TWO IMPORTANT FRENCH RECORDS RELATED TO RAJA SHIVA

CHHATRAPATI - REVISITED1

AMOL N. BANKAR

KEYWORDS: Chhatrapati Shivaji, Guadart, Louven, Germain, Gopal Pandit, Pondicherry,

Pullicat.

INTRODUCTION:

Of the five great European maritime powers in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, France was the fourth to enter the race for commerce and trade with India. The fifth
power, Spain, never attempted the contest. Portugal, Holland, and England had reaped
considerable benefits from their enterprise before the French entered this trade. Though the
French were the last to make an entry, they soon established a firm presence almost equalling
their European rivals. The restless action that had made France of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries the fomenter of disturbances in Europe soon found in India a wide field
for its display.2 In the year 1664 CE, with the capital 15,000,000 livres tournois the French
“Compagnie des Indes” was formed.3 La Compagnie des Indes Orientales (The East India
Company) was setup in the year 1664 CE, with the initiatives of Jean-Baptiste Colbert.4 First
factory in Chhatrapati Shivaji’s domain was opened at Rajapur in 1668 CE.5
The biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji is based on the accounts of French travelers
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier6, François Bernier7, Jean de Thévenot8 Barthelemy Carré,9 François

1.The article ‘Two French Records Related to Chhatrapati Shivaji' was published in Bharat Itihas Samshodhak
Mandal Quarterly (BISMQ), Year 90 , No. 1-4, Saka 1935 (July 2013 - April 2014), pp. 94-98. After publication
of this article, I came across several new references, interpretations, which are incorporated in the present
article.
2. Malleson, ‘History of the French in India’, p. 1.
3. Malleson, Ibid, p. 12.
4. Mehendale, ‘Shivaji his life and times’, p.107 .
5. First factory in Chhatrapati Shivaji’s domain was opened at Rajapur in 1668. A letter from English factory at
Carwar notes, “They [the French] have settled at Rajao[o]r, and have mett Sevagy, who gave them clothes and
a phirmaund (firman) to trade freely in all his ports” (F.R. Surat Vol. 105, p. 76, Carwar to Surat, Dated
December 1668), E.F.S.Vol. I, p. 128 ; Mehendale, Ibid, p. 649.
6. Tavernier, ‘Les Six Voyages…en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes, Pendant l’espace de quarante ans’;
Tavernier, ‘Recüeil de plusieurs Relations & Traitez singuliers et curieux de J. B. Tavernier’. English
translation by Ball, ‘Travels in India by Jean Baptiste Tavernier’.
7. Bernier, ‘The history of the late revolution of the empire of the great Mogol’; Bernier, ‘Histoire de la derniere
Revolution des Estats du Grand Mogol’; Bernier, ‘Suite des Memoires du Sieur Bernier sur l’Empire du Grand
Mogol’; Bernier, ‘Voyages de François Bernier’. English translation by Irving, ‘Travels in the Mogul empire by
Francis Bernier’,
8. Thévenot, ‘Troisieme partie des Voyages de M. de Thévenot, contenant la Relation de l’Indostan, des
Nouveaux Mogols & pays des Indes’ ; Thévenot, ‘Relation d’un Voyage fait au Levant. Dans laquelle il est
curieusement traité des Estats sujets au Grand Seigneur...’ ; Thévenot, ‘Suite du Voyage de Levant’. English
translation by Sen, ‘Foreign Biographies of Shivaji’, pp. 135-146.
9. Carré, ‘Le Courrier du Roi en Orient’; Carré, ‘Voyage des Indes Orientales, mêlé de plusieurs histoires
curieuses’. English translation by Sen, Ibid, pp. 165-188; Fawcett, ‘The travels of the Abbé Carré in India and
the Near East, 1672-1674'.
Martin10 and Bellanger De Lespinay11. Contemporaneous French accounts refer to
correspondence between Chhatrapati Shivaji and the Company’s officials. But this material
has not been explored to the extent it deserves.12 As far as French correspondences on
Chhatrapati Shivaji are concerned, one good effort was made by Jadunath Sarkar, who had
translated two French letters published in “Archives Nationales and the Archives de
Ministrere des Colonies”.13 In the same line of work, here I would like to introduce some
contemporary French accounts related to Chhatrapati Shivaji, which I had encountered
recently. Though these records do not speak extensively about Chhatrapati Shivaji, but being
official records of French East India Company, they are historically very important.
There are two paragraphs (abstracts) from the ‘Journal et Registre de Consultations
du Conseil du Fort St. Georges’ which was available in 78 Volumes for the period 1672-1750
CE in the Archive at Madras. Its French translation was first published by Edmond Guadart.
However the English translation of the same is not available, so here I am giving French text
and its English translation for the benefit of students and readers of Maratha history.

SIÈGE DE PONDICHÉRY PAR LES HOLLANDAIS, (JOURNAL ET REGISTRE

DES CONSULTATIONS) 14

FRENCH TEXT :

ANNÉES 1678-79 : Hollandais ont l’intention de chasser les Français de Pullicherri

(Pondichéry) et de s’emparer du Fort Tevenapatanam (Cuddalore). Ils avaient voulu l’année
dernière acheter ce Fort de Sivaji mais ils en avaient été empêchés par les Français. On dit
qu’ils avaient embarqué leurs troupes sur des bateaux pour les débarquer à Pullicherri mais
constatant que les Français avaient pris leurs dispositions pour prévenir leur débarquement
ils sont retournés à leurs bateaux. Les gens de Sivaji ayant eu connaissance de leur dessein
sur le Fort de Tevenapatanam ont augmenté sa garnison et pris des mesures pour sa défense.

TRANSLATION:15

YEAR 1678-79 CE: The Dutch intend to expel the French from Pullicherri (Pondicherry)
and seize Tevenapatanam (Cuddalore) fort. They wanted to buy it last year from Sivaji
(Chhatrapati Shivaji) but they were prevented by the French. It is said that they had embarked
their troops on boats to land at Pullicherri but noting that the French had made arrangements
to prevent their landing they returned. Sivaji’s people having knowledge of their (Dutch)

10. Martin, ‘Mémoires de François Martin, fondateur de Pondichéry; English translation by Varadarajan, ‘India
in the 17th century, 1670-1694 (social, economic, and political): memoirs of François Martin’. Sen, Ibid, pp.
189-246.
11. Bankar, ‘Prag Samiksha’, Volume II, Issue II, February 2015, pp. 25-33 .
12. Mehendale, Ibid, p. 649.
13. BISM Quarterly, Year - 3, Issue - 2-4, pp.104-107.
14. Gaudart, Edmond, Les Archives de Madras et l'histoire de l'Inde française, p. 126.
15. France had adopted Gregorian calendar from 1582 CE, hence all the dates used in this paper are as per
Gregorian calendar.
intention about the fort of Tevenapatanam increased their garrison and took steps for its
defence.

DISCUSSION:

In 1678, the French and the Dutch were at war in Europe. The Dutch created trouble
for the French by engaging with the Marathas. In September 1678, the chief of the Dutch
factory at Tevenapatanam (Tegnapatam or Cuddalore) proposed the Maratha Havaldar to sell
Tevenapatanam as well as Pondicherry to the Dutch. As the matter was beyond the
jurisdiction of the Havaldar, he directed the Dutch chief to the Governor-general at Jinji
(Gingy).
Above translation of the French text talks about a hostile incident in September 1678
CE, when the Dutch planned to expel the French from Pondicherry. In the early September
(1678 CE), the French were informed that six Dutch ships had come to the roadstead of
Tevenapatanam and the Dutch were lading goods of the factory in the ships. The Maratha
Havaldar of the area, Gopal Pundit (Pandit) objected the lading.16 Even some of the country
people of the Dutch left Tevenapatanam. The Dutch made preparations at Porto-Novo which
were suspected to be intended against French colony of Pondicherry. Gopal Pandit reported
the movements of the Dutch to François Martin.17
On the night of 12th September, while it was raining, the Dutch entered the roadstead
of Pondicherry in a small boat and arrested two men. They were threatened and later released.
The French informed their supporter Linga Reddy, who came with some of his men and
helped to carry the effects of the Company to small place, called Baronpet.18
On 14th September, the French learnt that the Dutch had five other ships apart from
six big ships from Batavia. They had also taken a number of catamarans (‘cattimarons’).
According to this informant, there were 600 to 700 men led by Rijcklof van Goens, Governor
of Ceylon and old enemy of the French. This forced the French to take measure to defend
Pondicherry.19 In the council meeting at the factory, the French found that they would need
500 men to defend while there were only 33 French. It was decided to send their effects to

16. Hatalkar, French and Maratha relations, pp. 25-26.

17. « Goupalpendit, soubedar ou intendant de Tevenapatam et de Porto Novo et qui était pour lors dans cette
première place, m'écrivit et me pria de lui dire ma pensée sur les mouvements des Hollandais et promesse de
nous avertir de ce qu'il apprendrait. Il nous demandait une correspondance réciproque ; j'y répondis le 11, je
lui donnai la même assurance. Je marquais que je ne pouvais pas pénétrer dans les sentiments de cette nation,
mais comme elle ne gardait point de mesures pour les choses qui étaient à sa bienséance, qu'il devait être sur
ses gardes. Je m'offrais à son service avec ce que nous étions ici de Français », Martin, Vol. II, p.142 ;
Hatalkar, Ibid, pp. 25-26.
18. « Je fis averter Lingaredy, le plus considérable des redys de ces quartiers — ce sont des gens qui font valoir
les terres et de grande autorité dans le pays — de venir incessamment me trouver ; il était à deux lieues de nous,
— bon ami et qui s'était employé pour nous avec succès en plusieurs rencontres. Il arriva sur les quatre heures
du soir. Nous prîmes résolution avec lui de faire porter une partie de nos meilleurs effets à la petite aidée de
Baronpette, qui était à la Compagnie, réservant de la faire passer plus loin, suivant la nécessité. Une partie de
la nuit y fut employée ; nous y envoyâmes trois Français et de nos lascarins pour y veiller », Martin, Ibid,
p.143 ; Hatalkar, Ibid, pp. 25-26.
19. « On lui dit nettement partout qu'elle venait ici et qu'il n'avait qu'à prendre le deuil, puisqu'il y avait des
ordres du nouveau général de Batavia de ne faire quartier à personne ; c'était le sieur Reyclof Van Goens,
ennemi juré de la nation et qui avait dit autrefois qu'il en fallait ôter des Indes jusqu'à la racine. Ce jeune
homme apprit ensuite qu'il y avait 6 ou 700 hommes dans l'escadre destinés à mettre pied à terre, qu'il en était
venu de Batavia et qu'on en avait tiré des garnisons des places qu'ils ont à Ceylan » Martin, Ibid, p.143 ;
Hatalkar, Ibid, pp. 25-26.
Baronpet and if necessary, to carry these into the nearby woods. Throughout the night, they
carried the goods all along the seacoast. Four persons on horseback were asked to go along
the seacoast and the countryside alternatively. This routine was followed for the next six
months, including keeping a post at the crossings from morning till ten at the night.20 The
French also informed the Governor of Jinji about the Dutch movements after which he sent
200 foot soldiers. The French also informed Linga Reddy about their goods lying at
Baronpet. Meanwhile the Dutch boarded their women and children in their ships and publicly
declared that they were withdrawing despite the requests of Chhatrapati Shivaji’s officers to
them to stay. It was reported to the French that the Dutch had offered to buy the fort of
Tevenapatanam and would drive the French out from Pondicherry.21
As the Dutch threat also concerned the Marathas, Martin passed on the information to
the Governor-general at Jinji, who thanked him for his friendly act and assured him that he
had 500 men in the fortress of Tevenapatanam and thus had nothing to fear from Dutch
activities.22
In the month of October the French learnt from a order from Batavia that, after
rejection of Chhatrapati Shivaji to his envoy’s appeal to expel the French out of Pondicherry
(to facilitate the Dutch to procure it from Chhatrapati Shivaji), the Dutch Governor General at
Ceylon was ordered to take fort of Tevenapatanam from the Marathas as retaliation to
Chhatrapati Shivaji’s denial. It appeared that the Commandant of the squadron did not attack
the fort of Tevenapatanam on arrival. However, the French did not fully believe the story.
They found that Batavia had given order to drive the French out of Pondicherry and they
made three landings at night. But what finally stopped them from assaulting the factory was
that their chief had represented many merchants of the country who had their goods in the
factory and that the authorities would not take it kindly on an attack on those who were under
their protection. They also wanted to take the opinion of the Governor of Pulicat 23 While it

20. « Comme il n'y avait plus à hésiter et que le dessein des Hollandais avait éclaté, je fis assembler ce qu'il y
avait de gens les plus considérables dans la loge. Je leur fis un récit 'de l'état des choses et leur demandai leur
sentiment, s'ils croyaient que nous pouvions rester dans la loge. Cette demande était pourtant, ce semble, assez
inutile, puisqu'il y aurait Tallu 500 hommes pour la défendre en l'état qu'elle était et nous n'étions que 33
Français et dans ce nombre deux estropiés. Cela fut reconnu aussi des personnes qui étaient assemblées ; il fut
donc résolu que n'étant pas en état de tenir, qu'il fallait continuer d'envoyer le reste des effets de la Compagnie
à Baronpette, pour de là les faire passer dans les bois qui en sont proches où ils seraient plus en sûreté, que si
les ennemis venaient, nous nous joindrions ce que nous étions de Français et de soldats du pays en un corps
hors de la loge, pour agir ainsi qu'on le jugerait à propos et suivant la disposition des choses. Toute la nuit fut
employée à envoyer le reste des effets à l'aidée de Baronpette et bonne garde dehors, particulièrement le long
du bord de la mer. Quatre personnes furent nommées pour battre l'estrade à la campagne. Toutes les nuits, les
sieurs Germain, Louvain, Baudeau et Mainferme, deux montaient à cheval sur les onze heures de nuit, l'un
battait le bord de la mer et l'autre la campagne ainsi alternativement et cela a continué plusieurs mois. Il y eut
aussi un espèce de bivouac où ce qui restait dans la loge se rendait sur les dix heures du soir jusqu'au
lendemain matin. Gela a été tellement observé que depuis ce temps-là jusqu'aux fêtes de Pâques de l'année
1679, il n'y eut personne qui eût couché dans son lit. » Martin, Ibid, p.144. ; Ray, Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 140-141.
21. « Je fis écrire à Gingy au gouverneur l'état où nous étions, les mouvements des Hollandais, qu'ils pouvaient
avoir la vue sur la forteresse de Tevenapatam aussi bien qu'ailleurs. Il m'en remercia ; depuis, la garnison de
cette place fut renforcée de 200 fantassins ; on y envoya aussi de la cavalerie. — On y voyait de temps à autre
paraître des navires au large entre Goudelour et Porto Novo. — Deux navires passèrent au large le 16 faisant
voile au nord », Martin, Ibid, p.145 ; Ray, Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 140-141.
22. Hatalkar, Ibid, pp. 25-26.
23. Ray, Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 141; Martin, Ibid, p.148-149.
was going on, the French came to know their plan and carried out the precautionary
measures. Immediately after, Gopal Pundit (Pandit) began to fortify Tevenapatanam.24

TRADUCTION DES DOCUMENTS ANGLAIS, RELATIONS, ENTRE LE FORT ST.

GEORGES DE MADRAS ET LE FORT ST. LOUIS DE PONDICHÉRY. (JOURNAL
ET REGISTRE DES CONSULTATIONS).25

FRENCH TEXT :

ANNÉES 1679-80 : 5 Juin 1679 - Deux Français, Mr. Lonuen (Louvain) et Mr. Germen
(Germain) sont envoyés de Pudichéri par Mr. Martin, pour retourner le compliment au
gouverneur de Palliacate pour l’avis qu’il avait donné de la nouvelle de la conclusion de la
paix en Europe entre les deux nations. Pour suivant leur voyage, ils sont partis, cette nuit,
après une entrevue avec le gouverneur. Ils nous ont dit que les Hollandais qui leur avaient
apporté la nouvelle de la paix, avaient été de Pudichéri à Porto-Novo. Là, le gouverneur ou
Avaldar de Sivagi leur avait réclamé des passeports pour leurs navires. Ils lui avaient
répondu qu’ils ne pouvaient délivrer des passeports sans les ordres de Palliacate. L’Avaldar
les avait fait arrêter et ils s’étaient évadés et étaient partis par l’un des navires mouillés en
cette rade et venu récemment de Batavia. Ils s’étaient rendu à Sadraspatnam, laissant à leur
nouvau comptoir de Porto-Novo le soin de discuter le cas avec l’Avaldar. On n’avait point de
bonnes nouvelles de Porto-Novo où les Hollandais n’étaient pas autorisés à construire une
maison.

TRANSLATION:

YEAR 1679-80 CE : 5th June, 1679 - Two Frenchmen, Mr. Lonuen (Leuven) and Mr.
Germen (Germain) are sent from Pudicherri (Pondicherry) by Mr. Martin, to return the
compliment to the governor at Palliacate (Pulicat - Pazhaverkadu) for the information he had
given regarding the news about conclusion of peace in Europe between the two nations. For
their journey (back to Pondicherry), they left that night, after an interview (discussion) with
the governor. They told us that, the Dutch who brought the news of peace to Pudicheri
(Pondicherry) were at Porto-Novo. There the governor or Avaldar (Havaldar) of Sivagi
(Chhatrapati Shivaji) had demanded passports for their ships. They had replied that, they
could not issue passports without the orders Palliacate. The Avaldar had them arrested, but
they had escaped and gone by one of the ships anchored in this harbour (which was) recently
came from Batavia. They had gone Sadraspatnam, leaving their new trading post of Porto-
Novo to discuss the case with Avaldar (Havaldar). They had no good news from Porto-Novo,
where the Dutch were not authorised (permitted) to construct an establishment.

DISCUSSION:

24. « Le soubedar Goupalpendit faisait travailler aux fortifications de Tevenapatam ; la garnison était toujours
nombreuse », Martin, Ibid, p.150; Ray, Ibid, Vol. I, pp. 141.
25. Gaudart, Edmond, Les Archives de Madras et l'histoire de l'Inde française, pp.33-34.
 This account refers to visit of French merchant(s) Mr Lonuen (Louvain) and Mr
Charles Germen (Germain) to Dutch governor at Palliacate (Pulicat - Pazhaverkadu). On 26th
May 1679, French at Pondicherry received a letter from the Dutch chief of Tevenapatanam
regarding the peace of Nimwigen (traité de Nimègue).26 The letter sent from English Factory
at Fort St. George, Madras to Concell in Hugly on 22 May 1679 also refers to the news about
agreement between France and Netherland.27 From the memoirs of François Martin, we can
find that, after the receipt of letter from Tevenapatanam, the exchange of visits started
between the Dutch (governor of Pulicat) and French (governor of Pondicherry) counterparts.
Mr Caulier, the Dutch governor of Palicat sent his son and one of his relative to confirm the
assurances of peace and rejoice with each other.28 These Dutch gentlemen came to
Pondicherry on 3rd June 1679 at six o’clock; they remained there till eleven o’clock that
night; cannons were fired to commemorate the event. The governor of Madras with whom
François Martin had close acquaintance sent six men with various kinds of wines and liquors
and they arrived an hour before the arrival of the Dutch.29 A Letter from English factory at
Fort St. George, Madras addressed to the president Thomas Rolt, Surat (July 1679) confirms
the endeavours made by Dutch and French to set up friendly association among two
factories.30
On 16th June 1679, after the visit of Dutch representatives at Pondicherry, Mr Lonuen
(Leuven) and Mr Germen (Germain) were sent (along with Bouteville)31 to visit the Dutch
governor at Palliacate (Pulicat - Pazhaverkadu) to express their pleasure subsequent to the

26. The treaties of Nijmegen (also spelled Nimwegen) were the peace treaties of 1678–79 that ended the Dutch
War, in which France had opposed Spain and the Dutch Republic (now the Netherlands). France gained
advantages by arranging terms with each of its enemies separately. Although negotiations had begun in 1676,
the first treaty, between France and the Dutch Republic, was not concluded until Aug. 10, 1678. France agreed
to return Maastricht and to suspend Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s anti-Dutch tariff of 1667; these concessions
represented a major victory for Dutch naval power and commerce. See The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol.
8, pp. 709.
27. “A letter from Ye: President and councell [with duplicate of one from the Company sent.] of ye : Peace
between ffrance ad the Netherlands - (few lines lost) to hand yesterday, being sent by Dutch conveighance from
Persia to Pollicatt with advice of the peece being published between ffrance and the States of ye: : United
Netherlands in October last, whereof the Governour of Pollicatt has sent notice to the ffrench at Pudicherry by
his Secretary and two others of that Nation” See Records of Fort St. George, 1679, p.23.
28. Ray, ‘The Merchant and the state: The French in India, 1666-1739’, Vol. I, p. 144.
29. « Echange de visites entre les gouverneurs de Paliacate et de Pondichéry : Mr Caulier, gouverneur de
Paliacate, nous envoya son fils, son gendre et un autre de ses parents pour nous confirmer les assurances de la
paix et nous en réjouir réciproquement. Ces messieurs arrivèrent à Pondichéry le 3 juin sur les six heures du
soir; ils y restèrent jusqu’au lendemain onze heures de nuit; nous solennisâmes cette bonne nouvelle par des
santés et au bruit du canon. M. le gouverneur de Madras avec lequel j’entretenais toujours grande
correspondance étant averti qu’on nous devait rendre cette visite, demanda au sr Germain, qui y était pour lors,
si nous avions du vin et, sur la réponse qu’il lui fit, qu’il était chargé de nous en envoyer, il lui dit de n’en rien
faire et là-dessus, il fit partir six hommes chargés de diverses sortes de vins et liqueurs et qui arrivèrent une
heure avant la venue des Hollandais » Martin, Ibid, p.166.
30. “Letters sent by a Dutch shipp recd: of the friendshipp between the ffrench and the Dutch upon the news of
peace : The Letters which Agent Petitt sent us by a Dutch [Shipp] to Tuttycoree, wee received the 21 st : May,
and our Neighbours at Pollicat at the same time recd: advice of the peace between ffrance, and Holland, where
[on] they Immediately sent Notice to the ffrench at Pudicherry, by their Secretary, and two others and the
ffrench returned the Complement a few Dayes [after] by two ffrench men sent to the Pollicate, soe there
[appeares] great friendlyness between them, but the ffrench are upon Impatient of advices and supplyes for
want of both which they are necessitated to Lye as still now as before, the packet which you sent for the french
Padryes was dilivered them”, See Records of Fort St. George, 1679, p.36.
31. The name of Mr Bouteville is omitted in the French text noted by Gaudard. However Mr Bouteville
accompanied Mr Louvain and Mr Germain as noted by Martin.
news of peace between the two nations. These French gentlemen were well received; cannons
were fired in their honour. The French gentleman drunk reasonably over the course and they
returned on 29th June 1679.32
But, Martin is silent regarding the arrest of (returning) Dutch representatives (who
had brought the news of peace to Pondicherry) at Porto-Novo by Havaldar of Chhatrapati
Shivaji. May be this event was not so important, hence it remain unmentioned in Martin’s
account. However, Martin had cited the fact that, the Dutch were not issuing passports to
merchants of the country.33 Probably therefore the passports were not issued to the
representatives for their return journey. When the Maratha Havaldar (Vithal Pundit?)
enquired them for their passports, they had replied that, the passport was not issued by Dutch
authorities at Pulicat. The Havaldar was not pleased with the reply and hence they were
arrested. However, they managed to escape and went to Sadraspatanam (by a ship anchored
in the harbour, which had come from Batavia) and the case (of arrest) was entrusted to the
newly established Dutch trading-post at Porto-Novo (through discussion with the Maratha
Havaldar).
Martin had mentioned the Brahmin governors appointed by Chhatrapati Shivaji to
rule the different parts of Carnatic region began to squeeze everybody, including the Muslim
merchants of Porto-Novo. There is one earlier instance in Martin’s account, Mr Charles
Germain and the Portuguese interpreter Antoine Cattel were arrested at the fort of Paliamcote
on 24th July 1677 and they were released when Martin sent a letter from Pondicherry.34

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I am indebted to my teacher Shri Gajanan Mehendale for his

constant inspiring support, Miss Letizia Trinco, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy , Prof.
Prasad Barve, Pune for their important help in translation of French text. I am also grateful to
my friend Shri Rohit Sahastrabuddhe for suggesting changes while preparing this article. The
author can be contact at amol.n.bankar@gmail.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A) BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS:

1. B.I.S.M.Q. – ‘Bharat Itihas Samshodhak Mandal Quarterly’.

2. E.F.S. – ‘English Records on Shivaji (1659-1682)’.
3. Martin - ‘Mémoires de François Martin, fondateur de Pondichéry, 1665-1696’ (French).
4. Records of Fort St. George – ‘Records of Fort St. George, Letters from Fort St. George to
subordinate factories’.
5. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica – ‘The New Encyclopaedia Britannica’, Volume 8, 2003,
Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.

32. « Nous ripostâmes à la même visite par les srs Louvain, Germain et Bouteville qui furent à Paliacate voir le
gouverneur et lui témoigner réciproquement la joie que nous avions des nouvelles de la paix…..Ces messieurs
furent fort bien reçus, les santés bues et grand feu de canon…… Ils partirent le 16 et retournèrent les 29 »’,
Martin, Ibid, pp.166-167.
33. « Les Hollandais continuaient toujours à refuser des passeports aux marchands du pays ». Martin, Ibid,
p.167.
34. « Je reçus le 24 des lettres des sieurs Germain et Cattel, ils avaient été arrêtés avec notre brahme et menés
dans la forteresse de Paleamcotte » Martin, Ibid, p.114. ; Ray, Ibid, Vol. I, p. 138.
 B) PRIMARY SOURCES:

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Mandal Quarterly (BISMQ). Year 90, No. 1-4. Saka 1935 (July 2013 - April 2014). Pune: Bharat
Itihas Samshodhak Mandal.
4. BERNIER, François. 1671.‘Histoire de la derniere Revolution des Estats du Grand Mogol’
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