UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC.

GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

Figure 4-9. (Alberts4e) A cross-sectional view of a typical cell nucleus. The nuclear envelope consists of two membranes, the outer one being continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (see also Figure 12-9). The space inside the endoplasmic reticulum (the ER lumen) is colored yellow; it is continuous with the space between the two nuclear membranes. The lipid bilayers of the inner and outer nuclear membranes are connected at each nuclear pore. Two networks of intermediate filaments (green) provide mechanical support for the nuclear envelope; the intermediate filaments inside the nucleus form a special supporting structure called the nuclear lamina.

Figure 12-10. (Alberts4e) The arrangement of nuclear pore complexes in the nuclear envelope.
(A) A small region of the nuclear envelope. In cross section, a nuclear pore complex seems to have four structural building blocks: column subunits, which form the bulk of the pore wall; annular subunits, which extend "spokes" (not shown) toward the center of the pore; lumenal subunits, which contain transmembrane proteins that anchor the complex to the nuclear membrane; and ring subunits, which form the cytosolic and nuclear faces of the complex. In addition, fibrils protrude from both the cytosolic and the nuclear sides of the complex. On the nuclear side, the fibrils converge to form basketlike structures. Localization studies using immunoelectron microscopy techniques showed that the proteins that make up the core of the nuclear pore complex are symmetrically distributed across the nuclear envelope so that the nuclear and cytosolic sides look identical. This is in contrast to proteins that make up the fibrils, which are different on each side of the cytosolic or the nuclear side. (B) A scanning electron micrograph of the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope of an oocyte. (C) The continuity of the inner and outer nuclear membrane at the pore is apparent in this thin section electron micrograph, showing a side view of two nuclear pore complexes (brackets). (D) This electron micrograph shows face-on views of negatively stained nuclear pore complexes from which the membrane has been removed by detergent extraction. (B, from M.W. Goldberg and T.D. Allen, J. Cell Biol. 119:1429 1440, 1992. The Rockefeller University Press; C, courtesy of Werner Franke and Ulrich Scheer; D, courtesy of Ron Milligan.)

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

Figure 12-11. (Alberts4e) Possible paths for free diffusion through the nuclear pore complex. This drawing shows a hypothetical diaphragm (gray) inserted into the pore to restrict the size of the open channel to 9 nm, the pore size estimated from diffusion measurements. Nine nanometers is a much smaller diameter than that of the central opening apparent on the images of the nuclear pore complex derived from electron micrographs. It is also smaller than the opening estimated during active transport, when the pore dilates to allow the transport of particles of up to 26 nm in diameter (arrow). Thus, it is likely that some pore components are lost during the preparation of specimens for electron microscopy, and that these normally restrict free diffusion through the central opening. Such components may form a diaphragm (or plug) that opens and closes to allow the passage of large objects during active transport, which depends on sorting signals (discussed below). Although plugs can be seen in some preparations, it is not clear whether they are components of the pore complex or material that is being transported through it. Threedimensional computer reconstructions suggest that the channels permitting free diffusion might be located near the rim of the pore complex, between the column subunits, rather than at its center (see Figure 12-10A); this would mean that passive diffusion and active transport take place through different parts of the complex.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

Figure 4-17. (Alberts4e) Representation of the nucleotide sequence content of the human genome. LINES, SINES, retroviral-like elements, and DNA-only transposons are all mobile genetic elements that have multiplied in our genome by replicating themselves and inserting the new copies in different positions. Mobile genetic elements are discussed in Chapter 5. Simple sequence repeats are short nucleotide sequences (less than 14 nucleotide pairs) that are repeated again and again for long stretches. Segmental duplications are large blocks of the genome (1000 200,000 nucleotide pairs) that are present at two or more locations in the genome. Over half of the unique sequence consists of genes and the remainder is probably regulatory DNA. Most of the DNA present in heterochromatin, a specialized type of chromatin (discussed later in this chapter) that contains relatively few genes, has not yet been sequenced. (Adapted from Unveiling the Human Genome, Supplement to the Wellcome Trust Newsletter. London: Wellcome Trust, February 2001.)

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

Figure 4-22. (Alberts4e) The three DNA sequences required to produce a eucaryotic chromosome that can be replicated and then segregated at mitosis.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

Figure 4-25. (Alberts4e) The structure of a nucleosome core particle, as determined by x-ray diffraction analyses of crystals. Each
histone is colored according to the scheme of Figure 4-24, with the DNA double helix in light gray. (Reprinted by permission from K. Luger et al., Nature 389:251 260, 1997. Macmillan Magazines Ltd.)

Figure 4-24. (Alberts4e) Structural organization of the nucleosome. A nucleosome contains a protein
core made of eight histone molecules. As indicated, the nucleosome core particle is released from chromatin by digestion of the linker DNA with a nuclease, an enzyme that breaks down DNA. (The nuclease can degrade the exposed linker DNA but cannot attack the DNA wound tightly around the nucleosome core.) After dissociation of the isolated nucleosome into its protein core and DNA, the length of the DNA that was wound around the core can be determined. This length of 146 nucleotide pairs is sufficient to wrap 1.65 times around the histone core.

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

Figura 10-24. (Lodish5e) Modelo de empaquetamiento de la cromatina y del armazn cromosmico en los cromosomas en metafase. En los
cromosomas en interfase, largas extensiones de cromatina de 30 nm forman bucles hacia fuera de los armazones extendidos. En los cromosomas metafsicos, el armazn se pliega adicionalemente para formar una estructura muy compacta cuya geometra precisa an no se ha determinado.

Figura 10-1. (Lodish5e) Vista general de la estructura de genes y cromosomas

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ASUNCIN FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS Y NATURALES CTEDRA DE BIOLOGA CELULAR PROF. LIC. GLORIA YALUFF ELABORADO POR DANILO FERNNDEZ ROS

FIGURA EXPERIMENTAL 10-23. (Lodish5e) Una micrografa electrnica de un cromosoma en metafase sin histonas revela el armazn alrededor del cual se organiza el DNA. Los bucles largos de DNA son visibles extendindose del armazn de protena no histona (la estructura oscura). La forma del armazn refleja la del mismo cromosoma metafsico. El cromosoma fue preparado a partir de clulas HeLa mediante tratamiento con un detergente suave. (De J. R. Paulson y U. K. Laemmli, 1977, Cell 12:817. Copyright 1977 MIT.)