Unit 2: Limit Laws

Lesson 2.3
Limits of Transcendental Functions
Contents
Introduction 1

Learning Objectives 2

Warm Up 3

Learn about It! 5

Limit of an Exponential Function 6
Evaluating the Limit of an Exponential Function through Table of Values and Its Graph 6
Property of Limit for Exponential Function 9
Limit of a Logarithmic Function 13
Evaluating the Limit of a Logarithmic Function through Table of Values and Its Graph 13
Property of Limit for Logarithmic Function 14
Limit of a Trigonometric Function 19
Evaluating the Limit of a Trigonometric Function Through Table of Values and Its Graph 19

Key Points 28

Key Formulas 29

Check Your Understanding 31

Challenge Yourself 33

Photo Credit 34

Bibliography 34

Key to Try It! 35

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Lesson 2.3

Limits of Transcendental Functions

Introduction
Radioactive elements undergo a process called radioactive decay wherein half of its amount
will decay after a certain period called half-life. One of these radioactive elements is
Uranium-238, with a half-life of 4.5 billion years. This means that every 4.5 billion years, half
of its remaining amount will decay. The remaining amount of the substance is modeled by
𝑡
1 4.5
the function 𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑁𝑜 (2) , where 𝑡 is in billion years, and 𝑁𝑜 is the original amount. The

function 𝐴(𝑡) is in the form of an exponential function, one of the transcendental functions.
Transcendental functions are functions that are not algebraic. Other forms of this function
are logarithmic and trigonometric functions.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 1

Unit 2: Limit Laws
In the previous lesson, you were able to determine the limit of algebraic functions, and you
have discovered some of its properties such us lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐), where 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial
𝑥→𝑐

function.

In this lesson, we are going to determine the limit of transcendental functions and see if we
can apply these properties in evaluating their limits.

Learning Objectives
DepEd Competency
In this lesson, you should be able to do the
following: Compute the limits of exponential,

● Compute the limits of some logarithmic, and trigonometric

functions using tables of values
transcendental functions (exponential,
and graphs of the functions
logarithmic, and trigonometric) using (STEM_BC11LC-IIIb-1).
tables of values and graphs of the
functions.
● Verify if the limits of transcendental
functions as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is the same
as 𝑓(𝑐).

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 2

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Warm Up
The Limit Transcends! 15 minutes
This activity will verify the limit of transcendental functions using three different methods:
table of values, graphing, and evaluating functions.

Materials
● calculator
● paper
● pen
● laptop with an internet connection

Procedure
1. This activity will be done by groups of three students.
a. The first student will evaluate the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0 using
table of values.
b. The second student will determine the limit of the function as 𝑥 approaches 0
by graphing using the online graphing calculator provided in the link below.
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
c. The third student will evaluate the function at 𝑥 = 0.
2. Do the assigned task using the following functions.
a. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = log(𝑥 + 1)
c. ℎ(𝑥) = cos 𝑥

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 3

Unit 2: Limit Laws
3. For the first student, use the table below to compute the limits of the given functions.

Table 2.3.1. Table of values for 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2𝑥

left side of 0 right side of 0
𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
−0.5 0.5
−0.1 0.1
−0.01 0.01
−0.001 0.001
−0.0001 0.0001

Thus, lim 2𝑥 = ______.

𝑥→0

Table 2.3.2. Table of values for 𝑔(𝑥) = log(𝑥 + 1)

left side of 0 right side of 0
𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙)
−0.5 0.5
−0.1 0.1
−0.01 0.01
−0.001 0.001
−0.0001 0.0001

Thus, lim [log(𝑥 + 1)] = ______.

𝑥→0

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 4

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Table 2.3.3. Table of values for ℎ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥
left side of 0 right side of 0
𝒙 𝒉(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙)
−0.5 0.5
−0.1 0.1
−0.01 0.01
−0.001 0.001
−0.0001 0.0001

Thus, lim (cos 𝑥 ) = ______.

𝑥→0

Guide Questions
1. What type of function is 𝑓(𝑥)? 𝑔(𝑥) ? ℎ(𝑥)?
2. Compare the limits obtained using the table of values and graphing.
3. What can you infer from values of the functions at 𝑥 = 0 and the limits of the
functions as 𝑥 approaches 0?

Learn about It!

Transcendental functions are functions that cannot be expressed as a sum, difference,
product, or quotient of algebraic expressions. The term “transcendental” means that the
function is not algebraic. In this lesson, the limit of the following transcendental functions will
be discussed: exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 5

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Limit of an Exponential Function
An exponential function is a function written in the form 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 , where 𝑏 is a real number,
𝑏 ≠ 1, and 𝑏 > 0.

Examples:
1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥
1
2. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 (4)𝑥
1 𝑥
3. 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 ( ) + 3
4

4. 𝑦 = 3(5)2𝑥−1 − 12

Evaluating the Limit of an Exponential Function through Table of Values and

Its Graph

To find the limit of a function 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches a real number 𝑐 using a table of values,
we follow these steps:
1. Construct two tables with arbitrary 𝑥 values that are very close to the value 𝑥 = 𝑐 from
the left and right sides.
2. Complete the table by solving the value of 𝑓(𝑥) for each 𝑥-value.
3. Estimate the values that are being approached by 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 from the left
and right sides.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 6

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 and let us evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥) using a table of values and graph
𝑥→2

of the function.

By using a table of values, we have:

Table 2.3.4. Table of values for lim 3𝑥

𝑥→2

left side of 2 right side of 2

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
1.8 7.22467406 2.5 15.58845727
1.9 8.06362614 2.1 10.04510857
1.98 8.80440647 2.01 9.09942022
1.999 8.99011792 2.001 9.00989294
1.9999 8.99901130 2.0001 9.00098881

Based on the table, we estimate that lim 3𝑥 = 9.

𝑥→2

To find the limit of a function using its graph, we follow these steps:
1. Observe the behavior of the graph as 𝑥 approaches from the left and right sides.
2. Estimate the value that the function approaches as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐.

Let us look at the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 to find its limit as 𝑥 approaches 2.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 7

Unit 2: Limit Laws

The graph shows that as 𝑥 becomes closer to 𝑥 = 2 from the left and the right sides, the value
of the function approaches 9. Hence, based on the graph, we estimate that lim 3𝑥 = 9.
𝑥→2

Is lim 𝑓(𝑥) equal to 𝑓(𝑐) if 𝑓(𝑥) is an exponential

𝑥→𝑐
function? Why or why not?

The use of table of values in finding the limit of a function requires tedious calculations and
may need a calculator to evaluate the function. Likewise, graphing the function may not be
very accurate to evaluate limits and usually requires graphing calculator to sketch the graph.
In Lesson 2.2, we verified that the limits of some algebraic functions might be evaluated by
direct substitution.

Let us determine if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) is true for exponential functions.

𝑥→𝑐

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 8

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Property of Limit for Exponential Function
The limit of an exponential function is the exponential function of the limit of the function.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒙→𝒄
𝒙→𝒄

Theorem 2.3.1
The limit of an exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) , where 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥, as 𝑥
approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑓(𝑐).

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒃𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒃𝒈(𝒄) = 𝒇(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄

𝑔(𝑥)
Note that an exponential function is defined for any real number 𝑐. Thus, lim 𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑔(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐

Proof:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) , where 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥, be an exponential function, and 𝑐 is a real
number. Note that an exponential function is defined for any real number 𝑐. Using the
property of limit for exponential function, we have

lim 𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Since 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial function, the lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑐). Thus, we have
𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥→𝑐
𝑥→𝑐

= 𝑏 𝑔(𝑐)
= 𝑓 (𝑐)

Therefore, if 𝑓(𝑥) is an exponential function, then lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑐).

𝑥→𝑐

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 9

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Example:
Use Theorem 2.3.1 to evaluate lim 3𝑥 .
𝑥→2

lim 3𝑥 = 32
𝑥→2

=9

Theorem 2.3.1 holds true as well for the exponential function of base 𝑒 (Euler number), which
is a nonterminating and nonrepeating decimal. We call it the natural exponential function.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒈(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄

Did You Know?

The natural number 𝑒, (also called Euler’s number after Leonhard

Euler) is one of the most important numbers in Mathematics,
together with the number 𝜋. It is an irrational number
(nonterminating and nonrepeating), which cannot be expressed as a
simple fraction. The first few digits of this number are
2.718281828459045 (and many more). This number is used in
computing the compound interest, which has the formula 𝐴 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑡 .

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 10

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Let’s Practice!
Example 1
Evaluate lim 3(2)𝑥+5 .
𝑥→−1

Solution
Solve using Theorem 2.3.1.

lim 3(2)𝑥+5 = 3(2)−1+5

𝑥→−1
= 3(2)4
= 3(16)
= 48

Thus, lim 3(2)𝑥+5 = 𝟒𝟖.

𝑥→−1

1 Try It!
Evaluate lim 4(3)−2𝑥+1 .
𝑥→2

Example 2
1 3𝑥+7
What is the value of lim 𝑒 ?
𝑥→−2 2

Solution
Solve using Theorem 2.3.1.

1 3𝑥+7 1 3(−2)+7
lim 𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑥→−2 2 2
1
= 𝑒 −6+7
2
1
= 𝑒
2

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 11

Unit 2: Limit Laws

1 3𝑥+7 𝟏
Thus, lim 𝑒 = 𝟐 𝒆. You may use a calculator to get the exact value of the answer.
𝑥→−2 2

2 Try It!
What is the value of lim4 5𝑒 9𝑥−10 ?
𝑥→
3

Example 3
What is the value of lim2 3(4)5𝑥+3 − 5?
𝑥→
5

Solution
Solve using Theorem 2.3.1.

2
lim 3(4)5𝑥+3 − 5 = 3(4)5(5)+3 − 5
2
𝑥→
5

= 3(4)2+3 − 5
= 3(4)5 − 5
= 3(1 024) − 5
= 3 072 − 5
= 3 067

Thus, lim2 3(4)5𝑥+3 − 5 = 𝟑 𝟎𝟔𝟕.

𝑥→
5

3 Try It!
2 3 8−5𝑥
What is the value of lim4 3 (2) + 1?
𝑥→
5

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 12

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Limit of a Logarithmic Function
A logarithmic function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑥, where 𝑏 is a real number, 𝑏 > 0,
and 𝑏 ≠ 1. It is also the inverse of an exponential function. Some examples of logarithmic
functions are 𝑦 = log 1 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 log(𝑥 + 1), and 𝑔(𝑥) = − log 3 (𝑥 2 + 1) + 7.
2

Evaluating the Limit of a Logarithmic Function through Table of Values and Its
Graph

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 2 𝑥. Let us evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥) using table of values and its
𝑥→4

graph.

By using table of values, we have:

Table 2.3.5. Table of values for lim log 2 𝑥

𝑥→4

left side of 4 right side of 4

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
3.8 1.92599942 4.5 2.16992500
3.9 1.96347412 4.1 2.03562391
3.98 1.99276843 4.01 2.00360224
3.999 1.99963928 4.001 2.00036063
3.9999 1.99996393 4.0001 2.00003607

Based on the table, we estimate that lim log 2 𝑥 = 2.

𝑥→4

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 13

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Let us look at the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = log 2 𝑥 to find its limit as 𝑥 approaches 4.

The graph shows that as 𝑥 becomes closer to 𝑥 = 4 from the left and right sides, the value of
the function approaches 2. Hence, based on the graph, we estimate that lim log 2 𝑥 = 2.
𝑥→4

Let us also determine if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) is true for logarithmic functions.
𝑥→𝑐

Property of Limit for Logarithmic Function

Let 𝑔(𝑥) be a polynomial and, 𝑏 and 𝑐 be real numbers, where 𝑏 > 0, and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
If lim 𝑔(𝑥) > 0, then
𝑥→𝑐

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙).

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

If 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 near 𝑐 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then

𝑥→𝑐

∞ 𝐢𝐟 𝟎 < 𝒃 < 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒈(𝒙) = { .
𝒙→𝒄 −∞ 𝐢𝐟 𝒃 > 𝟏

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 14

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Theorem 2.3.2
The limit of a logarithmic function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) > 0,
as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑓(𝑐).

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒈(𝒄) = 𝒇(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄

provided 𝒈(𝒄) > 𝟎, and 𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

Proof:
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥, be a logarithmic function, and 𝑐 is a real
number. Using the property of limit for logarithmic function, we have

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑏 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Since 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial function, the lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑐). Thus, we have
𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 lim 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
= log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑐)
= 𝑓 (𝑐)

Therefore, if 𝑓 (𝑥) is a logarithmic function lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐).

𝑥→𝑐

Example:
Let us use Theorem 2.3.2 to evaluate lim log 2 𝑥.
𝑥→4

lim log 2 𝑥 = log 2 4

𝑥→4

= log 2 22
=2

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 15

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Theorem 2.3.2 holds as well for the logarithmic function of base 𝑒, which is called the natural
logarithmic function. It could be expressed as 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 (𝑦 = log 𝑒 𝑥).

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐧 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐧 𝒈(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄

provided 𝒈(𝒄) > 𝟎

Let’s Practice!

Example 4
Evaluate lim ln(5𝑥 − 9).
𝑥→2

Solution
Solve using Theorem 2.3.2

lim ln(5𝑥 − 9) = ln[5(2) − 9]

𝑥→2
= ln(10 − 9)
= ln 1
=0

Thus, lim ln(5𝑥 − 9) = 𝟎.

𝑥→2

4 Try It!
Evaluate lim ln(8 − 2𝑥).
𝑥→3

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 16

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Example 5
What is the value of lim [log 5 (𝑥 2 + 9) − 4]?
𝑥→−4

Solution
Solve using Theorem 2.3.2.

lim [log 5 (𝑥 2 + 9) − 4] = log 5 [(−4)2 + 9] − 4

𝑥→−4
= log 5 (16 + 9) − 4
= log 5 25 − 4
= log 5 52 − 4
= 2−4
= −2

Thus, lim [log 5 (𝑥 2 + 9) − 4] = −𝟐.

𝑥→−4

5 Try It!
20
What is the value of lim4[log 2 (2𝑥 − 9
)]?
𝑥→ 3
3

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 17

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Example 6
Evaluate lim [log 2𝑥 + log(𝑥 2 + 5) − log(𝑥 − 2)].
𝑥→5

Solution
Solve using Theorem 2.3.2.

2𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 5)
lim [log 2𝑥 + log(𝑥 2 + 5) − log(𝑥 − 2)] = lim [log ]
𝑥→5 𝑥→5 𝑥 −2
2(5)(52 + 5)
= log
5−2
10(30)
= log
3
= log 100
= log 102
=2

Thus, lim [log 2𝑥 + log(𝑥 2 + 5) − log(𝑥 − 2)] = 𝟐.

𝑥→5

6 Try It!
What is the value of lim [2 ln 𝑥 + ln(2𝑥 − 3) − ln(6 − 𝑥)]?
𝑥→3

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 18

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Limit of a Trigonometric Function
A trigonometric function (also called a circular function) is a function that represents the ratio
of the 𝑥- and 𝑦- coordinates in a unit circle. It could be written in any of the following forms:
𝑦 = sin 𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, 𝑦 = csc 𝑥, 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, and 𝑦 = cot 𝑥.

Evaluating the Limit of a Trigonometric Function Through Table of Values and

Its Graph

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥. Let us evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥) using a table of values and its
𝑥→0

graph.

By using a table of values, we have:

Table 2.3.6. Table of values for lim sin 𝑥

𝑥→0

left side of 0 right side of 0

𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)
−0.5 −0.47942555 0.5 0.47942555
−0.1 −0.09983342 0.1 0.09983342
−0.01 −0.00999983 0.01 0.00999983
−0.001 −0.00099999 0.001 0.00099999
−0.0001 −0.00009999 0.0001 0.00009999

Based on the table, we estimate that lim sin 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0

Let us look at the graph of 𝑓 (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 to find its limit as 𝑥 approaches 0.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 19

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Based on the graph, we estimate that lim sin 𝑥 = 0.

𝑥→0

Let us consider another function 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + 1.

By using table of values, we have:

Table 2.3.7. Table of values for lim (cos 𝑥 + 1)

𝑥→0

left side of 0 right side of 0

𝒙 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒙 𝒈(𝒙)
−0.5 1.87758256 0.5 1.87758256
−0.1 1.99500417 0.1 1.99500417
−0.01 1.99995000 0.01 1.99995000
−0.001 1.99999950 0.001 1.99999950
−0.0001 1.99999999 0.0001 1.99999999

Based on the table, we estimate that lim (cos 𝑥 + 1) = 2.

𝑥→0

Let us look at the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 to find its limit as 𝑥 approaches 0.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 20

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Based on the graph, we estimate that lim (cos 𝑥 + 1) = 2.

𝑥→0

In general, we have the following limit of trigonometric functions. For each function, let 𝑐 be
a real number and 𝑘 an integer.

Sine Function

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒄

𝒙→𝒄

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 21

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Cosine Function

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒄

𝒙→𝒄

Tangent Function

𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒄, for 𝒄 ≠ 𝟐 + 𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = ∞, for 𝒄 = 𝟐 + 𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄−
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = −∞, for 𝒄 = + 𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄+ 𝟐
where 𝒌 is any integer

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 22

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Cosecant Function

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒄, for 𝒄 ≠ 𝒌𝝅

𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = ∞, for 𝒄 = 𝝅 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄−
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = −∞, for 𝒄 = 𝝅 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄+
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = −∞, for 𝒄 = 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄−
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = ∞, for 𝒄 = 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄+
where 𝒌 is any integer

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 23

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Secant Function

𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒄, for 𝒄 ≠ 𝟐 + 𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = ∞, for 𝒄 = + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄− 𝟐
𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = −∞, for 𝒄 = 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄
𝟑𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = −∞, for 𝒄 = + 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄− 𝟐
𝟑𝝅
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = ∞, for 𝒄 = 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄+
where 𝒌 is any integer

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 24

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Cotangent Function

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒄, for 𝒄 ≠ 𝒌𝝅

𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = −∞, for 𝒄 = 𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄−
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 = ∞, for 𝒄 = 𝒌𝝅
𝒙→𝒄+
where 𝒌 is any integer

Let’s Practice!
Example 7
Evaluate lim𝜋 cot 4𝑥.
𝑥→
6

Solution
Cotangent function will have infinite limit if the argument is a multiple of 𝜋. Since 4𝑥 =
𝜋 2𝜋
4 (6) = 3
is not a multiple of 𝜋, the limit exists.

𝜋
lim𝜋 cot 4𝑥 = cot 4 ( )
𝑥→ 6
6
2𝜋
= cot
3

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 25

Unit 2: Limit Laws
√3
=−
3
√𝟑
Thus, lim𝜋 cot 4𝑥 = − .
𝑥→ 𝟑
6

7 Try It!
Evaluate lim
5𝜋
tan 3𝑥.
𝑥→
12

Example 8
Find the value of lim𝜋 sec(3𝑥 + 𝜋).
𝑥→
2

Solution
𝜋
Secant function will have infinite limit if the argument is a multiple of 2 .
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
Since 3𝑥 + 𝜋 = 3 ( 2 ) + 𝜋 = 2
is a multiple of 2 , the limit does not exist. In fact,

lim
𝜋−
sec(3𝑥 + 𝜋) = ∞, and
𝑥→
2
lim+ sec(3𝑥 + 𝜋) = −∞.
𝜋
𝑥→
2

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 26

Unit 2: Limit Laws

8 Try It!
3𝜋
Find the value of lim
15𝜋
csc(𝑥 − 4
).
𝑥→
4

Example 9
5𝜋
Evaluate lim [5 cos (𝑥 − ) + 3].
5𝜋
𝑥→ 3
6

Solution
5𝜋
Since cosine is defined for any real number, we just evaluate the cosine function at 𝑥 = 6
.

5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
lim [5 cos (𝑥 − ) + 3] = 5 cos ( − ) + 3
𝑥→
5𝜋 3 6 3
6
5𝜋 − 10𝜋
= 5 cos ( )+3
6
5𝜋
= 5 cos (− ) + 3
6
√3
= 5 (− )+3
2
5√3
=− +3
2

5𝜋 𝟓√𝟑 −𝟓√𝟑+𝟔
Thus, lim
5𝜋
[5 cos (𝑥 − 3
) + 3] = −
𝟐
+ 𝟑 or 𝟐
.
𝑥→
6

9 Try It!
9𝜋
What is the value of lim𝜋 [−4 sin 9 (𝑥 + ) + 10]?
𝑥→− 2
3

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 27

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Why do the limits of tangent, cotangent, secant,

and cosecant not always exist?

Key Points
___________________________________________________________________________________________

● The limit of an exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐, where 𝑔(𝑥) is a

polynomial in 𝑥, is equal to 𝑓(𝑐). This is also true to a natural exponential function
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) . Note that for exponential functions, 𝑏 must be greater that 0 and not
equal to 1.
● The limit of a logarithmic function 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐, where 𝑔(𝑥) is
a polynomial in 𝑥, is equal to 𝑓(𝑐), provided that 𝑔(𝑐) > 0. This is also true to natural
logarithmic function 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑔(𝑥). Note that for logarithmic functions, 𝑏 must be
greater that 0 and not equal to 1.
● The limit of any trigonometric function 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑓(𝑐),
provided that 𝒄 is in the domain of 𝒇.
___________________________________________________________________________________________

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 28

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Key Formulas
___________________________________________________________________________________________

Concept Formula Description

Use these formulas

to find the limit of
lim 𝑔(𝑥)
lim 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑏𝑥→𝑐 exponential
Limit of an 𝑥→𝑐
functions where
Exponential lim 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑔(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial
Function lim 𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑔(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐 and 𝑏 is a real
number such that
𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.

If lim 𝑔(𝑥) > 0, then Use these formulas

𝑥→𝑐
to find the limit of
lim log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑏 lim 𝑔(𝑥) ; logarithmic
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑐) ; functions where
Limit of a 𝑥→𝑐
𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial
Logarithmic lim ln 𝑔(𝑥) = ln 𝑔(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐
and 𝑏 is a real
Function
number such that
If 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 near 𝑐 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0, then
𝑥→𝑐 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.

∞ if 0 < b < 1
lim log 𝑏 𝑔(𝑥) = { .
𝑥→𝑐 −∞ if 𝑏 > 1

lim sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑐

𝑥→𝑐
Use these formulas
lim cos 𝑥 = cos 𝑐 to find the limit of
𝑥→𝑐
trigonometric
Limit of a 𝜋
lim tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑐, for 𝑐 ≠ 2 + 𝑘𝜋 function where 𝑘 is
𝑥→𝑐
Trigonometric 𝜋 an integer.
lim− tan 𝑥 = ∞, for 𝑐 = 2 + 𝑘𝜋
Function 𝑥→𝑐
𝜋
lim tan 𝑥 = −∞, for 𝑐 = 2 + 𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 +

lim csc 𝑥 = csc 𝑐, for 𝑐 ≠ 𝑘𝜋

𝑥→𝑐

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 29

Unit 2: Limit Laws
lim csc 𝑥 = ∞, for 𝑐 = 𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 −
lim csc 𝑥 = −∞, for 𝑐 = 𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 +
lim csc 𝑥 = −∞, for 𝑐 = 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 −
lim csc 𝑥 = ∞, for 𝑐 = 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 +

𝜋
lim sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑐, for 𝑐 ≠ 2 + 𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐
𝜋
lim− sec 𝑥 = ∞, for 𝑐 = 2 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐
𝜋
lim sec 𝑥 = −∞, for 𝑐 = 2 + 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 +
3𝜋
lim− sec 𝑥 = −∞, for 𝑐 = 2
+ 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐
3𝜋
lim sec 𝑥 = ∞, for 𝑐 = 2
+ 2𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 +

lim cot 𝑥 = cot 𝑐, for 𝑐 ≠ 𝑘𝜋

𝑥→𝑐
lim cot 𝑥 = −∞, for 𝑐 = 𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 −
lim cot 𝑥 = ∞, for 𝑐 = 𝑘𝜋
𝑥→𝑐 +

___________________________________________________________________________________________

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 30

Unit 2: Limit Laws

Check Your Understanding

A. Use the graphs below to determine the limit of the functions 𝑓(𝑥),
𝑔(𝑥), and ℎ(𝑥) respectively.

1. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→0

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 31

Unit 2: Limit Laws
2. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→−1

3. lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→2

4. lim ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→2𝜋

5. lim𝜋 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→
2

B. Evaluate the following limits.

1. lim 2𝑒 3𝑥+4
𝑥→−1

2. lim ln(𝑥 + 7)
𝑥→−6

3. lim log 3 (4𝑥 + 1)

𝑥→2

4. lim
25𝜋
sin 𝑥
𝑥→
6
𝜋
5. lim𝜋 sec (𝑥 + 3 )
𝑥→
2

6. lim (72𝑥−7 − 5)
𝑥→3
1 𝑥+3
7. lim 3 (2)
𝑥→−6

8. lim (5 log 2 𝑥 − 4)
𝑥→32

9. lim5𝜋(4 tan 3𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→−
12

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 32

Unit 2: Limit Laws
10. lim5 ln(2𝑥 − 4)
𝑥→
2

11. lim
7𝜋
(cos 2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→
2
1 𝜋
12. lim𝜋 2 csc (𝑥 + 2 )
𝑥→
3
2
13. lim3 [ (6)−4𝑥+3 + 9]
𝑥→ 9
2

14. lim [log 4 (𝑥 + 7) − log 4 (𝑥 + 1)]

𝑥→5
𝜋𝑥
15. lim tan ( )
𝑥→−3 2

C. Analyze and solve the following problems.

1. The remains 𝑅 of a certain radioactive element after 𝑡 years is given by the formula
𝑡
𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑁𝑜 2−50 . Determine lim 𝑅(𝑡) given an initial amount of 1 000 grams.
𝑡→250

2. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) is the same as the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 but shifted three units
𝜋
upward and units to the right. Determine lim𝜋 𝑓(𝑥).
3 𝑥→
2

Challenge Yourself

Answer the following questions.

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial in 𝑥, is lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) for any 𝑐? Why or
𝑥→𝑐

why not?
2. If 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑔(𝑥), where 𝑔(𝑥) is a polynomial, is lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for any 𝑐? Why or why
𝑥→𝑐

not?
3. In Theorem 2.3.2, why is there a condition that 𝑔(𝑐), which is a polynomial in 𝑥 should
be greater than 0 for any 𝑐?
4. Does the limit of an exponential function exist for any real number 𝑐? Why or why
not?

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 33

Unit 2: Limit Laws

5. Given the graph 𝑓(𝑥) = log 𝑥, what do you think is the value of lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)? Why?
𝑥→0

Photo Credit
NuclearReaction.svg by Kjerish is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

Bibliography

Larson, Ron H., and Bruce H. Edwards. Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental Functions.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.

Leithold, Louis. The Calculus 7. New York: HarperCollins College Publ., 1997.

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 34

Unit 2: Limit Laws
Pierce, Rod. “e-Euler’s Number.” Math is Fun. Accessed from
https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/e-eulers-number.html, January 24, 2020.

Smith, Robert T., and Roland B. Milton. Calculus. New York: McGraw Hill, 2012.

Tan, Soo T. Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences: A Brief Approach.
Australia: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2012.

Key to Try It!

4
1. 27

2. 5𝑒 2
35
3.
8

4. ln 2
5. 2
6. ln 9
7. 1
8. does not exist
9. 14

2.3. Limits of Transcendental Functions 35