at pIRT = (1.2\1.01 > 108) 287X300) p= LAT kgin? = Mp= 1.81 = 0.71 mtg 22 Mean kinetic energy of each stom 4.38 x 10300) = 1.035 x 10° J ne tga, hima mast. has62 1 ons. Hae gba (600 x10") 1.505 x 10% atoms, ‘Total iteznal enerey = (energy per atom)(nurnber of stoms) 1.035 x 10 (1.505 x10")= 1.588% 10° Pe 2116 co37 58 RY 7164460459) — a 23 p= Volume of the zoom = (20y(15)8)= 2400 Total mass io the room = (2404(0,00237) = 5.688 slug Weight = (5.688)2.2)~ 183 a4 2118. paz S28 Tia460-1) v ‘Since the volume of the root is the same, we can simply compare densities between the ‘wo problems.49 =0.00274 0.00237 0.00087 4p _ 000037 change = 42 = 900087 . 1gq) = 15.6% increase chang 000237 (100) 25 First, calculate the density ftom the known mass and volume, 1p 1500/900 = 1.67 bw? Inconsistent units, p~ 1,67/32.2 = 0.052 slug/f’. Also, T= 70 = 70 + 440 = $30R. Hence, po pRT = (0:52)1716)530) p= 47290 Iba or p=472902116= 223 aim 2.6 p=pRT émp= tnp+ éaR+ éoT Differentiating with respect to time, Ldp_ dp, 14T pat pat Tat do pap, pat apa Td pry ett on Baars pr’ a at at m at a Atte instant there is 1000 thy ofa inthe tank, the density is p= 100/900 1.11 Ibap= 1.11/32.2~0,0345 slug” Alto, in consistent units, i is given that T= 50+ 460 510R and that ar dt Emin = 1R/min = 0.0167Risee From the given pumping rte, and the fact thatthe volume ofthe tak is 900 f°, we also have dp _ 05 Iby 00 ’ de = 0.000556 Iha/f 308) a 900 dp _ 0000556 stag 0556 «1.73 x 10° tuple) dt 322 a Xe) ‘Thus, ftom equation (1) above, a 1716\510,1.73 x 10°) + (.0345}1716)0.0167) =1ssr0s9-161 bee ive)= A = 0.0076 atmvsee 2.7 Inconsistent wits, Te -10+273=263K ‘Thus, p=pRT = (1.7 x 10SV287)0263. p= 0225 kgim*28 RT 5 x 10°I287240) = 0.726 kp? [p= 10.726= 138 me 29 Foveduetpraene= fp de f (2116- Lox dx = L16x - 5:2]! = 6308 Ib perpendicular to wall Fee Powediet sharsuess= fir de= (/ 2 ae (+9 = (180 +9)2]) = 6285-540" 83.5 1b tangential to wall Fp = B35 Ie p= 6303044 Magnitude of the resultant aerodynamic force 105)" + (BAS = 6303.6 Ibaio v= Svesino Minimum velocity occurs when sin 0 0, je, when 8: and 180°, Venu = 0 at 8 = 0° and 180°, ic, at its most forward and rearward points Maximum velocity occurs when sin @=1, ic, when = 90°, Hence Vou 3 5K1)= 27Saph 0-9 it, the ene rim ofthe sphere ina plane perpendicular othe fieestean direction. 2uLL The muss of air displaced is M = (2.2\0.002377) = 5.23 x 10" slug The weight ofthis iis Waa = (5.28 x 10°332.2) = 0.168 Ib This isthe lifting foes on the balloon due othe outside ait. However the Helium inside the balloon has weight, acting inthe downward dicetion. The weight of the helium is less than that of sir by the ratio ofthe molecular weights w, 168): 4.00233 Ib. Tas Hence, the maxinzam weight that con be lified by dhe balloon is 0.168 - 0.0233 145102.12 Let ps, 63, and Ts denote the conditions atthe heginning of combustion, and ps, Ps sand Ts denote conditions atthe end of combustion. Since the volume is constant, andthe smass of th gas is constant, then py~ ps~ 11.3 kwim’. ‘Thus ftom the equation of state, Pam py RTs = (11.3) 2874000) = 1.3 x 107 Nim? 13x10) Lor x 1 i 2.13 The area of the piston face, where the diameter is 9 em ~ 0.09 m, is (@) The pressure of the gas mintuce atthe beginning of combustion is Pa= py RTs=11.3 (287(625) =2.02 x 10° Nin? The force on the piston is Fy=ps A= (2.02 x 10°) (6.36 x 10°)= 1.28 x 10'N. & po = pa RTs = (11.3)(287)(4000) = 1.3. 10? Nim’ “The foree on the piston is 8x 10°) (6.36x 10°) =B27x10'N Fue827 x10 | m% 445 2.14 Let pp and T; denote conditions at the inlet to the combustor, and Ts denote the ‘temperature at the exit, Note: p= py= 4x 10° Nin @ py, 4x0 PR ~ GAT x00) wo 41 An examination of the s lard (emperature distribution through the atmosphere tsiven in Figure 3.3 of the txt shows that both 12 km and 18 km are in the same constant temperature region. Hence, the equations that apply are Bs. (3.9) and (3.10) in the text. Since we are in ere isothermal region with therefore the same base values of p and ‘these equations can be writen 38 PoP AP ‘where poiats 1 and 2 are any two arbitrary points in the region. Hence, with and 287 jouletkgK, and letting points 1 and 2 correspond to 12 kan and 18 kan altitudes respectively,Px Pa amit sang aD Hence: P= (0.3884)(1.9399 x 104} = 7.53 x 10" Nim? ps = (03884)3.1194 x 10°) = 0.121 Keim! and of course t 16.66K ‘These answers check the results listed in Appendix A of the text within round-off error. 3.2 From Appendix A of the text, we sce immediately thet p = 2.65 x 10" Nin? coresponds to 10,000 m, or 10 km inthe standard stmosphere, Hence, pressure altitude = 10 km. ‘The outside air density is Pp __ 26sx10! PY RT (2873220) AID kai From Appendix A, this value of p corresponds to 9,88 lam in the standard stmosphere Hence, density altitude ~ 9.88 km 33 A135,000 A, ftom Appendix B, we find that p= 4.99 x 10? = 499 Ib 34 From Appendix B inthe text, 33,500 ft corresponds to p= $35.89 Ibi32,000 ft corresponds to p = 8.2704 x 10° slug Hence, . 53589 R274 x 10-71, 378R From Ba. (3.6), the above equation becomes ) 002 hay = 0.02 r= 0.02 (6.357 x 10") ig 127 108m 127 km 36 T= 15 -0,006Sh = 15 -0,0065(5000) 750" 255.9% a= ZT, o006s ob From Ba. (3.12) P 1) -(3) 0533 p, Xt, A288 p= 0.533 p= 0.533 (1.01 x 105) = 5.38 10" Nin?RT én PB bok & rn 2 Letting hy = 0 (the surface) = 17,358 m= 17.358 kin 38 A standard alitude of 25,000 ft fills within the first gradient region in the standard atmosphere, Hence, the variation of pressure and temperature are given by . (2) A PAT? a T=T)+a(h-hy) Differentiating Eq, (1) with respect to time: 28-()*C ates Differentiating Eq, (2) with respect to time: at _ yah a at Substitute Bg. (4) into 3) Ta Eq, (S), dhidt is the rate-of-climb, given by dhidt ~ 500 fsec. sradient region, the lapse rate ean be calculated from the tbulations in Appendix B. For cexarople, take O and 10,000 A, we find 1 41STXASO) £m 05 gp MISTHISO) én. o @ @ @ 3) Aleo, in the firstT=, _ 48304-51869 ok a= SCH S1869 _ 00357 b,—h, 10,900-0 ® Also from Appenilix B, py = 2116.2 Ib? at sea level, and T Thus, eg. m2 ak” 000357)0716) Hence, from Ea, (5) rn nat) cae = ~21162351869)" re @ -arreaysisesy™{ 22) asso 8 any a eee 39° Prom the hydrostatic equation, Bq, (3.2) or(3.3), ap=-puedh a or ont The upward speed of the clevator is dh, which is 429.64 °R at 25,000 &. ath _ dp /at ape ‘At sea lovel, p= 1.225 kg/m’, Also, a one-percent change in presuro per minute starting from sea level is 4 <_(.01 x 10%y001)=- 1.01 x 107 Nim? per mite at HenceLoi x 10° a” 0250 = 84.1 meter pee minute 3.410 Prom Appendix B: At 35,500 A: p= 535.89 Ihe At 34.000 A: p= 523.47 Ih Fora pressure of $30 Ibi, the pressure altitude is 53889-530) _ = 33737 sasag—snaa7)” 39787 ‘The density atthe altitude at which the sieplane is fying i p___ 530 BT™ Grigg 779898 1 sta p Prom Appendix Bs At 33,000 ft: p= 7.9656 x 10" slugif? A133,500 ft: p= 7.8165 x 10° slug/f? Hence, the density altitude is ssn 50 (28895-7812). 54560 (79656-78168 AAI Let £ be the length of one wall ofthe tank, £ = 30. Letdbe the depth ofthe pool, d=10 R. Atte water surfue the pressure is atmosphere pressure pe. The water pressure increases with increasing depths the pressre as faction of stance below the sorte seven bythe hydrostatic equation p= pedh aNote: The hydrostatic equation given by Eq, (3.2) in the text has a minus sign because ha ‘is measured positive inthe upward direction, In Bg (1) hit measured positive in the dovinward direction, with h= 0 tthe sures ofthe water, Hence, no minus sign appears in Bq, (1); ash inoreases (as we go deeper into the water), p increases, Eq, (1) is ‘consistent with this fact, Integrating Eg (1) from h= 0 where p= puto some local depth Inher he pressure pnd noting that pis constanfr water, we have [eneefa p-n=pgh p=peh+p. @ Eq. @) gives the water pressure exerted on the wall at an arbitrary depth h. Consider an elemestary sal sliver of wall surface of length £ and height dh ‘The water Freon ths sliver of reais aF=pe dh ‘Total fore, F, on the wal is fa wee pis given by Bp. (2). Inserting Hy. 2) nt (3), P [rea @ Ff oedema ea repee (4) +nee ioIn Fa, (4, the proc p is the specific weight (eight per unit volume) of water; pg 624 ef, From Ea, (4), (29,20 9% sexsscon F= 93,600 + 634,800 = SADT [Note: This fore is the combined effect ofthe force duct the weight ofthe water, 93,600 Ib, and the force due to atmospheric pressure transmitted through the water, (634,800 ht this example, te later i the larger somtibation to the free on te wal the wall were freestanding with atmosphere pressure exerted on the opposite se, then the net foree exer on the wall would be tha ue othe welpht ofthe water only, {93,600 Ib. In tons the force on the side ofthe wall in contact with the water is For the exponential aimasphere model, Loewen Pe 2. gesoeveniany Pe Hence,p= poet = 1225)(1.6575 x 10°) = BOS 10" kgm) rom the standard atmosphere, at 45 km, p = 2.02. 10% kg/m’. ‘The exponential atmosphere model gives a emarkubly accurate value for the density at 45 kam when @ value of 240 K is used forthe temperature, 41 AV)= AN Let points 1 and 2 denote the inlet and exit conditions respectively. Them, va-Vs ()-0(- 1.25 fisee 42 From Bernoulli's oquation, Inconsistent uni OA 22 1.94 slugit? Hence, pipe SsP-(.2571 po=pi=0.97 Q34)~ 22.7 Ist43° From Appendix. ot 300m altitude, r= 7.01 x 10° Nim? P= 0.909 kal? From Bernoulli's equation, papit 2 vee 701 x 108 + 220° 60° 70% pr=7.01 x 10*-0.059x 10= 698 x 10! Nim? 44° From Bemoullis equation, Py? =p, 42vt pithy? op, +2. ov =p, ‘Also from the incompressible continuity equation Var Vi (AWA: Combining, oon PAY nt AVE ep PALA, Pit EV =p, +2 (AA, ron Atstandard sea level, p= 0.00237 slug’, Hence, 2180) Yi Voorn? =) 67 fseeNoto that also Vi = 67 { 3) = 46 mith. (This is approximately the landing speed of ‘Workd War vintage aizora bp a= 20,-P) , yg Wi =P yyy 1 5 c ALY As Voor ® Subsite (2) nto (1) on © Also, ”3 peloom may x10 V2= 102.22 misee Note: It takes a pressure difference of only 0:02 atm to produce such a high velocity 88) 46° V,~130mph=130 (8 on 130(F) L vteme love i tpvtens lave pity eViap+ so vie? @-p)+VP ? 201760917800) | 50 0.0020482, try Vo 2168 fisee 4.7 From Bernoulli's equation, And from the incompressible continuity equation, Vee Vi (AAs) Combining: pies 2 Vi LAAF =H Hence, the maximum pressure difference will occur when simultaneously1 Vs ismaximumn 2. pis maximum ie.sea level ovome= 23 (aay t]= 305? Please note: In reality the airplane will most likely exezed 90 msec in a dive, so the airspeed indicator should be designed fora maximum velocity somewhat above 90 m/sec. 48 The isentropic relations are Hence, From the equation of sate: Pe _ oIxtO*) RT, ~ 87900 11.73 kgm? Thus, oe=oe(2) «uur ()" 26 kein! ‘As acheck on the results, apply the equation of state atthe exit, Pe" peRT? 1.01 x 10° = 2.26)(287)155)LOLx10°= 101 x10" Techecks! 49° Since the velocity is essentially zero in the reservoir, the ensrgy equation written between the reservoir and the exits yy hy ME We or, VE =2 he-be) a However, h= eT. Thus Bg, (1) becomes VE=2 6 (ToT mam 2gn(-8) e However the fw siento, ence J" ° eG) ‘Substitute (3) into (1) a ‘his is the desired result. Note from Bq, (4) that Ve inereases a5 increases, and a8 p/P decreases. Equation (4) isa useful formula for rocket engine performance analysis. 440 The flow velocity is certainly Iarge enovgh that she ow must be weated as ‘compressible. From the energy equation,Tit Mngt 2 o 2 Ata standard altitude oS km, from Appendix A, pinS4x10'Nin? Ty=255.9K Also, for ar, ¢p= 1003 oule'(kg(K). Hence, fiom Eq (1) above, Mi-¥} 2s 14 (270)? ~ (330)* Te 2587+ 210005), 55.7-179= 237 8K Since the flow is also isentropic, 19x 10° Nin? n= Pease note: This problem and problem 4.3 ask the same question, However, the Now velocities in the present problem require a compressible analysis. Make certain to examine the solutions of both problems 4.10 and 4.3 in order to contrast compressible versus incompressible analyses. a14.11 Fromthe energy equation 1500" = 30 gia 2(6000) * Inthe reservoir the density i =. N64 = 9. 0.0086 sug p RT, (1716\(1000) ome From the isentropic relation, Pe () po TS ox= ome (825) pV! PoM.? po= 2116+ 07 2116) @*=0.808 x 10t ‘Compared to the correct result of 1.656 x 10" 3 + this leads to un error 51%. 4at P= 51.01 x 10) [1 +02 GP pes 137 x 10° Nim? ue) *Lase2ayr a T, Te= ($00)0.357) = 178.6K pe _ 137 x 108 ORT CEHTIEH 0.267 kg/m?Annas ‘ = 0.7 0 +02My"5o o o 02 0.04 0027 04 016 0.100 06 036 0.198, 08 06 0.294 10 10 0370 12 144 0416 14 1.96 0431 Le 256 oan 18 324 0395 20 4.00 0358 [Note that the dynamic pressure increases svth Mach number for M < 1.4 but decreases with Mach number for M> 1.4. Le, in an isentopie nozzle expansion, there is a peak local dynamie pressure which obcurs at ”4.34 First, calculate the value of the Reynolds naraber. oy PaNel,_(12254200)3) R He (07894 x 10") 10x10" ‘The dynamic pressure is 1 paN.? = 2 (1.228)(200)' = 2.45% 10" Nint 2 5203) 2213) =0.0024m= 024em Vax 10 and 00021 The skin eon drag on one sige af the plates De= qe Sor= (2.45 x 10508X17.540.00021) Dy=270N The toal skin fiction drag, accounting for both dhe top and the bottom of the plate Is ‘iets Value, namely Total De= S40 os7L___ 037) 435 iF Re, GI x 10)? 033m =3.3 em From prublem 4.24, we find Brornaten/Beaminar = 33. = 3.75 026‘The turbulent boundary layer is more than an order of magnitude thicker than the laminar boundary layer. 0074 oor Re)? Gx 1" “The skin friction drag on one side is then De ge Ser= 245 x 10')3)(17.50.0022) 2830N ‘The foal, aecounting for both top and bottom is ‘Total De= S660N rom problem 4.24, we find 5660 _ (ne)/ (Pr...) a0 Tie turbulent skin friction drag is an order of magnitude larger than the laminar valve. 426 p*VEL78S x 107) (225,200) 65 200-m/se0 Aine PLOW TURBULENT Flow -B 6The turbulent drag dha would exist over the first 7.3 x 10% of chord length from the leading edge (area A) is oon >, FAS, (oto sie Bort | > aor ere 1 = RIMS asx w'yra x1051178) D,,=146N (on oneside) From problem 4.25, the turbulent drag on one side, assuming both areas A and B co be turbulent, is 2830N. Hence, the turbulent drag on are B alone is: D,, = 2830-146 -2688N (turbulent) ‘The laminar drag on atea A is 132 og = Rey 1328 seri 45x 10°73 x 17S) aH @ NC M75) 2N laminar) ‘Hence, the skin friction drag on one side, assuming area A fo be laminar and area B to be turbulent is y= D,, (laminar) + D,, (urbulent) Dy=42-+2684 = 2726N The toal drag, accounting for both sides, is Total De= $452N ”‘Note: By comparing the results ofthis problem with those of problem 4.25, we see that the flow over the wing is mostly turbulent, which is usually the ease For real srplanes in fight 437 The relation between changes in pressure and velocity at a point in an inviscid flow is given by the Buler equation, i, (4.8) dp=-pvav Letting s denote distance along the streamline through the point, Bq, (4.8) can be weitten py as FY ws ap a (V/V) of =pv i) gs PN as @) (eA). 0.02 per millimeter as Hence, £ 1.1)(1007%(0.02) = 220 © per mittimerer & B=-caxianyo.= 22910 permit CConelusion: At a point in a high-speed flow, it requires a much larger pressure gradient to achieve a given percentage change in velocity than for a low speed flow, everything clse being equal438 We use the fact that total pressure is constant in an isentropic flow. From Ei. (4.74) applied inthe freestream, Jt +0200 387 From Ea. (4.74) applied atthe point on the wing Bea(a2 tae} Hence, o-[[E)@ peso ‘Ata standard altitude of 3 km, from Appendix A, p= 7.0121 x 10" Nits, Hence, 1402047 P*=2135 p= (0.65)7.0121 x 10°) 4.555 10" Nim? 439° This problem is simply asking what is the equivalent airspeed, as discussed in Section 4.12, Hence, ons 10563 x 10°)". iano 159) = A 1 {Zfi+02 ao} = 2870 wyAue = 536. Riv BHT x0? = 5389 (b) From Bq. (487) Bea(netzinc)" ‘Ata standard altitude of 55 km, p [+02 0p y= 4244 x 104 8.373 Nin. Hence Pe 053 x 10° Nin? = 203 aim 244 x 1048.373) (© From Fg. 485) yo! 3 sw 140.2 (107 #21 Ata standard altude of 55 km, T= 275.78 K. Henee, T)=278.78 Qe $791 K Examining the shove resis, we note that 1. The requited expansion rato of 535.9 he, but is realy manufactured 2. The required reservoir pressure of 20:3 atm is Inge, bu can be handled by proper design ofthe reservoir chamber. 3. The tequied reservoir temperature of 5791 K is tremendously large, especialy wien you remembsr thatthe surfice temperature ofthe sun is about 6000 K. For a continuous flow hypersonic tunnel, such high reservoir tempertues can nt be handled. In practice, a reservoir temperature of about half this value or less is employed, withthe sacrifice made that “rue temperature” simulation in the test steam isnot obtained. 441 The speed of sound inthe test stream isHence, Ve=Mgae= 10 (332.9) = 3329 misee 442 (a) From Eq. 488, for M.=20 (3) hat Hence: A, Als sg77 B= 1535 () From Eq. (4.85) 0123 Life ples MZ) =0+@2@0'7 Henee, Te= G7910.01235)= 71.5 K a= FRE, ~MUHANTTS = 169.5 mice ft" 20 (169.5) = 3390 mvsee Comments: 1. Toobiain Mach 2, ie, to double the Mach number in this eas, the expansion sat must be increase by a actor of 15,377/535.9= 28.7. High hypersonic Mach numbers demand wind tunnels wih very larg exito-throst ratios. In practice, this is usually obtained by designing the nozele with a small droat area a2, Of particular interests thatthe exit voloiy is increased by avery smal amount, namely by only 61 mee, although the ext Mash mumber as been doubled. The higher Mach number of 20 is achieved not by a largo increase in cat veloctyby rather by a lange decease in the speed of sound at he ext This is characteristic of most conventional hypersone wind wnnels~ the higher Mach numbers are not associated with comesponding increases inthe test section flow velocities, 4.43. We will use the sketch shown in Figure 4.47, identifying the seperate planfocm areas A and B. @ go Ye pow Va? = Ye (1.23)(20)? = 246 Nim? Re, Pe esr Hence 1789 x 10°\5 x (12520) 9) -93636m vere BANAL _ (125320K8) de” (L788 x 10") 55x10oon Buoy oe? eS Cy= (246)(4)(4}( 0.00832) ~ 13.07 N The turbulent drag on area A is obiained from aor 0074 eB 00% Dy, =ae § C,, = (246\4)(0.3636)0.00836) = 1.92N ‘The turbulent crag on area Bis 1307-192= 11.15 =D, ‘The laminar drog on area Ais obtained ftom ee ee Re Seo aminae) Dy, = ae8 C,, ~ 246)4(0.3636)(0,0018 ‘The total fiction drag is De= Dy, + D,=0.67 + 11.15 = [8 o Vo=40 misce = Va (1.25940)? = 984 Ni ZL _ (123,404) we (1789 x10") (urbulend Cy, Daw 984}(4)(4(0.00289) = 45.5 “8 0670074 ant (Turbulen) cranes (Palen) Ci = ee x 10 0.00536 [Note that, since Re,_ remains the same, but Vis doubled, xis half that from part @ v= 2 tem j= du y= OBKONOIBIR|O00NS =348N Hee D, =D. Byads-3at A146 Cain, = 4 = A ocr D,=48 6," 089,0I8IF 0008) = 165% a Di= Dy, 345+ 41.66=[3) © breve ‘Using the results from parts (a) and (b) B(x)" pow) 1182 _ 20)" ola) 0275=0.5y‘Taking the log of both sides 056=n (0.30) 030 Note’ Skin fition drag does not follow the velocity squared Jaw; rather skin fiction varies with velocity ata power slightly less than 2, VL 1 4.44 (a) For turblent flow, Croc Since Re= 2272 then Cree os ¢ ie e we jo Cea V2 ( L Forlaminar flow, Cra 15 « o re a Dre Ve? 4.45 (a) Me. Since a. 340.3 m/sec at sea level, NG40.3) 6Ye (1.239840) = 7.12% 10 Nim 12333403. He (1789 x 10 936% 10" oors 0074 0074 = 0.00188 (36 x 10) Thus, Cy= 0.91 (0.00188) = 090171 Dy= ge S Cr(7.12 x 1084914 0.00171) paDaN 33403) 021 mvs, Va po Vai = Va (1.23)(1021)* = GAL x 10° Ni VoL _ (12310214) He (1789 x10" 281x108 oor = ge = 0.00151 Gal x 107 From Figure 4.44, forthe turbulent case, approximate reading ofthe graph shows, for Me=3 E1056ce=0.s6 0.00151) ~ 0.000846 Drm eS Ce (6.41 x 10°(4)4N.000846) pay © D, 1948 _/ sas) ‘3677 ~ \ioaos. 0.2245 = (0333 (04772) ‘This implies Dro Vl, This is considerably different than the velocity squared Jaw. Ia fact, comparing this result, where n= 1.36, with the incompressible result in Problem 4.43, where n ~ 1.8, indicates thatthe aed effect of compressibility (higher Mach numbers) continues to drive down the exponent. The eompatison is only ‘qualitative, however, because the Reynolds numbers in Problem 4.45 are much larger ‘ban those in Problem 4.43, Inany event, the bottom line of Problems 4.43, 444, and 445 is that lows with tition and/or compressibiliy do not follow the veloity squared law, but rather for such ‘lows the skin friction drag varies as Vc" where n is an exponent les than 2. «7SL Assume the moment is govemed by M= {Va aS Ho 8) More speciiclly M=ZVet pat Stast ya! Equating the dimensions of mass, m, length, ¢, and time t, and considering Z =GOoOE I=b+f (Formess) Qea-3b+2d+e-f (Forlensth) eof fortims) Solving, and din tems of and f belt and, a=2-e-f and, 2=2-0-f-3+3f+2d+e+2 oe OSB E+ 2d vel paltsi2 a. y.! oss (3) (tee) [Note that S'? isa characteristic length; denote it by the chord, 4“sez (a. M=pevisez (22) (#2) eveseel i) However, aJVn=1My Me Vip. Re and Let Wwe: ‘where Gq isthe moment coefficient. Then, as was to be derived, we have M eg oh Vi Cem Pe om M=qeSeen 52 From Appendix D. at 5° angle of tack, = 067 eq, = 0028 (Note: Two sets of lif and moment coefficient data are given forthe NACA 1412 airfoil ~ wih and widhou ap deletion, Make certain to read the code propery, and use only the unflapped data, as given above. Also, note thatthe seae fore, is diffrent than that for c, be careful in reading the data) ‘With regard te frst check the Reynolds mumber, Vee _(0002377)100)0) Be GIST x 10")Re= 19x 10° Inthe airfoil data, the closest Re is 3x 10°, Use e fr this value. 47 0.007 (for €, - 0.67) “The dynamic pressure is, oc =doe! =} 00m37)1007= 19 ‘The area per unit span is 38 (= (0G) ‘Hence, per unit span, L= qe 6, = (11.9}8¥0.67)= 23.916 D= ae $ c= (11.9)3)0.007) = 0.25 lb Moi=GeS€ €,,, = (11.9Y3)GV0025) (ot x 10°) 83° Pe" Rat e7 G05) From Appendix D, «,=098 902 Checking the Reynolds number, using the viscosity coefficient ftom the curve given in Chapter 4, 4. = 182 10% kgim see at T= 308K, pen PaNe (USTED _ 5 gp He” 182 x10 0‘This Reynolds number is considerably less than the lowest valus of 3 x 10* or which data is given forthe NACA 23012 airfoil in Appendix D. Hence, we can use this dta only 10 seve an educated guess; use ‘<10.01, which is about 10 percent higher than the value of 0,008 given for Re=3 x 10° ‘The dyn pressure is 1 2 a= F0.Ne =} (1617 = 1024 ‘The area per unit span is $= (1(03)=0.3 mr, Hence, aS, 1024X0.3)0.98) = 301N Dea ca (102)0.3}(0.01) = 3.07 Mut=qoS €6m™ (10244(0.3}(03)(0.012) = SA __ From the previous problem, q-= 1020 Nin L=qeSc, Hence, The wing area 8 = (2)(03)=0.6 mat Hence, 200 =033 024,06) From Appendix D, the angle of attack which corresponds to ths lift coefficient i a=? stSS From Appendix D,ata=4°, mn tet (88) ‘iso, v. =120 (88) ~176 nee 1. = 120 (FF) = 176 Feat =} (0002377076) = 368 Ti? (368)(04) Sei D ase We must tabulate the values of fey for various angles of attack, and find where the ‘maximum occurs. For example, from Appendix D, atc 028 «4 0.006, Henoe L_ ev _ 025 Je EOE gs Doe” 0006A tabulation follows. oe 025 035 045 055 065 075 O8 O95 105 115 1.006 0.006 0.006 0.0065 0.0072 0.0075 0.008 0.0085 0.0088 0.0105 ALT 583° 75 $46 903 100 106-112, From the above tabulation, Henee, @-m At sea level fie 1.225 kg/m? Pe= LOL x 10°Nin? se Joc! =} 6206071581 at From the definition of pressure coefficient, 58 P=Pe _ (095-101) x 10° arn 1531 391 The speed is low enough that incompressible flow can be assumed. From Bemoulli’s equation,59 The flow is low speed, hence assumed to be incompressible. From problem 5.8, 5.10 The speed of sound is {GAYATIGNSIO) = 1107 ft se 700 0) = 0.68 i107 ln problem 5.9, the pressure coefficient atthe given point was calculated as -0.485, However, the conditions of problem 5.9 were low speed, hence we identify = 0485 ‘At the nev, higher free stream velocity, the pressure coefficient must be corrected for compressibility. Using the Prandl-Glauest Rule, the high speed pressure coefficient is Ey-a925 S11 The formula derived in problem 5.8, namely vy em-(7) utilized Bemoulli's equation in the derivation, Hence, it is not for compressible flow. Inthe present problem, check the Mach number. eo YRT, = (CAMIMIGSTS = 1101 By see Mo= 22 = 0.708, iol ‘The flow is clesely compressible! To obiain the pressure coefficient, fist calculate pa from the equation of state Pe ___2U6 Pe Ber, T7LGNS05) = 0.00244 slug To find the pressure at the point on the wing where V = $50 fSee, first Sind the ‘temperature from the energy equation ‘The specific heat at constant pressure for ait is R__ GAYITIO, aw 05 yl) (4-1) slug RHence, 780" — 850" To503+ Se 05 -9.5 = 495K Assuming isentropic flow 4958)"" cis (89) « wun p= QN8 os 1980 lb/ft pape ._o-aie p.N* \a002ssy 780)" 52 A velocity of 100 fsec is low speed, Hence, the desired pressure coefficient is a low speed value, C,, From problem 5.11, 0.183 and Ma * 0.708. Thus, 0.183 V=a7085 (0.183)(0.706) = -0.129 56$13 Recall thatthe airfoil data in Appendix D is forlow speeds. Hence, at a=4°, c,, 058, ‘Ths, from the Prandtl-Glauert rule, “ 088 997 yi-m? y1-(osy 5.14 The lift coefficient measured is the high speed value, ¢,. tS low speed counterpart is e, , where (085) yI-@: For this valu, the Fow sped data in Appendix D yield a2 515 First, obtain a curve of Cpe versus Me from a= 2 (eee =] lames Some values are tabulated below for y M. 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Cyer “366-213-129 -0.779 -0.435 -0.188 0‘Now, obtain the variation ofthe minimum pressure coefficient, Cp, with May where C,, 0.90, From the Pral-Glaver ale 090 Jem ‘Some tabulated values ace: M, 04 05 06 07 08 09 Ce 098 1.08 1125 126 15 206 A plot ofthe two eurves is given on the next page sOF 05 Be a7 a8 av 40 From the interseotion point, Me [03] 5.16 The curve of Cpr versus Mas already been obtained inthe previous problem it isa universal curve, and hence can be used for this aud all other problems. We simply hhove to obizin the variation of C, with Ma from the Pranl-Glavert rule, a flows fy -065 yieM! yI-M,! M. 04 05 06 07 08 09 Cp O71 O75 081-91 -1.08 +149 ‘The results are plotted below.Ot as a6 a7 08 AF 40 From the point of intersection, Please note that, comparing problems 3.15 and 5.16, the eiical Mach number fora given sirfoil is somewhat dependent on angle of attack for the simple reason that the value of the minimum pressure coefficient isa function of angle of attack, When a critical Mach number is tated fora given airfoil in the literature, i is usually for @ small (ruising) angle of attack, 5.17 Mach angle =~ are sin (1/M) = ate sin (112) 30° o519 At36,000 trom Appendix B, T= 390.9R em 71 x10" sag? a Me = (9692.2) =2132 fsee 1 m 71 x 1@132F a ve ae 614 vn? {In evel fight, the airplane’ lift must balance its weight, ence L=W= 16,0001. From the definition of lift coeftcient, C1 =Lige $ = 16,000401614)210) = 0.047 6Assume that all the lif is devived fiom the wings (his is aot ly true because the fuselage and horizontal til also contribute to the wrplane lif.) Moreover, assume the wings can be approximated by a thin flat plate, Hence, the lif coefficient is given ‘approximately by 4a G Solve for ct, Yee ia a= 4c, (MF qe. Secentaant coon 022) = 0,023 radians (or 1.2 degrees) ‘The wave drag coefficient is approximated by Hence, Dy =GeS Cy, = (1614)(210\0.00108) Dy~ 3661 5.20 (a) At $0,000 ft, = 3,6391 x 10* slug/tt’ and T.=390°R, Hence, an YRT, = YOANITIONGH) = 968 A/ see and 2130 Ase ‘The viscosity eoeflicient at Te = 390°R = 216.7K can be estimated from an extrapolation of the straight line given in Fig. 430. The slope ofthis lin is adu _ 212-154) & 107 ar G50. 8 x 9t _—_ke__ 0) (Gaiteec)(K) Extapoatng fiom the sea evel value of y= 1.7894 x 107 kylmXeee), we have at Ta = 216.7K, e~ 1.7808 x 10%. (58x 104) @288-216.7) ew 1.37 10? kg(enysee) Converting t enpish engineering units, using the information in Chapter 4, we have 137 x 0% sug slog = 37373 x 107 SUE) 286 x 10 17898 x 107° Wises B see he Finally, we cam caleulate the Reynolds number forthe flat plate: Vel. _ 26391 x 10° (@2130)202) Pe = S47 x 10" sa Ha 2.86 x 107 ‘Thos, kom Bg, (4100) seduced by 20 percent (08) ei = 0.00106 74 x 1) ‘Total drag coefficient = 0.0025 + (2X0.00106) = 0.00462 eNote: In te above, Cris multiplied by two, because Eq, (4100) applied to only one side ‘of the fat plate. In flight, both the top and bottom of the plate will experience skin friction, hone that ttl skin rition coefficient is 20.00106) = 0.00212, (©) Ie avis increased to $ degrees, whee a= 5157.3 - 0.00873 red, then 400879)" _ 001556 ja2y- ay Total drag coefficient = 0.01556 +-20.00106) = 0.0177 (6) In case (a) where the angle of attack is 2 degrees, the wave drag coefficient (0.0025) and the skin fiction diag eoelficient acting on both sides of the plate (2 x (0.00106 = 0.00212) ae about the same. Horvever, in case (b) where the angle of attack is higher, the wave diag coefficient (0.0172) is about eight times the total skin fiction coeffcieat, This is because, as cc ineresses, the strength of the leading edge shock ‘increases rapidly. In this ease, wave drag dominates the overall drag forthe plate. sat veeastimae asta)(8 thm) th a) 225 kel L 5 500.225y60.2 1 FpeVe Ge 5p. _L__ 9800 995 4.8 (976163) Cy, _0203)* = 0.002894 RAR” 1(0.62\(731) 39.5 1-8 C., = 2976 K1623(0.002894)$22, Vo" 85.5 koh 28.75 misee ae=Loev= Le.2010575" «345 Wat 9800 O=S-Gaae a.8 ~ 645163) Go 07 weAR — 7(0.62\(7.31) Ce, 1o8 Co, = C45)(16.2)(0.215)= 1202. Note: ‘The induced drag at low speeds, such as near stalling velocity, is considerably lecger than at high speeds, ncar maximum velocity. Compare the esults of problems 5.20, and $21 523 First, obtain the infinite wing liA slope. From Appendix D for a NACA 65-210 set = 0.076 per degree 6Ata=6 C1= ae - 1-0) (0.076) [6-(1.5)]= 057 The total drag coefficient is (osry? eae im (09\5) 0.027 (0.002377)(1007 = 11.9 16 pa Vet 10',L=17.91b, Hence __ 179 as din05 0, Hence a-0 ac, __ 10-0 da [10- ‘This is the finite wing Ii slope Solve for a. ea 7 eAR a 0.11 per degree “$25 Ata the it is ero. Hence, the total drag is simply the profile drag, p= egt Seo mey t= cat ham ert meg au= Leeve= osn?=201 WH? Thus, at = e-9 Dos “48 GonGs ‘Ata 2% assume that cy has not materially changed, Lethe “drag bucket” ofthe profile rag curve (see Appendix D) extends at least from -I° to 2°, where ey is essentially constant. Ths at a= 2" L as GoNIs a= 0166 D023 & - = 000763 aS” Goins) However: a Co" 88 AR 0.00763 ~ 0.006 + CASE = SEES = 090 To obiain the Tift slope of the aefil infinite wing), first calculate the finite wing lift slope. (0166-0) 2-@y 0.055 per degree oa ss S73.” | 57510085) ~ eAR # (O9K6) 2. 0068 pr deere aw _ [_2¢7780) 526 lesen “Vazna6o 19.1 misee 8.7 kw 27 (ee 000 ie nan? (0.087)= 0.548 (b) Using the Prandt!-Glauert rule, 528 For V~21.8 fisec al sealevel 1 lo Pe Vor a> 5h £ (0.002377)21.8)'= 0.565 1h? 1 ounce = 1/16 Ib = 0.0625 Ib Lanes G8 (0565.0) — 6Fora flet plate airfoil c, =2ma=2(357.3)= 0329 The difference between the higher value predicted by thin airfoil theory and the lower value measured by Cayley is due to the low aspect ratio of Cayley"s test wing, and viscous effets at low Reynolds number. 5.29 From Eqs (5.1) and (5.2), written in coefficient Form a Cye0s a Cy sino. sin a +Cy e080 Hence: C= 08 005 6° -0.06 sin 6* = 0.7956 - 0.00627 = 0.789 Cy= 0.8 sin a + 0.06 cos = 0.0836 + 0.0597 = 0.1433, Note: At the relatively small angles of attack associated with normal airplane flight, Cy and Cy, are essentially the same value, as shown in cis example 530 First solve for the angle of attack and the profile de efficient, which stay the same in this problem, anne Tara, BAR) or, = 214573 a/ne1 AR = 2 (14 973 o1te osm = 42°‘The profile drag can be obtained as follows, 035 12 Cc! 035° oe Cp- St = 0012. O39 7 meAR non (97) Increasing the aspect ratio at the same angle of attack increases C, and reduces Co. For AR=10, weave T5573 8, 1 AR) G ons) 1573 OM i= IOI _ s778)? (9x0) 0.082 = 00062 + o,posn48=0.112 Hence, the new value of LID is 078 5 cy 0o112 531 For incompressible flow, from Bemoulli's equation, the stagnation pressure is Pompe t Yana Ve? Let S be the sure area of each face of the plate, ‘The aerodynamic force exerted on the front face is Feat = Po Sand te aerodynamic force on the back face is Peak The net force, which is the drag, is D= Fron Piass = (Pa Pa) S From Bernoulli's equation, Po Pom Ye po Vat “Thus, D=%ep.V2s Go= 72 v8 3PeMe 8.32 The drag of the airplane is D=qe8 Cp o “The drag ofa flat plate at 90° to the flow, with an ara fand drag coefficient of 1, is D=aef Cp, ae f (1) Busting Bas. (1) nd (2) GS Co= gat EGS$8.33 f= Cy S = (0.0163}233) = B.8 1 6a W382 aay a.” SENOTH co + Se no 93 +028" m " wAR ® (0975) Co= 0.03 + 0.0028 0.0328 CuCp =0.24210.0328 JW, OIG ©) art c= © = 38220 + g.8 > GoIM273) Cy + OH =0 09 +038 Co" Co. AR ¥ (097) p= 0.03 + 0.0068 = 0.0368 CuCp = 0.38/0.0368 = 10362 Ve=200 $2993 fisee a ae (0.002377)(293.3)* = 1022 Ibe LW _ 5000 Gn ew 2 0 gs a8” q8” Gonza00) ~ 16245) _po994 RAR (093)83) Since the amplane is fying atthe condition of maximum L/D, hence minimum thrust required, Cy, =Co,- This, =2:C,, =2 (00024) = 0.1048 102.2)(200)(0.0048) = 98.1 1b 00 mise 63 (@) Choose a velocity, say V. 1 J pn Vai = £(1.225) 100} = 6125 Ni 2 2 W __ 103047 a8 23047)” CE oo pgp 4 (0358 R OBTLGS) 0.032 + 0,007 » 0.0392__W___ 103087 ic 83 211287 N in Var= (11287)(100) » 1.129 x 10° watts 129 kw A tabulation for other velocities follows on the nest page: v a ce Cua Pa misec) - kw 100 0358 ome 93 1129 130 0212 0934s la 21s 160 oso 0031 4.23 3898 190 0.099 0.9325 3.05 wn 20 0.074 9900 250 0.057 0.0322 14550 280 0.045 0.0321 18 20180 310 0.037 o 32 1s 27780 ()—Pa=T Vo = 2)40298) Vie 20596 Ve. ‘The power required and power available curves are plotted below = p) 91d bh) x8 4 on we the aa ate Be to SY, Gmisee)From the inteseetion ofthe Pa and Pr curves, we find, Vn = 295 mise at sa level (©) At5 km standard altitude, p~0.7364 kg/m? Hence, (odp)!? =(1.22590.7368)!2 = 1.28 Vai = (po/p)" Ve = 1.29 Vo. Pan (OUP) Pa, = 1.29 Py, rom the results from part (@) above, ¥, La . Gi seo) th) (m/s) 100 1129 ro 130 2182 168 160 3898 206 190 649 2s m0 9900 284 250 14550 Pay @ ™=h, (2) 601 Ty, a. Hence, Vio = (0,601)(80596) Via = 48438 Va ‘The power required and power available curves are plotied below. 1% Gow) 1456 2sis 5028 8281 1271 18770now 'g = 28 |. [Fn] 2 e I Cos aS 1 * #0 #0 0 #00 25 300 VY, Om/sec) rom the intersection ofthe Pk and P, curves, we find Vnar= 290 misee tS kn ‘Comment: The mach numbers corresponding to the maximum velocities in parts(6) and (@) seas follows: At sea level sa (RT = \OTAIARTORBIO) = 340 mosee Ma ve ALS km aliude a> ART, = VOTES These mach numbers are slightly lager than what might be the actual drag-divergence (Mach number foran airplane such as the A-10. Our calculations have not taken the lange %6rag rise at drag-divergence into account, Hence, the maximum velocities calculated above are somewhat higher than reality. 64 (@) Choose a velocity, sy Vi= 100 fusee Soe Somers ¥ 3000439 SS (13908) 4 ars 039 ww (09162) 027 +0.109=0.136 Ww 30003000 gs 5 GIG,” 1135 1022 (293.5100) = 29350 A Ibisee Interms of horsepower, A tabulation for other velocities follows:1 2.85 109 139 150 08 200 0349 250 0203 300 oss 350 ona 085 0136 0.0487 o.0s9 0.0298 0.0284 0.0277 uty 5.88 10.22 273 029 7a8 3.46 42 (6) At sea evel, maximum Ps = 0.83 (345) = 286 hp. available are plotted below. HORSEPOWER ose n 700 (so 200 is Pa hp) og S34 643 106 182 300 463 The power required and power sea devel Bea abo VL (fH see)From the intersection ofthe P, and Px curves, Var = 295 fse0=201 mph at sa level (©) Ata standard altitude of 12,000 i, p= 1.648 10° slug? Hence, (0.00237770.001648)'* (ep) Vax™ (90)? Vo" 12Vo Py, = (ou)? Py, 2 Pp Using the results from part above, % Pa Yn (ft/sec) (hp) (ft see), 0 649 u 79. 100 534 120 641 150 ws 180 769 200 106 240 1 250 e2 300 218 300 300 360 360 (@) Assuming thatthe power output of the engine is proportional fo pa, (2oUS48) 2, ~0.03», 00377 . Pa, =(Ples) Pa, A612,000 8, Pq = 0.693 (286) = 198 hp The power required and power svailable carves are plotted below. »3 72,060 4) 8 HORSEPOWER Dv From the intersection of the Pan Pk curves, Via = 290 fsee = 198 mph 12,000 8. 65 From the P, and Po carves generated in problem 63, we find approximately excess power = 9000 kw at sea level excess power = 5000 kw a kt Hence, at ee level excess power 9 x 10 watts W 10307 x 10°N, RIC 73 misee ‘and at 5 km altitude, = SKI 48.5 misce 103047 x 10 646 From the Pa and Py curves generated in problem 6.4, we find approximately: 0excess power'= 232 hp at sea level excess power = 134 hp at 12,000 ft Hence, at sea level, excess power _ (252550) Ww 3000 RCs 42.5 fiboe and at 12,000 ft stud, 134550) 3000 RIC = 24S fisee 6-7 Assuming (Cau varies linet with aitade, BC mn a+b From the to (R/C) vale fom problsm 65, w73=a0)*b 485 =a(S000)+b Hence, (RUC) us ™ 0.00776 b +873 ‘To obtain the absolute exiling, set (R/C)aux™ 0, and solve for. 873. 0.00776 1,250m Hence, absolute ceiling = 11.3 km68 RO nahh From the welts of problem 66 s2s-acoto 246 =a(12.000) +b Hence, boars 0.00149 RIOpe 0.00149 +425 ‘To obtain the absolute ceiling, set (RIC)aa: = 0, and solve fox b, oS 00149 28,523 f absolute eitng = 28,500 COMMENT TO THE INSTRUCTOR Tn the above problems dealing with a performance analysis of the tinjet and single-engine piston aplune, the answers will somewhat depend on the precision and numberof calculations made by te stuleat. For example, if'he Px curve is constructed fiom 30 points instead ofthe sx oc eight points as above, the Subsequent resuls fr rate- ofclimb and absolute ceiling wil be more accurate than obsined above. Some lee-way ion the students" answers is therefore advised. In my own experience, Iam glad when the students fall within the sare ballpark. 69 R=N(LDya,= 5000 (7.7) = 38,500 t= 729 miles w6.0 , we have to calculate the C, corresponding fo maximus L/D, (SJ WCoom AR _ [we AR 2 Cra V4 Cop At maximum L/D, Coe = Co, = 0.038 Hence: Cp = 2(0.038) =0.076 Also: sous assria(2)* maercteny =74° 2 eos (74°) _/1400) |_2 208 (A) (1400) _ 97.2 tiseo ks) "Yemonarray0se5 231) G1 From Eq, (6.85), (u) _ (ee AR Ce ol 2G i Putiag ia the numbers (2) -eoxerayoo2sy” yang \D. 0080 ®6.12 Aviation gasoline weighs 5.64 Ib per gallon, Hence, Wy G4)5.64)~ 248 1b, Thus, the empty weight is W) = 3400-248 =3152 1, The specific fuel consumption, in consistent units, is © = 02/(350\(3600) = 2.12 x 107 fe The maximum L/D ean be found fiom Eq. (6.85). (2) _ (Rear cy wh. 26 Fxtosixe2yoan7y” 2(0027) 128 w= (sate >) 28) ($9) R=38x 10H Interms of miles, 38 x 10% $280 19 miles To calculate endurance, we must first obizin the value of ( (5 Ca ak)” bowen ulting in the numbers:6 ) __ [50027 )m0091%62) eed, aoom Hence, the endurance is 5-(9)S2 crest we _ (083 fare = (598 a) 10 100002577080 1822-400!) B= 267x 10" see = 74 be 6.13 One gallon of kerosene weighs 6.67 Ib. Since 1 Ib 4.448 N, thea one gallon of kerosene also weighs 29.67.N. Thus, = Wy= 136960 - 56370 = 80590 N Inconsistent usts, to. Nh) 777x104 sec" Also, at a standard altitude of 8 kam pe" 0.526 kgm? Since maximom range for a jet sireraft depends upon maximum C,/Cp, we must use Eq, 686). Putting inthe numbers,1546 (2) [oos2yosr65)" 7 me (0032) 5 (0082) Fora jet airplane, the range is - (oslele 2 "| 1 u - 1) 546) [0365 [an] Gar rae) 09 wa (80590)!] R=273x 10%m= 2730 km the ot eelbon Fon. 685, L (3) Th ends frei ¥) (ee AR Ca)" _ [x coxnyesyonsay! 76 2 (0032) 36960) 30590) sph piti a 2m x10" ? E=22496 see= 625 br 278g] (ease) 6Hence, ‘Thisis Eg. (6.80) Cp, =3-Cy, GAS FromE9. 681), Co, oe oe AR 71 i 6 neAaR ca} This is Eq. (6.86) (This is Fa. 87) 616 AR=BS, henceb= SAR = J7NES = 1748 he 5 f= (5628) m= 1524 b= 1.524/17.48 = 0.08719 6 hyby?_ 1946 _ PT .a6 nw 2045 Vio= 12 Veu=12 | 2¥ — 21 {200308 _ 50.3 misee NOES N DS Coen VC2SSVE7¥08) Hence, 0.3 Vio 56.2 mse. ‘This isthe velocity at which the average force i evaluated sD=4.5¢o e5(6e ” 5) D= (1935647) 10.032 + (0.66)0.8)"00.87(6.5)} D=s0r2N From Ea. (69) kon las we OP PLvan (ETD H WD] _ La (3047)? BATH ORY HOSS [5072 + (AMOUNT —727EH}} s0= 452m 67 RIK b= 4733, Lisa (6 bby! _ 365 1+ (06 B/D)” 465 é == vareug [26 Ves Gy 07 Vin" 0.27 (135)=945 free a= Fre v= F0.002377(04.57 = 106 I? L=ge8C. (10.C181\(.1)= 2110 1co7ssyaay? (09162) 154.61 D=(10.6y181) [00.027 + T= $50 HPAYVa= (S50)285)94.5 = 1659 Ib 148 w? 8 PS Cpu {T-[D 4 4, (W = a = tt 00 Baa OORT INTE = (1546 + (O2000~2110) no™ S728 618 Vom 13 Je =13| POOR 16 39 mle \ascn “Viananes 07 vy=2247 mie de™ } pe Val = (05)123)82.47) = 6484 Ni? Since the lift is 2ero after touchdown, Cp ~ Co. D=qo8 Coo = (648.4)(47)(0.052) = 97528 169 We pollen, 169 (103087)? _ ORLZDATKAH ITS + (04)103047)] 23000) (0.00237)181X18) SUNS Hee 6.19 0.7 Vy =80.08 Ase. ny1 ytel Ve Ge" 50 0.5 (.002377)(80.08)' = 7.62 hin 2 D=ge8 Cao =(7.62K 18101027) =372 Ib 169 W eS ComlDA HAC -Dhnw 169 000) ° GaayaomaTaKiyw(s72 +08 GOO 629 Yo-20 a -20(8) aes 1566 (0.3048) msec = 111.7 msec. L= G28 Chinn * (1673147}(1.2)= 4328 x 10" N pe be 4328 x 10! Wo losoa7 v2 aug avn’-1 9842)" Be = 0.358 rad/see 622 From Eg. (6.13) T=D=q.8Co a From Ea. (6.1e) o2 Combining (1) and @) T=qeS [eno @ GS [Coot SS ] ° From Eq. (6.14) L=W-aeSC w ans ® Substitute (4) into (3) T= 408 |Coo+— * aS Multiply by qe deT= 928 Cpa = Tenn or eS Coo - qa T+ * * SxeAR Fm the quad formula [486.0 ts |r (Uv Saear * 25 Cue 4 C55).¥ [By 4Co0 5)" WW). #e AR 7. Soa 623. From Figure 62, (L/Djnn= 18.5, and Coo =0.015. From Eq. (6.85) MooIsyssy” _ = (70) 083 oyPease note: Consistent with the devivation of Bg. (6.85) where a peraboli desg polar is assumed with the zeo-Hift drag coefficient equal tothe minimum drag coefficient, forthe value of Cp in this problem we read the minimum drag coefficient from Figure 6.2 624 Drag: D=qeS Co ” Power Available: Px=n Py @ Also, Py Hence T4= 7% ® Vv. (a) Atan altitude of 30,000 R, p= 0.00089068 slug/f and T= 411.86°R, The speed of sound is 9047 AV see o> ART, = (CaVTTIRVATIRG) Hence, al Mach ons, the fight velocity is Vn 994.7 fvsee paV.= + (0.00089068)(994.7)? = 440.6 ty? ‘The drag coefficient st Mach one, as given inthe problem statement is Coq (@t Ma = 1) = 10 [Cy (¢tfow speed] = 10 0.0211) = 0211 Heenee, drag at Mach one is *D= qe Cp ~ (440.6)(334)(0211) =31.051 tb ‘The thrust available is obisined as follows. The engine produces 1500 horsepower supercharged to 17,500 1 Above that altitude, we assume thatthe power decreases dlcely asthe ar density. At 17,300 ft, a= 00013781 shalt. Hence Balat 30000 A) (45 200089068 patat 17500 f) (00013781 uP. (1500) = 969 HP From Eq. (3), above 7B, _ (034960550) 9987 1611p Consider the aisplane in a vertical dive at Mach one. ‘The maximum downward vertical force is W + Ty = 12,441 + 161 = 12,602 Ib. However, the drag is the retarding force ‘acting vertically upward, and itis 31,051 Ib. At Mach one, the drag far exccods the maximum downward foree, Henee, itis not possible for the airplane to achiove Mach (H) Ata altitude 0f 20,000 f, po 0.012673 slog/t? To=44749R f= Vo= \OANTIONGTAD = 10368 see os8 bya? a= Fe Val £ (0.0013672(10368) D= qe $ Co (681)(334}0.211) = 47.995 tb The thrust available is obtained as follows ‘patot 20,000 ) 0012673 1500) = 20012673 (459) = Fear 17300 By (152)~ gaorsyay (1500) 1379 P Hence, B, s tan BPE 5 W3KITNSID) 95 10368 Ina vertical, power-on dive at 20,000 fi, the maximam vertical force downward is W + Ts 12,441 +219 = 12,660 Ib. Howove, the drng isthe retarding force acting vertically ‘upward, and it fs 47,998 lb. At Mach one, the drag far exceeds the maximum downward once, Hence itis not possible forthe airplane to achieve Mach 1 (628 Taking the analytical approach given ia Example 619, fom Bq, (E619.1) Pa=%e paVa! 8 Coo+ o 435) R= ARS ras 193 W= 1020 kgr= (1020)(9.8) - 9996 N Pa=n (bhp) = (0.9185) bp Using consistent units, noting that { hpPA (965}(746)=5.71 x 10* Wats Yap $Cyo= Ye (1.23K11 (0.03) =0.2113 Ya pa Se AR ¥a(1.23X11.45) x (0.24193) =298.9 Inserting these numbers into Ea, (1) (9996)! 2113 Vad + 2989 V. 3343 x 10° 5.1L x 10*= 02113 Va + re) Solving Ea. 2) for Vex Vo Von” [39 alse 6.26 Prom Fq. (667) 1 SM oa ies (S) _ (Con # € AR) 709.5)! wen hos 2(008) Co Using consistent unit, Kee op X(he) _kgy (=|; hp Il thr) fapy(ba) | 1 key) | 746 Nm/s | | 3600 sec) = 73x10" mi! Wo = 1020 kgr~ 1020 (9.8) 9996 71996 — (2989.8) = 7105 N 09 9599) ==.) ass) of we) °° (is) 6a7 ( ) Hog © AR) ® $C = Moose onaoaye 003) “e From Ey. (6.68) 2-(2) (2) erst owir-wer Using results from Problem 6.26, a9 17105)" 96)" p= (22) 9.99) 123414591" 7105)" - (999 B= (55995) 99 aa 23y1.45)* 12105)" - 996) B= 654 x 107 (0.01186—0.01000] B= 12164 10% see 12164 x 10" 3000ou Cu 12 gee Leave} azasaoy ‘At zero lift, the moment coefficient about c, Ma -124 Cease” @rasyasKaasy ” However, at zero lif this is also the value of the moment coefficient about the 0003 wy Atte other angle of attack, 3675 Thus, from Eq, (7.9) inthe text, Cu, = Cau + Oe (hha) Thus, »0.005 (~0.003) 04 The aerodynamic center is wo percent of the chord length ahead ofthe center of gravity 73. From the results of problem 72, qe 6125 Nin? Cy, =-0.003 hb =0.02 ln the present problem, the eg. has been shifted 0.2e rearward. Hence, hha =00240.2=022 4000 gS C1215) Also, Ci. 0435 ‘Thus, Cy, ue CL Chas) Cy, = -0.003 + 0.435 (022)= 0.0927 714 From problem 7.2, we know6125 Nim? Cy, = 0.003 hehe 0.02 in the present problem, a From information provi 4134 ena, as Hence, ac, _ 048 wi = 0.09 per degree Se = Go = 0.09 per dea 48, _ (0V04) lo, Yum at 6. Ako, Wem oS” coasysy (7.26) in the text, ~S)]evatie) a [-B,)-va 003+ 0.0945) [(o0-cos99( 22) 049) #+(0:593)(0.1292.0) 058 Cu, Hence, the moment is toMe=deSe Cy, = 6125K1-5(0.45)(-0.058) Mg = 240.Nim fo-v0-Vy ‘where, fom problems 74 and 7.2, 8 0.09 por degree hehe =0.02 Cy, = 0003 Vu 0.593 a =012 02 ‘The slope of the moment coefficient curve is negative, hence the aimlane model is statically stable. To examine whether or not the model is balanced, fi calculate Cy, 1a0.003 + (0.593)(0.12)2.0-+ 0)= 0.139 = Cy, + Vn ee) The trim angle of attack ean be found from 356" a MCAD, / Ae) =-0.139/¢-0.039) This is a reasonable angle of attack, falling within the normal flight range. Hence, the simplane model is also balanced. af.) +vqte(i-2) aa) From Problem 7.2,h,~h,, = 0.02 Hence, (22) n= 0.24 +0593 (1-049) b= 0.24 +0. hae 042) 70 By definition, 70-026= 044 static margin = hehn/a 7 Vali, 73,) Cu,= 0.139 (hom Probiom 75) uy, | ee, 0.039 (from Problem 7.5) os 593 (hom Problem 74) Ay, 165, =0.04 given sty, Sense 19+ C0079%8) pe (0383)008) 1f@)\(@e/ day) " Ae) ETO) 1 aos)22) on = 0306 (0012) +P Vale) 0.003 + (0.806}0.593)(0.12)2 + 0)= 0.112This isto be compared with Cy, =0.139 from Problem 7.5 for stck-fixed stability. ety,ha- 2) ‘ O12) 4 24 + (0.80640:98) T2049) = 0600 ‘Thisis to be compared with y= 0.70 from Problem 7.6 for stil fixed stability hy -h=0.609-026~ 0349 [Note tet the state margin for stieksfre is 79% of that for stck- fixed =8) = 009x034) =-0.031 This is 40 be compared with a slope of -0.039 obtained trom Problem 7.5 forthe stick fixed case, os[Examining the above figure for a canard, let us tae dough the pertinent equations in the ext, modifying them appropriately forthe eanaedcontiguation. Starting with Ba (7-12) forthe moment generated about the center of gravity due to the tal the minus sign is replaced bya positive, because he til is ow ahead of the center of gravity, creating a positive moment Mus le 0 ‘Thus, 84. (7.17) becomes Car Vn Cs © ‘Note that the canard iil see3 no downvvash, ad the eanad is canted upward relative to ‘the wing-body 22 if link, 0 Ea (718) forthe ange of attack othe tl becomes em cn ° “Therefore, Ba. (7.22) i replaced by Cheat Vir out Vira © In turn Bg. (7.24) forthe total pitching moment becomes Cwee= Cats * Cog Ob, VaCu o Eg, (7.28) becomes Cya™ Cpa * Bab a hh) + Vy 21 + Vira © Differentiating Bq, (6) with respect to angle of attack, the form that replaces Bq (7.28) is ath-ha, + Val aCv must be negative, For static stability, From Bg. (1. there, (hy) + Yall <0 i 1, and also hecause T> I, ‘The bit equation is __? Tre es @= 204 x 10" TF196 cos (0: Te phase angle, C, is calculated as follows, Substitute the burnout location (ry = 7.084 x 10m and 0 = 0") into the above equation, 204 x 10" 70044. 10° = = * 1+196 cas @C) ‘Taas 4.78" Hence; the complete equation of the trajectory is 208 x 10) T+196 cos (041476) where @ isin degroos and rin meters. 9clrestion of arohen foe. SGeccene re 82 Escape velocity = v = 4 For Venus: V= Y(@\S24 x 10")/616 x 10" =1,03 x 10" misec 103 km/sec Foran; V= ((@XG96 » 10°) 639 ¥ 10" = 1.11 10'msce= 11.3 kmibee ForMars: V= J(@)A27 x 10°)/339 x 10" =5.02 10° misee= 5.02 kmvisee @y027 x 107)1714 x 10° =5.96 x 10" mse For Jupiter: V 59.6 kmisee 83 G=667x 10" mikpI(se0) M=7.35x 10" ke uaGM= 12 = (6.67 x 10735 x 10) = 4.9 x 10 mises? ‘Orbital velocity is V = Vie Vr Vessia = V49 x 10/174 x 10° = 1678 m/see = 1.678 kisee Escape velocity i larger by a fastor of 2) Vege V2 (1.678) = 2.37 kensee 84 FromKepler's 3rdlaw, al =) (iy? ata (ye 495.x 10") (29.7/1.0)"% = 1.43x 10" m Please note: ‘The “distant plant” isin reality Saturn 85 Th order to remain over the same point on the Earth’s equator at all times (assuming the Furth is « perfect sphere) the satellite must have a circular bit with @period of 24 hours = 8.64.10" se. As part of the derivation of Kepler's thir lave inthe test twas shown that ( (8.64 105)" =4.21 x10" m a) ee x10)" The radius ofthe Barth is 64x 10° m, Hence, the stitudle above the surface of the Earth ho =4.21 x 107= 6.4.x 10°= 3.57 10? m= 35,700 km Circular velocity is (E _ (956 x 10" Ve" V42rx 0 = 3065 misee 86 ‘i4933 x 10! 2 OOD Z= ek (000118 ms" 9.8/287)(29188) rom E4. (8.97), the density tthe altitude for maximum deceleration is Zino Pe Gs 001) = es From Fa. (873) wsasi) = 8710m ‘Ooooris "12s From Eq. (8.100) fe] = SE Zabe am ge hae 2e Interms of av) _ 60 . [| _- Se— roat es From Ea. (887) | 9207 V=0247 Ve=0.247 (8000)= 1978 nce us8.7 Aerodynamic heating varies as Vai. Hence: a. (2009) a,” 27000 1002.37) = 237 Baui(A2 see) w ‘Bi Assume the mean velocky ofthe earth around the sun is essentially is Circular orbital velocity given by je Ve ‘where k? = GM, and M is the mass of the sun. From Eq. (1) e v. = 29.77 x 10" m/sec a 130. 10” msect y= 9.77 x 10°) (147 x 10%) ‘The asteroid is moving at 0.9 times the escape velocity from the sun. Vee o ‘To interscot with the earth, the asteroids value of rn Eq. (2) isthe same as far for the ceerth in Eq. (1). Henee, Venenia= 37.850 x 108 misee (203 x10") 99 oar x 1) ‘The relative head-on collision velocity, which isthe velocity at which the asteroid would enter the earth’s atmosphere, is Vay = Vex + Vasa 29.77 x 10" +37.85 x 10! = 67.62 x 10" mise8.9 Farth'smadius=R = 6.4 10°m Following the nomenclature in Figure 8.18, aus R + (alive above earths surfice) 64 x10" 4.17 x 10°= 6817 x 10m From Eg, (8.62) hye t= BU o and from Eg. (8.61) ik a ‘Combining (1) and @) faa HE, 100132 =e 099868 Fae =n (1.0026) = (6.817 x 10°K1.0026) = 6.8347 x 10° ma Altitude at apogee = 6.8347 x 10°—6.4 x 10°= 0.4347 x 10° m ~ 34.7 kml 8.410 From Eq. (8.71), 1 =3,956 x 10" msec" From the solution of problem 8.9, 6.8347 x 10° m Tie = 6817 X 108maun _ 6BM47+ 6817) x 108 = 682585 x 10%m : : 85 x 10 Inserting these nunabets into Eg. (8.71) _ i? (682585 x 10")! "3956 x 10" 3.1738 x10" 5634 see 584 som 3600 8.11 The angular momentum per unit mass is h= 16, To caleulateh, proceed as follows. From By (2.52), ne Tre Patan) From the solution of Problem 8.9, we have fin = 6.817 x 10m, Thus, WP = (6817 10°(1.00132)3.956 x 10" = 27x 10 h=5.1965x 10" X10" 21.1182 x 10° race ni(6.817 x 10°) (1.1182 10°) = 7623 m/see = F625 kamlsed Vossen 9.1 Following the nomenclature in the tox ov P= (13.0X1.0)= 13.0 arm Be(Q)" staan T)=@2.15}085) = 613K ‘The heat released per kg of fuclair mixture is established in the text as 2.43 x 10° joule/kg, Hence, S47; where ¢y = 720 jouleke" 243 x 10! v 70 4 613= 39882 (¥) (2) -0m 84.6)(0.069) = 5.84 atin PY, ~PV Wongessce r The volumes V2 and V; can be obtained as follows Thus, x= 1.71 em Ts vin 96+ La) view on 18 em? = 1.118 x 10% V3 = V2l6.75 = 1.118 x 107/6,75 = 1.66 x 10%m? Ties=a S84)(LL18 x 10) ~(846YL66 x 10“)]L01 x 10" “4 Whoner~ 1897 joule w pons ~ Wemresion ™ 1897 -263 = 1634 jle 1 Ps 4 (RPM W Fag ma (RPM (085(083)(28003(4)(1634) Pao A 1.076 x 10" watts 1076 x 10° watts or Pg A OS = 144 ty 746 watts” 4S 92 Px= ita (RPMYD 2 Pam 5 ous (RPMID Fe where D= 2 y= SUD (ORK) + 19D=3809 em? 809 x 10m? 120 Py Mag RPM) D 120(1076 x 108) Be (085)0I (2800 )3809 x 10) pe= 172x106 Nim?= 17 atm 93 First, calculate the mass flow through the engine. For simplicity, we will ignore the mass of the added fuel, and assume the mass flow fiom inlet to exit is constam. Evaluating conditions atthe exit, 101 x 10° . SAP = 0.469 gi PR,” 287 (750) " Ta peAaVe~ (0.469)(0.45\(400)~ 84/6 Atte inlet, assume standard sea level conltions Hence, a 8 oA, ” 0225043)(Note: ven though the engine is sttionny, is sucking ai nto the inlet at such arate ‘that the streamtube of air entering the engine is accelerated to a velocity of 152 m/sec at {he inlet. The Mach number atthe inlet is approximately 0.48. ‘Thorefore, by making the assumption of standard sea level density atthe inlet, we are making about « 10 percent ertr inthe calculation of Vi, To obtain the thrust, Toa (We Vi) + (~Pa) Ae = 84 (400-152) +(0) Ae= 20832.N Since 1 Ib= 4.448 N, we also have _ 20832 +8 4684 Th 94 Atastandard altitude of 40,000 f, pe 393.12 Ibi Po 5.8727 x 10° stugit? ‘The fre stream velocity is 88) 308) 777 sce ves (H) errr Hence, m= paVuAs = (587 x 10*Y777)(13) = 5.93 slup/see T= th (Ve Va) + e-BayT= (6.93X1500- 777) + 450-393)(10) T= 4287 +570= 4887 1b 95 Assume the Mach number at the end of he differ (hence atthe enirance to the ‘compressor is close to zero, hence pe can be assumed tobe total pressure. (02,0167 )*=1.41 Hence, PsP Ps PPP, 125,140) = 176 ‘As demonstrated on the pressure-volume diagram for an ideal turbojet, the compression process is isentropic. Hence, 19 (17.6) = 1178" m2Combustion occurs at constant pressure, For each slug of air entering the combustor, (0.05 slug of ful is added. ach slug of fel releases a chemical energy (hoa!) of (14 x 107)(32.3)=451 s 10° ftbislug, Henee, the heat released per shu of Tuel-air miture is 10" (005) 105 15. 10" Rlbstag [ecause the hest is added at constant pressine, a-q(Te-T) Ty Foran, Also, 1B[Noie: The temperatures calculated in this problem exceed those allowable for structural integrity. However, in real life, the losses due to heat conduction will decrease the temperature. Also, the fuelair ratio would be decreased in onder to lower the temperatures in an actual application, 96 th (a= Val +(De- 2) Ae 1000 = im (2000 - 950) +0 1 =0.952 slugisee However, em 098 ae DN.” WMT O50) 9.7 ALSO kun, pa = $7.9 Nix? T= ma Ve (pepe) Ae 25)(4000) + @ x 10*- 87.9) @)~ 100,000 +39,824 = 139,824 Since 11b= 448 130824 4448 9.8 (a) Atastandard aide of 25 km, Pe pe 2527 Nin? yet Pose 27 F] C (01820) 303 x 10° p= 375 see (6) From the isentropic relations, 2527 (apa x 10°! = 1274 _ oR__(148)(8314) 18120) 725 joulelig’K ‘From the eneray equationVem (6,(0 =) = AOTEGTETET = 3678 miter © Pe here © ang __28a7 Pars ryt) ~ (0.00477 kn? th = puAcVe= (0.00477 15)(3678) = 263.5 kg/see (@ From the definition of specific impulse, where W isthe weight flow We = mm go (263.5)9.8) = 2582 Nisee Hence, (2582)(375) = 968250 og, T= 258250» an7¢92 4aat pat yp a ere T, \RUy+i Gor x 10A* [138 2) 2050 Nessie Vast (BIR0.169 m? 99 m=87.6032. 72 slugisee apat I 5 re 7 i YR +t 31736 Ibi In terms oF atmospheres, 31736 2116 1S aim 910 Vom golg tnt = (984040) En 4009.6 msec oat roMy ‘where escape velocity is 11.2 km/sec = 11,200 mses 912 From Fg, (9.43) rapt 500 Ibvin’: 1og (0.04 log a +n log (500) or loga=-1.3979-2.69897 2 ‘Atps™ 1000 Ibn’: 1og (0.058) ~ log a * m log (1000) or loge Solving Fg. (1) and (1) fora and a, we have 09> 0.16133 + 0.03103 n aa= 00014313 ‘Hence, the equation for the linear burning rate is = 0.004313 pl? o For py = 1500 Ibin?: ¥=0,0014313 (1500 0721 invsee. In S seconds, the total distance receded by the burning surface is 0.0721 (8) = 0.36 in 943 Led MatMa tM, #M, +My Bele MM, 1M, Mi, 7200+ 8004-5400 + 6004460 =H 075) & eee 800 +5400 + 600+ 60 = 1934 misee — 1] Mat Ma tM, oo 5400-60060 ~ 089075) «a EGTA 600+ 60 = $975 misee 19Hence: Ny ‘9.14 The velocity of the jet relative to you is (V,- Vz). Thisis the velocity you feel of the “wind” left behind inthe ai after the device passes through your space. The energy it ‘has is Kinetic space, The energy it has is kinetic enesgy, which per unit mass is Ya(Ve~ Ver Hence, the kinetic energy deposited per unit time is Varn (Ve~Va Power available =T Vi ®) un (9.2 noting the prose st fr nd aig that mi evetly a, T= (Ve-Ve} @ ‘The (otal power generated by the propulsive device is the useful power plus the wasted on “Tou power genemied = Va Ya ih Ve Va? ® thus, roel power wvalble, TV, a so poner eet py, Tay, Substituting Ba. @) into (4),th (V,-V.) Vo p= — o ; T AW thi (AV) Vat 5 HOY, Dividing numerator and denomiastor by m (Vz - Vz) Va Ea. (5) becomes 1 1 9.17 Bret (@) The flow velocity increase across the propeller is small, hence Ve is only slighily larger than V,. nd np is high a(©) The exit vetoity ofthe gas fiom a rocket engine is supersonie. Hence, Veis ‘ery high compare to the velocity of the rocket, Va, and is Tow (6) The exit velocity from a gas turbine jet engine i usually avery high subsonic ‘alu, and sometimes a supersone value just above one, Henee, its less efficient than a propeller, but considerably more efficient than a rocket engine, For the AM-350 stainless stel rod: 19,099 = 6586 x 10 B x 10 oe At = ef =(6586 x 10°)(10 8) = 6.586% 107 A, For the 2024 aluminum rod, B= 10.7 x 10° Hence: af = (6586 x 107A) = 178x107 107 ‘The aluminum rod will elongate the most, by a factor of2.71 w2 A A 09) st 1mThe yield tensile stress is 45,000 Ibfin?, Hence Freya: 15,000 0.196) = 8820 1b 10.3 We first have to calculate weat portion ofthe airplane's weight is carted by the ose wheel strut and the main gear struts. Consider the sketch below, OT > “Taking moments soot point A; SS8K Fxg Fy (674) (5158)(5.62) Taking moments about point B: Fy (6.274)=(S158)1.12) 51380112) _ gg ys 5158092) 57 tp, 674 ‘The nose wheel strut cross sction ates is fer 4 Ay 20" s0785 i? Hence, the compressive sites in the nose wheel strut is 10=F 857 — 1001 tie? Ay 7% The main gear strut cross section area is al’ _#G)" 4 4 069 in? ‘The force in each main strut is Py/2 = 4301/2, 150.5 Ib, Hence the compressive stress ineach main gear strut is Tyg _ 215805 Ay 7069 '=304.2 Ibn? 104 Re rw 2 1. noon sin 60” 0866 The resultant fore is balanced by the force in the cord, The eross-seetional area of the cord is a= SL. OD" ooo7ss int 4 ‘Tesle stress RL 2308 2041 bin? A rr105 The shearing strain @is given by ot SE 0.00833 in perin 2 = (0= 0.00833 radians From Eq. (10.5); += G0 (4 x 10°¥(0.00833 11 Since Boe MO we have This dramatically demonstrates that boundary layers a hypersonie Mach numbers can be very thick, 11.2 From Chapter 4 we have ‘At39 km, T.,=258.1KThus: T,~(81)(258.1)= 20,906 K Considering that the surface temperate ofthe sun is bout 6000K, the above result isan ‘extremely high temperature. This illustrates that hypersonic flows can be very high temperature ows, At such temperatures, the air becomes highly chemically reseting, and in realy the rato of spect heats is no longer eansan; in tum, the above equation which assumes constant, is no longer valid. Because the dissociation ofthe ai equies ‘energy (essentially “absorbs” nergy), the gas tomperature a the stagnation point will be ‘much lower than calculate above; it will be approximately 6000K. This is stil quite hgh, and is sufficient to cause massive dissociation ofthe ai. 113. Following the nomenclature of Example 111, 9=573 (R)=573 (6.12)=2865° 0-90°-$- 61.5" @ -[ 2aran | [peer mans 4(4y18)' = 2004), 24 | 1} 2__ (4176-1) =1.836 or) 16(Note: This value of Cyn is only slighty smaller than the value calculated in Example 11.1, which was 1.838 for Mz = 25. This is an illustration of the hypersonic Mach number independence principle, which states that pressure coefficient is relatively ‘independent of Mach number at hypersonic speeds.) (b) From modified Newetonian: Cy Cyn Sin?6 = (1.836) sic? (61.59, 418 Trom Ba. (11.11), C= 2 sia? eos ac, da 2 sin? a)(sin a) +4 cos? asin a <0 sin? a=2 cod a= 2(1 sin? «) sin? a= 23 ane Cann =2 si? (54.7) 005 (54.7) 0.77 1s (@) C.~2sint acoso iCo=2 sin? a+ Co For small a, these become ante o Cy=20 + Coo @ @ a Substituting Eq. (4) into Ea, (3): () ~ Ano)” 213067 Colm 2Co—*Eo@ (Cop) Cop)” Hence! L) 3 16a= Coo)". (b) Repeating Fg. (2) (p= 26? Cro @ rom the resulls of part (a), at (L/D)eus We have @ = (Cyo9)". Substitating this into Ea @, Co~2Ca0+Coo~3 Coo Since Co=Cow* Coo where Co isthe wave drag, we have Ca= Cow * Coo=3 Cao Cow=2Cr0 Wave diag = 2 (fittion drag) when LID is maximum. Or, another way of stating this is that fition drag is one-third the total drag,