule for one parameter. 14.8 Chain Rules 4 fy) 5. fs.y) = 4+ yDe, where x =e" andy = e* 6. fo.y) = (L422 +97)? where x = cos 5 and y = sin Se 7. Fls.y) = 97, where x = cost and y = tan 3¢ 1m Problems 811, the function F(x, y) depends on x and y. Let x = x(0,v) and y = y(u,0) be given func tions of w and v. Let 2 = Flx(usv). y(t) and find the partial derivatives iz/u and 2180 in these to ways: a. Express < explicitly in terms ofu and v b. Apply she chain rule fortwo independent parameters 8 Fey. 9. Posy 10. Fex.y 11, F(x,y) = Insy, where.x =e" and y =e + vand y usin v and, Write ont the chain rule for the functions given in Problems 1 12 2 =/f(s,y), wheres 13, w= f(x,y, 2), where x F(a, v), where u = ule (342), where x stu) Find the indicated derivatives or partial derivatives in Problems \6-21, Leave your answers in mixed form re, 16, Find 2, where w = InGx + 2y — 22) and.x =21= 1, ad yeloeds dw 17. Find “whore w = sinayz and.x = 1 ~ 31, ai = cost, dw 18, Find were w 6 dt tan 2r 19, Find 2, where w = ead s = a In2r - 3), aw 20, Find 5, where w a. Jn Problems 22-27, assume the given equations define y as a differentiable function of x and find dy Jax wsing the procedure illustrated in Example 4 867 2 y+ V4 24, sy Ine + y 2. GF yee 25. xeosy +y tan (™ 26, xe Hye =3 aD Find the following higher-order partial derivatives in Problems 28-33, “t 27, tan Be S+yhte MW. In(x +9) 32, easy 44, Let f(x,y) bea differentiable function of x and y, and lets = eos, = rsin@ for» Oand0 <6 < 2m, az =flsv0), 966,89) find = and eRORORG) bw, with a,b constants. Express 322 /8u? and 072 /@o? in terms of the partial derivatives of 2 with respect to.x and y. Assume the existence and continuity of all necessary first and second partial derivatives. 36, The carth may be viewed as an ellipsoid with equation yee cf sine = ta Let (x,y,z) lie on ths ellipsoid. Without solving for z cexplicily in terms of x and y, compute the higher-order partial derivatives a ¥ a aay 37, The dimensions of a rectangular box are linear fune~ tions of time, £(F), w("), and (2), Ifthe length and width are increasing at 3 in /see and the height is 868 decreasing at 3 in/sec, find the rates at which the vol- ume V and the surface area $ are changing with respect to time. 1 €(0) = 10, w(O) = 8, and fr(O) = 20, is increasing or decreasing when 1 = 5 sec? What about S when = 5? 38, Van der Waal’s equation in physical chemistry states| that a gas occupying volume V at temperature T (Kelvin) exerts pressure P, winere a (p+ Boe =hT for physical constants A, B, and &. Compute the follow= ing ras: fa, the rate of change of volume with respect to temperature b. the rate of change of pressure with respect to volume ‘The concentration of a drug in the blood of a patient « hours after the drug is injected into the body intcamus- ccularly is modeled by the Heina function board ‘whore « and b are parameters that depend on the patient’s metabolism and the particular kind of drug, being used, 2 ag C ac a Compute the rates $=, and b, Explore the assumption that a = (In b)/t, b con stant for # > (In b)/b. In particular, what is dC fa’? ‘A paint store carries two brands of latex paint, An anal ysis of sales figures indicates that the demand @ for the first brand is modeled by 40, 41 QUx,y) = 210 — 12x? + 1y gallons/month, where.x, y are the prices of the first and second brands, respectively. A separate stuly indi- cates that ¢ montis from now, the frst brand will cost x = 440.181 dollats/gal and the second brand will cost y = $+ 0.377 dollarsigal. At what rate will dhe demand @ be changing with respect to time 9 months. from now? To model the demand for the sale of bieyeles, itis assumed that if24-speed bicycles are sold for dollars apiece and the price of gasoline is y cents per gallon, thea Qix.y) = 240 ~ 21VF + A0.2y + 127 bicycles willbe sold each month, For this model itis further assumed that s months from nov, bicycles will be seling for x = 120 + 6¢ dollars apiece, and the price of gasoline will be y = 380-+ 10,4" cemtsgal. At what rate will tae monthly demand forthe bicycles be changing with respect io time 4 months from now? 14.5 Chain Rules 42, Ata certain factory, thee amount of aiz pollution gener- aed each day is modeled by the function QUE, 7) = ETA where & isthe number of employees and 7. average temperature during the workday. Curren thete are 142 employees and the average temperature is 18°C. IC the average daily temperature is falling at the rate of 0.23 day and the number of employees is increasing atthe rte of 3/month, what isthe corre sponding effect on the rate of pollution? Express your answer in unitsiday, For this model, assume there are 22 workdays/month, 43, The combined resistance R produced by three vari= able resistances &}, Ra, and Ra connected in parallel is modeled by the formula the boiid ROR L RB Suppose at acertain instant, Ry = 100 ohms, Re = 200 ohms, Ry = 300 ohms. Ry and Ry are decreasing atthe rate of [.5 obms/s while Ry is increase ing atthe rate of 2 ohms. How last is R changing, ‘with respect co time at this instant? Is it inereasing or decreasing?” sn Problems 44-48, assume that all functions have what- ever devivaives or partial derivanives are necessary for the probiem to be meaning 44, fz = f(uv*), show that ac 2 43, Ifz = Su = v,v —W), show that 46, Ie =a +f (we), show that a we pe Bu” Bp res ) stow 4B. Iz Say 440? +7), show that ae ae 11.5 Chain Rules 49, Let w = f(t) be a differentiable funetion of, where (tty? +22)", Show that (=)-G)+) 80, Suppose f is a wice differentiable function of one variable, and let z = f (4? + y?). Find & ae * ae tray, ¢ ‘one variable @ and can be written z =f (cos, sind). Hint: Let.x = cos@ and y = sind. Leave your answer intorms of x and y. 582. Let and g be twice differentiable functions of one variable, and let Ge.) afr +e) +g — et) for aconstantc. Show that @u Pe a a Hine: Lotr =x -er;s =~ et. 53. Suppose ¢ = f (4,9) lias continuous second-order par- lial derivatives. Ir = e* e089 and y = e* sin, show that 54, ICF(w, v, w) is differentiable and u vey —s,and w =z ~ x, whatis x Ly a iz 85, The Cauchy-Riemenn equations are ax (See Problem 51, Section 11.3). Show that if and ¥y are expressed in terms of polar coordinates, the Cauchy-Riemann equations become av __ law vhere z isa Lwice differentiable Function of 869 56, Let T(x, y) be the temperature at each point (x, 9) in a portion of the plane that contains the ellipse x = 2cos¢, tforO <1 < 2m. Suppose ar ' Say and a er a. Find SE ana > by using the cai rule b, Locate the maximum and minimum temperatures on the ellipse. 57. Let F(x,y.z) bea function of three variables with con- tinuous partial derivatives Fy. FF in acerain region where F(x, yz) = C for some constant C. Use the chain rule for two parameters and the feet thax aud y are independent variables to show that (for F: #0) a ae implicitly by the equation x? 4 2xy2 + y3 + €4 58. Suppose the sysiem Use these formulas to find zisdefined xu + yy = pu = rub ‘can be solved fori and v in terms of x andy, so that w= u(e,y) and v= vee) Use implicit diferent inn ind dhe partial derivatives 5 and =. 59, A function f(x,y) is said tobe homogeneous of degree mit f(s.) = #F 4,9) Forall¢ > 0. a, Show that f(x,y) = x2y + 2y? is homogeneous and find its degree b. If/(e,y) is homogencous of degree, show tha vy ax Poy 660. Suppose that F and G are funetions of three vari- ables and that itis possible to sotve the equations F(x, 9,2) = Oand G(x,,z) = 0 fory and g in terms of x, $0 that y = y(x) and z = <(x). Use the chain rule to express dy /dv and dz /d in terms of the par- tial derivatives of F and G. Assume these partials are ‘continuous and that ah a0, MF 96 11.6 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient 881 80 at Po(3,4,5), F.G,4,5) = 65 4,5) = 37:45) = 10 ‘Thus the tangent plane has the equation 6(x = 3) + 8G —4) — WE —5)=0. or 3x 4+-4y — 5z =0, and the notmal Tine is given parametrically by the equations = 10° 3461, 448, PROBLEM SET 11.6 El 23, cet = 3al 2,-1.3) Sat (11.3) Find the direction fiom Py in which the given function f Find the gradient of the fnctons given in Probe ee nn inn eee the Raga of tie 1. flesy) =? = day 2. f(a.y) = 3x + 4y? ‘greatest rate of increase in Problems 25-32. +4 4. fon) =In@2 +y2) 8 Fy) x 26. F(x, xe! 6. fous sert 2.709) sine+2y) 8. fs,y.2) =92? 2B. fley) sar bby +e; Po(a,d) we fe 2. $65.9) = FEF Pod) 30. f(4,9) = sinays Po (EF) Compute the directional derivative ofthe functions given Mo F5,Y2) = (HP +O $a? ++ in Problems 11-16 at the point Po in the direction of the PoQ—12) frenvecor 2. fony.2) =atn(2)sPotte!—D Fanetion Point Vector 1M. fey wat In Problems 33-36, fn! a unit vector that és normal tothe a siven graph at the point Po(xo,3o) on the graph. Assume Q-) -iFi that a,b, and ¢ are constants. 33. the linc ax + By 1 fy) 13, £0, 0) } 14 feey) (oy ME: tnecclex? + 18. Fy) y) 2Q 1-35 3S. theellipse 475 = 1 16. Fly) = sinay (ViJB) Brin ad aP 26 thehypa ‘37. Find the directional derivative of Find ¢ unt vector tha is nora to each surface given in Problems 11-24 ot the prseribed point, and the standard fornt of the equation ofthe tangent plane at that point. Ite ID PsP etm 3 atl, =U, 0) ~ 18. x4 py p24 = 3an(, 1,1) 19. coss = singx +y) at ($$, ¥) 20, sings +y) + tan(y +2) = Lat (FF, ot o(E) 00.89) nm(F)- ayy? atthe point Po(|, 1) in the direction of the unit vector u shown in Figure 11,33, —eat(,0.1) jure 11.93. Problem 37 882 38, 3. 40. Find the directional derivative of faye tay ty? at Pa(1,—1) in the direction toward the origin, Find the directional derivative of fe at Pp(1,—1) in the direction toward Q (2,3). Let ~4y +201 FY. and let Po be the point (2, a. Find Vfp. ', Find cos, whered is the angle between W/o and the vyeotor toward the origin from Po. a a2, 44, Let (s,3'.2) = 29%, and lot u be a unit vector perpen- dicular to both v =i 2) + 3k and w= 2145 ~ k, Find the directional derivative of ft Po(1,—1.2) in the direction of Let f(x,y.) = yet? + ze" At the point P@,2,~2) find the unit vector pointing in the ditee- tion of most rapid inerease of f. \. Modeling Problem Suppose. box in space given by <4 <2,.0. Use the least squares linear approximation to esti- ‘mate the population at the present time. Check your answer by looking up the population using the inter net. Comment on the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of your prediction 49. EXPLORATION PROBLEM. The following table gives the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) Stock, Index opening prices every five years along with the per capita consumption of wine (in gallons) for those years. Year 1965 19701975 1980 _1985 DIA B80 G19 —_-BID 1,213 Consumption O98 131 1.71 211 243 Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 DJIA 2,753 3,834 11,502 10,784 10,431 179 2.05 214 2.24 a, Plot these data on a graph, with the DJIA Index on the x-axis and consumption on the y-axis b, Find the equation ofthe least squares lin, ce. Determine whether the consumption figures pre. dicted by the least squares line in part b are approx: mately correct by using the most recent figures Consumption 2.05 895 nonlinear data In this problem, we turn to data that do not tend to change linearly. Often we ean ize" the data by taking the logarithm or exponen- tial of the data and then doing a linear fit as described in this section, ‘a. Suppose we have, or suspect, a relationship y = kx", Show that by taking the natural logarithm Of this equation we obtain a lincar relationship: Y = K +X. Explain the now variables and con- stant K. b. Below are data relating the periods of revolution r (in days) ofthe six inner planets and their semimajor axis (in 10° km). Kepler conjectured the relation- ship 1 = ka®™, whieh is very accurate forthe correct and a, You are to “iransform” the data as in part a (hus obtaining 7) = In41,--); and do a linear ft 10 the new dat, thus finding k and m. Fata 87.97 224.7 365,26 686,98 4,332.59 10,759.2 @dain 58 108 149 238 77R ‘1,826 Following sre data pertaining to a recent Olympic weight-lihting competition, The x-data are the “class ata” giving eight weight classes (in kg) from feather- weight to heavyweight-2, The w-data are the combined weights lified by the winners in each class. Theoret cally, we would expeet a relationship w = kx", where m= 3. (Can you see why’) su a, Linearize the data as in Problem $0 and use the least squares approximation to find J and rdata 5660 68 75 8390 100 110 iB AS ADS 455 bb, Comment on the 60-kg entry. Do you see why this participant (N. Suleymanoglu of Turkey) was referred to as the strongest man in the world? £52, This problem is designed to show, by example, that iD = Oatacritcal point, then almost anything ean happen. ‘8. Show that f(x.) =x — y" has.a saddle point at 0,0) 1b. Show that ¢¢,3°) = x2)? has arelative (0,0) ‘e. Show that f(x,y) = 39 + 92 has no extremum or ‘saddle point at (0,0), 53. Think Tank Problem Ii isa continuous function ‘of one variable with twa relative maxima on a given interval, there must be a relative minimum between the ‘maxima, By considering the funetion* aet net sony) “bined on Te problem, “Teo Monin Wihoat x Vale.” by ra Rosey, Maen Mts 1987, V0, No, Bp AS 896 show that it is possible for a continuous function of ‘ovo variables to have only two relative maxima and no relative minima, 54, Think Tank Problem Ia continuous function of one then a relative extremum must also be an absolute ‘extremum. Show that this result does not extend 10 functions of ewo variables by considering the funetion® In particular, show that it has exaetly one critical point, which corresponds to a relative maximum. [s this also ‘an absolute maximum? Explain, $8. Tom, Dick, and Mary are participating in a cross ‘country relay race. Torn will rudge as fast as he ean through thick woods to the edge of a river, then Dick will take over and row (0 the opposite shore. Finally, Mary will take the baton and run along the river road to the finish line, The course is shown in Figure 11.41. 25m Figure 14.41 Course for the relay ‘Teams mus start at point $ and finish at point F, but they may position one member anywhere along the shore ofthe river and another anywhere along the river road. Suppose Tom can trudge at 2 mifh, Dick ean row 4 mh, and Mary can run at 6 mizh, Where should ‘vel on pp. 139-150, 44.7 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables Dick and Mary wait co receive the baton in order forthe ‘eam to finish the course as quickly as possible? NPLORATION PROBLEM. Consider the funetion 56. FON =O Vy = 207) Discuss the behavior ofthis Function at (0,0). $7, EXPLORATION PROBLEM Sometimes the crit cal points of a function can be classified by looking at the level curves. In each case shown in Figure 11.42, determine the nature ofthe eritical point(s) of F (7) a (0,0). — Figure 11.42, Problem 57 58, Prove the second partials test. Hint: Compute the sve- cond direetional derivative off in the direction ofthe unit vector u = iit + kj and complete the square 89. Verify the formulas for m and b associated with the least squares approximation. (60, ‘This problem involves a generalization of the least squares procedure. in which a “least squares plane” i found to produce the best fit fora given set of data, A researcher knows that the quantity is related to and 1y by a formula ofthe form z = ki. + kay, where ‘and ke are physical constants, To determine these con- stants, she conducts a series of experiments the resuls, of which are tabulated as follows: x 120 086 1031.65 y 043192152 1031.22 = 421 S73 222 092 11 ‘Modify the method of least squares to find a “best approximation’ for ky and ky, 0.06 -097 sae, “The Only Cee! P io Tow Tea” by tea Rovesol and Lowel Sythe, Mathematics Magasin, 1985, Vl $8. No.3. 11.8 Lagrange Multipliers Because the point in question must fie on the constraint curve, we also have g(x,y) = € If these equations are satisfied at a certain point (a,b), then f will reach its constrained -meaximar at (a,b) if the highest level curve that intersects the constraint curve does s0 at this point. On the other hand, if the éowest level curve that intersects the constraint curve does so at (a,b), then f acl PROBLEM SET 11.8 188 its constrained mininaunn at tl point. For the problems in this set, you may assume shat the requested extreme value(s) exist. Use the method of Lagrange multipliers 10 find the required constrained extrema in Problems \-18. 1. Maximize f(x,y) = sy subject to 2s + 2y = 5. 2, Maximize f(r.) = xy subject tox + y = 20. 3. Minimize f(x,y) =x? +9? subjeet ior + y = 24. A, Minimize f(x,y) =x? + y? subject to. + = 2 5. Minimize ft.) subject tox + 6, Maximize f(s.9) YP? subject 10 x42y =6 1, Minimize 65.9) ? subject to. 8. Maximize f(s.» Minitize 99 xty=6 10. Minimize f(x,y) Qty = 22 11, Minimize f(y) 12, Maximize,'(2,9) = vtyel 13. Maximize (x.y) = cosx + cosy subject to wt, 14, Maximize (0,9) 15. Maximize f(r,)) for x > O,y > 0 16, Maximizef(e,)42) 17. Mi andy e354, 18, Minimize f (x,y,z Ax? + 2y? +37 19, Find the smallest value of f(x 7,2) = 2u? + 4y? + 2? subject to 4x ~ By + 2c = 10. What, if anything, can be said about the largest value of f subject to this con- straint? ind the largest value of f(x, sphiere.x? +9? +2? subject tox ty — 1 — ay + 2y? subject to 2 subject to x? + y? ~ 2) =? subject to 2 subject 10.7 + In(xy2) subject 10 2x? 4 32 = 8 subject to 3x + 2y +2 249? +27 subjectio +)? +2? subject to 20. 21, Find the maximum and minimum values of £(,y,2) =x — y+ 2 on the sphere wy? +2? = 100. 22, Find the maximum and minimum values of 2) = 4x = 2y ~ 32 on the sphere +27 = 100, 23, Use Lagrange multipliers to find the distance from the origin tothe plane Ax + By + Cz = D where at least ‘one of A, B,C is nonzero, 24, Find the maximum and minimum distance from the ‘origin to the ellipse Sx? — Gry +53? = 4, 28, Find the point on the plane 2r +-y +z = I that is near- est 10 the origin. 26, Find the largest product of positive numbers x,y, and 2, such that their sum is 24, 27, Write the number 12 as the sum of three positive num- bers.x,y,2 in such a way that the product 1y?z is a 28. A rectangular box with no top is to be constructed from ‘96 fe of material. What should be the dimensions of the box iis to enclose maximum volume? 29. ‘The temperature T at point (x,',2) in a region of space is given by the formula T = 100 — ay —xz — yz. Find the lowest temperature on the planer +y +2 = U0. 30, A farmer wishes to fence offa rectangular pasture along. the bank of ariver. The area ofthe pasture ist be 3,200 yd, and no fencing is needed along the river bank. Find the dimensions of the pasture that wll require the least amount of fencing. 31. There are 320 yd of fencing available to enclose a rect- angular field. How should the fencing be used so that the enclosed area is as large as possible? 32, EXPLORATION PROBLEM Use the fact that 1241 ozisapproximatly 6.89 inc find the densons of the 12-02 Coke can that can be constructed using the least amount of metal. Compare your answer with an actual can of Coke. Explain what might cause the discrepancy. 11.8 Lagrange Multipliers 3B. EXPLORATION PROBLEM A cylindrical can is to hold 4 in. of orange juice. The cost per square in ‘of constructing the metal top and bottom is twice the cost per square inch of constructing the cardboard side. ‘What are the dimensions of the least expensive can? 34, Find the volume of the largest reciangular paral- lelepiped thal ean be inscribed in the ellipsoid 35, A manufacturer has $8,000 to spend on the develop- ‘ment and promotion of a new product. [tis estimated that if thousand dollar is spent on development snd 1 thousand is spent on promotion, sales will be approx imately f(e,y) = SOs 2y units. How much money should the manufacturer allo- cate 19 development and how much to promotion to maximize sales? 36. Modeling Problem I-r thousand dollars is spent on labor and y thousand dallars is spent on equipment, the ‘output at a certain factory may by modeled by Oxy) = 6048527 units. Assume $120,000 is available How should money be allocated between labor and equipment ro generate the largest possible ouput? bb, Use the Lagrange multiplier 2.10 estimate the change inthe maximum output of the factory that would result if the money available for labor and equip- ment is increased by $1,000, Modeling Problem An architect decides to mode! th usable living space in a building by the volume of space that can be used comforubly by a person 6 feet that is, by the largest 6-foot-high rectangular box that ‘can be inscribed in the building. Find the ‘ofan A-frame building y ft long with equilateral ‘gular ends x fton aside that maximizes usable living space ifthe exterior surface area of the building cannot exceed 5007, nd she radius of the largest cylinder of height 6 in. that ‘ean be inscribed in an inverted cone of height H, radius ‘Rand lateral surface area 250 in? 39, In Problem 40 of Problem Set 11.7, you were asked to ‘minimize the ground state energy 31. 38. f(ly an subject to the volume constraint ¥ = aye the problem using Lagrange multipliers. Eu, 905 40, Modeling Problem A university extension agricul- tural service concludes that, on a particular farm, the yield of wheat per sere isa function of water and fert ier. Letx be the number of acre-feet of water applied, and y the number of pounds of fertilizer applied during the growing season, The agricultural service then con- cluded thatthe yield B (measured in bushels), can be ‘modeled by the formula BC 00 +? + Dy? Suppose that water costs $20 per aere-foot, fertilizer costs $12 per pound, and the farmer will invest $236 peracre for water and fertilizer, How much water and fertilizer should the farmer buy to maximize the yield? 41, How would the farmer of Problem 40 maximize the yield ifthe amount spent is $100 instead of $236? 42, Present post office regulations specify’ that @ box (that is, a package in the form of a rectangular paral- lelepiped) can be mailed parcel post only if the sum ofits length and girth does not exceed 108 inches, as shown in Figure (1.47. Figure 11.47 What is the maximum volume that can be mailed? . ind the maximum volume of such a package, (Com- pare your solution here with the one you might hav! given to Problem 35, Seetion 4.6, page 293.) leron’s Formula Say’ that the area of a triangle with ides.a.b,¢ is A= Vs6-a bE 8) wheres = Ha +b +6) s the semiperimeer of the ri- angle. Use this resol and the method of Lagrange mul tipliers to show that ofall angles with a given fixed perimeter P, the equilateral triangle has the largest area. 44, Ifx,,,z are the angles of a triangle, what is the maxi- ‘mum value othe product Posy What about Oo cos. cosy cose? Use the method of Lagrange multipliers in Problems. 45.48 to find she required extrema for the two given constrains: 906 45, 46, a7. 48. 49. 50. Find the minimum of f(x,y,2) = x? + y? + 2? subject lox ty sdandy +2 =6, ind the maximum of f (x, 3,2) = xyz subject to xtty? =Bandy = 22 Maximize f(x,y,2) = xy +42 subject to 2x +32 = andy Minimize f(s,y,2) = 2x2 + 3y? + 42? subject to xtyt2sdandx ~2y 452 =3. Modeling Problem A manufacturer is planning to sell a new product atthe price of $150 per unit and est- rates that if thousand dollars is spent on development and y thousand dollars on promotion, then approximate Por y 160 x44 320y +2 units of the product will be sold, The cost of manufac- turing the product is $50 per unit a. If the manufacturer has a total of $8,000 to spend on the development and promotion, how should this money be allocated to generate the largest possible profit? b, Suppose the manufacturer decides to spend $8, 100 instead of $8,000 on the development and promo- tion ofthe new product. Estimate how this change will affect the maxinnum possible profi If unlimited funds are available, how much should the manufacturer spend on development and promo- tion ta maximize profit? 4d, What is the Lagrange multiplier in part €? Your answer should suggest another method for solving the problem in parte, Solve the problem using this altemative approach Modeling Problem A jewelry box with @ square base has an interior partion and is required to have volume 800 cm’ (see Figure 11.48) « Figure 11.48 Constructing a jewelry box 14.8 Lagrange Multipliers 4, The material in the top costs twice as much as tha in the sides and the bottom, which in tur, costs twice 45 much as the material in the partitions. Find the ‘imensions ofthe box that minimize the toal eost of construction. Does it matter that yor lieve not been iol where the partitions ave located? }. Suppose the volume constraint changes From 800 ‘em to 801 em, Estimate the appropriate elTect on the minimal co S51. Three alleles, A, B, and O, determine the four blood types A, B, O, and AB. The Hardy-Weinberg law says that the proportions of individuals in a population who carry two different alles is P= 2pg + 2pr + 2rq ‘where p,q,and r are the proportions of bleod types A, B, and O in the population, Given that p + q +r ‘what is the largest value of P? 52, A farmer wants to build a metal silo in the shape of a right circular eylinder with a right circular eone on the top (the bottom of the silo will bea concrete slab), What is the least amount of metal that ean be used ifthe sl isto have a fixed volume Vo? 53, Find the volume of the largest rectangular para lelepiped (box) that can be inscribed in the ellipsoid (See Problem 34.) 54, EXPLORATION PROBLEM ‘The method of Lagrange multipliers gives a constrained extremum only if one exists. Ifthe method is applied to optimizing f(y) =x -+y subject to xy = 1, the methed yields wo candidates for an extremum. Is one a maximum and the other a minimum’ Explain, In Problems 55-58, ler Q = f(t.) be a production fime- ton in which x and y represent units of labor and capital, respectively. If p and q represent unit costs of labor ancl capital, respectively, then C(x,y) = px + ay represenis the total cast of production. 11.8 Lagrange Multipliers: iS a O=stey) aL withos bar =k > (ossume p 4 0,4 #0). This is called a fxed-budget problem. 57. A Cobb-Douglas production function is an output func tion ofthe form =extyt Ory’ wilhot p= 1 aa, Show that such a function is maximized with respect lo the fixed east px + gy =k when x = ak/p and Ka. b, Where does the maximum occur if we drop the con= dition a + A = 1? How does the maximum output change if is increased by | unit? 58. Show that the cost function Cy) = pe + ay js minimized subject tothe fixed production level Ax"y? =k, withe-+ 8 = Lwhen x(a) ky A \ Bp, A \ag KV cis > and the arithmetic mean is = 40x +y +2). Use the method of Lagrange ‘multipliers to show that Ga yz) S Alay forall x92 1b. Generalize the result in part a on variables, Sy XB Ry 907 ©, sistorical Quest Joseph Lagrange is generally ackuowledged ax oue ofthe fo greatest mathematicians of the 18th century, atone with Leonhard Euler (see Historical Quest 93 of the Supplementary Problems of Chapter}. There isa distinet difference in style between Lagrange and Euler. Lagrange dias been characterized as the frst true analyst in the sense that he attempted 40 wwite concisely and with rigor. On the other hard, Euler wrote using intuition and with an abudance of detail. Lagrange was described by Napoleon Bona- parte as “te lofty pyramid of the mathematical set ‘ences” and followed Euler as the court mathematician or Frederick the Great, He was the first to se te nota tion f’(x) and f(x) for derivatives In this section wwe were introduced to the method of Lagrange mul- tipliers, which provide « procedure for constrained ‘optimization. This method was contained in a paper ‘ons mechanies that Lagrange wrote when he was onty 19 years ol” Forthis S.-ss, we consider Lagrange’s work with solving algebraie equations. You are famine with the quadratic formula, which provides a general solu- tion for any second-degree equation ax? + bx +¢ a #0. Lagrange made an exhaustive study of the gc lotion for the frst four degrees. Here is what Suppose you are given a xencral algebraic expression involving letters a, b,c, +++; how many dif Jerent expressions can be derived from the given one ifthe letters are interchanged in all possible ways? For example, from ab + ed we obtain ad + cb by inter- changing b and d. ‘This problem suggests another closely related problem, also part of Lagrange’s approach, Lagrange solved general algebraic equations of degrees 2, 3, and 4. It was proved later (not by Lagrange, but by Galois andl Abel, that no general solution for equations seater than 4 ean be found, Do some research and find the general solution for equations of degrees 1,2,3, and 4, Joseph Lagrange (1736-1813) om Men of Mashematies by H-. Bel, Sion & Shuster, New York, 1957 D166 908 Chapter 11 Review CHAPTER 11 REVIEW Tie pseudomath is a person who handles mathematics as a monkey handles the razor. The creature tried 10 shave himself as he had seen his master do; but, not having any notion of the angle at which the razor was to be held, he cut his own throat, He never tried it a second time, poor animal! But the pseudomath keeps on in his work, proclaims himself clean shaved, and all the rest of the world hairy. AD pn Malet Mri ann PL 98 Proficiency Examinat Concept Problems 1. a What i a function of two variables? 'b. What are the domain and range of a function of two variables? 2 What do we mean by the limit of @ function of two variables? 3. State the following properties of a limit of functions of two variables. a, sealar rule b. sum rule . product rule 4d. quotient rule 4. Define the continuity of a function defined by f(x,y) at a point (xo, 30) in its domain and continuity on a set. 8. Iz =fle.y), a, define the frst partial derivatives of f with respect to x and y. b. represent the second partial derivatives. what are the inerements of x, 5 and 2? 6. What is the slope of a tangent line to the surface defined by z = f(x,y) that is parallel to the xy-plane at a point Po on f? In what direction? 7. What does it mean for a function of two variables to be differentiable at (xp,y0)? 8. a, State the incremental approximation of f(x,y). b, Define the total differential of z = f(x.). rule for a function of one parameter. rule for a function of two independent parameters. 10, Define the directional derivative of a function defined by z = f(x,y). 1. a. Define the gradient V/(x.9). 1b, Express the directional derivative in terms of the gradient. €. State the normal property of the gradient. 12, State the following basic properties of the gradient. fa constant rule, linearity rule —¢. proxiuct ruled quotient rule. e, power rule 13, State the optimal direction property of the gradient (that is, the steepest ascent and steepest descent, 14, Define the normal line and tangent plane to a surface S at a point Po. 15, a, Define the absolute extrema of a function of two variables. ', Define the relative extrema of a funetion of two variables. €. What isa critical point of a function of two variables? 16, State the second partials test, 17. State the extreme value theorem for a function of two variables. 18, What is the least squares approximation of data, and what is @ regression line? 19, State Lagrange’s theorem. 20, State the procedure for the method of Lagrange multipliers. Chapter 11 Review: 909 Practice Problems 21. IF flx,y) = sin“lay, verify that fiy = fr. 23, Let f(x,y,2) = ay + yz + x2, and let Po denote the point (1,2,—1). hcp oy b. Find the directional derivative of f in the direction from Po toward the point Q(—1, 1,—1). © fn We ein ton ne tes! oar stage ha ia dca aes 24s i to dy where ¢ = x. the magnitude of ty Joe -|Fe if) #00) ° if (9) = 0,0) is not continuous at (0,0). 28, I f(x,9) = In(2), find fn fr ars fv 894 fy 26, Show that if f(x,y,z) = 27y + y% + <%x, then x aan 7 2 ax ay | Oe +7 te) 27, Let f(x,y) = (x? +92), Find the directional derivative of f at (2,—2) in the direction that makes an angle of 2% with the positive x-axis 28, Find all critical points of f(x,y) = I2xy ~ 2x? — y+ and classify them using the second partials test, 29, Use the method of Lagrange multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of the funetion Fy) = x7 + 2y? + 2x +3 subject to the constraint x* + y? = 4. You may assume these extreme values exist. 30, Find the largest and smallest values of the function Haga? ah + Bee ‘on the region defined by —2 Fey =9 Far each fioetion given in Problems 11-16, deseribe the level curve or level surface f = ¢ for the given values of the Constante. 1 fr.y) 12, Foy) = 6" + 295 “the supplementary rblems are pesmi in somewhat ani eds, nt ness fn order of icy. 910 Chapter 11 Review 20. lim So wea tom Py Find the derivatives in Problems 21-24 nsing the chain rule, You may leave your answers in terms of ots tts dvd de 2 21. Find S, why byt and eth y = tame a er snay ty andy = 3 y = bee a 23, Find 24, Find au ay implied differentiation to final inn Problems 25-28, Inc Wx HHP HIRT RS Mel el per Jy Problems 29-34, fndl fis eal oy 29. fur = J sincosnar 30, f68.9) = tan“lay BL fea.y) = sinha by = 2 MM. fey) = rlny 32. fly 3B. fi = Find equations for the tangent plane ard normal line to the surfaces given in Problems 35-38 at the preseribed point 38. 2 at Py = (11,0) 36. 9775 Py2,—1.-2) 38+ 2p? Teh By + LO at Pol L,Y 38. Se wad Find all eritical points of f(x,y) in Problems 39-44 and classify each as a relive maximuns « relative mine, oF saddte poi 39. foes) =? =e 4 2y8 + Ay — 40. Pos.y) = 8 499 by AL fly) =O — Noy Doty — Bley) =aF 4 y9 buy — Te — 6p 4B, fley) SP yb BoE IBY BLY ES 4, (0.9) = Sindy + 9) + sing +siny for sin Fay Tumor h Figure 11.50 Hyperthermia treatment “TB, Murray, Masha! Bite, 2nd Eon, Springer Vn, Now Yok, 1993 9.46, "eta Therapy fee Tunas,” by Lesh Edlslo-Kesel, UMAD Aadeer 1991 Toae for Teaching, Comentom for Mathers a tis Apticaions, In, Lexington MA, 192, pp. 73-10 ‘Chapter 11 Review 913 4, AL what depth inside the tumor does the maximum temperature occur? Express your answers in terms of K.pegeand s. ‘The article on which this problem is based discusses the physiology of hyperthermia in addition w raising several other interesting mathematical issues. Read this article and dliscuss assumptions made in the mod 71, Modeling Problem The marketing manager for a certain company bas compiled the following dats relating monthly aelvertising expenditure and monthly sales (in units of $1,000) b, Advertsing 34 7 9 10 ‘Sales R86 138145156 4. Plot the data on a graph an find the least squares line D, Use the lest squares line 1o prediet monthly sales ifthe monthly advertising expenditure is $5,000, Tales nfo) wheter set andy = 2. Sapp (1) = 4a (1.1) = 8. ld AE ton = 0 tet be. Supponef0.2) = = 1 and (0.2) * and 2 atte pint where r = 2.0 parsing, 73. Suppose J has continuous partial dex in D6 (1,2) is in D and fe Suppose WPG.33) is parallel (0 the vector xis: 7, Find two unit vectors that are normal to the surface given by = Fosy) = siny Fe™ +2 76. Let fixsy) = Me — 2} — 509 + 19%, Find all points on the graph of f where the plone 2x + 2y 3 =0. jon D in the plane, and suppose-fr, 9 4 and f,(1,2) =6, find dy fete when x = | and y For all r,345). Show that f(,0,«) =(0,0,—a) for m4, (x9) atthe point (0, 1, where ent plane is parallel to the 1. Find 2% in 77. Lets be defined implivtly as a function oF x and y by the equation eos(x + y) + caste +s oe tors of x,y, and 2. 78, Suppose F and Fare vontinuous Funetions off and that £”4f) = C. Define f by fGs.3) = Fos? by"). Show that the direction of Uf (@,5) is the same as the dieetion ofthe fine joining (a,b) W (0,0). 79, Let fe.y) = I2x-E yo! ay, where x > 0, y > O. How do you know that f must necessarily have a minimuim inthe region «> 0, y > 07 Find the minimums 80, Let f(e3) = Ba* = dey +52, Show that f has a minimum at 0,0) on ev the origin, Then show that f has no relative minimum at (0,0). nv that passes through In Problems Bl-82, you may assume the required extremum exists. 81. Find the minimum of x? +2 +22 subject to the constraint ax + by +63 = | (with a £0, b £00 #0) 82, Suppose 0 O. Find the maximum of sy!" subject to the constraint ts + (I any 83. For the production function given by Q(x,y) = wy", where a > O and > 0, show that ln paniculiy Pb =a with O

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