Plate Compactor

Mindoro State University
Institute of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

Alcate, Victoria Oriental Mindoro
ABP 41B Machine Design for AB Production
VIBRATING PLATE SOIL COMPACTOR
Submitted by:
BSABE IV A&B
Submitted to:
ENGR. MARJUN E. CAGUAY
March 2022
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Soil compaction is an important part of the construction process because it creates
a stable working platform. The foundation is a strong soil base, and all other parts of the
project rely on it. Compaction reduces the likelihood of settlement after the construction
of a building, roadway, runway, or parking lot, which could result in premature pavement
failure, costly maintenance, or repairs, (Weser, 2020). Moreover, compaction helps to
remove air voids thereby increasing the soil’s sheer strength, decreasing its
compressibility and its permeability. It will also decrease the voids ratio, thus making
water flow through soil more difficult (Conquest Equipment, 2018).
Soil compaction machines such as rammers, vibratory plate compactors, and
trench rollers are available. Rammers (also known as tampers or jumping jacks) compact
soil by pounding it with a shoe. Rammers are vertical machines that are ideal for narrow
trenches where a plate compactor would be inconvenient. Vibratory plate compactors are
walk-behind compaction machines that compact the base with a wide vibrating steel
plate. Plate compactors are frequently used in asphalt applications with water. Reversible
plate compactors are typically larger than forward-only counterparts and are better suited
for larger jobs. Vibratory trench rollers (typically remotely controlled or ride-on) have
vibrating drums with feet that compact soil in deep trenches where it can be hazardous to
humans, (Tilahun, Anteneh, 2015).

A plate compactor is a type of construction machine that is used to compress soil
and various types of gravel or stone. The machine has a heavy steel plate on the bottom
and operates like a push mower. The compactor vibrates the earth, leveling it. Plate
compactors can be useful in the landscaping industry, particularly for hardscape projects
such as patios and sidewalks. A plate compactor can be a useful tool for efficiently
growing a specific business. A plate compactor is required to level the ground when
building patios and sidewalks in the hardscaping area of landscaping. Plate compactors
are extremely useful when constructing a flagstone patio because the soil at the base must
be flattened before the crushed stone is laid down. When adjusting the soil and crushed
stone, the plate compactor is used twice, if not more. A plate compactor has several
advantages, including increased job durability and performance, elimination of future
shifting and settling, and a smoother and more even surface (Lawrence Tool Rental Inc.,
2020).
The dynamic soil compaction through different soil compactor machines has
proven to be efficient and effective in construction methods. To achieve satisfactory
results, soil compaction is an important and significant process for any construction
project, and requires special attention and quality soil compactor equipment. Compaction,
if done properly can help to extend the life of the structures or roads that the soil supports
(Conquest Equipment, 2018).
When designing a plate compactor, the following parameters must be considered:
the weight of the vibrating elements, the size of the disturbing force, and the frequency of
the vibrations, the dimensions of the foot surface, the driving motor power, and a number
of dimensional parameters. The rational selection of these basic machinery parameters
aims to achieve efficient compactness while also lowering the level of vibrations
transmitted to the motor and the human operator, (MORARIU-GLIGOR, Radu Mircea, et
al., 2017).
Problem Statement
The compaction of soil is an important process in construction to ensure that a
structure has a strong foundation and support. If not done properly, it may lead to
structure deterioration. According to Tilahun (2015), the voids in the soil beneath the
structure provide no support for the structure, and they could set off a chain reaction that
could lead to the structure's downfall. . Compaction of the soil and removal of air voids
improves the soil’s shear strength, reduces its compressibility, and reduces permeability.
It will also reduce the voids ratio making it more difficult for water to flow through the
soil.
According to some local construction workers, compaction of soil is a crucial part
in the construction of any structure, improper compaction of soil may cause cracks to the
flooring and walls, which can lead to the building collapse. Manual compaction of soil is
still being practiced in some local construction sites. Usually, in this process, workers
uses a hand rammer to compact soil, if not available, workers creates a hand rammer-like
tool made from available materials in the construction site such as a weighted metal
drum. This kind of equipment must be heavy to ensure that the soil is properly
compacted. The process of manual compaction of soil is commonly done for days for an
average sized building to achieve the desired level of soil compactness, it is a time-
consuming and labor-intensive process. Using a manual soil compacting tool cannot
ensure the uniform compactness of the soil. Moreover, if soil compaction is performed
improperly, settlement of the soil could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance
costs or structure failure.
To reduce the time and labor cost in soil compaction process, and to avoid
unexpected and unwanted movement of the soil beneath the structure, proper soil
compaction equipment must be used. Thus, a machine intended for soil compaction will
be developed.
Persona
A plate compactor is available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and accessories, but
the main features remain the same. The core of the machine is a heavy, flat plate that
rests on the ground when it is not in use. A gasoline or diesel engine drives or vibrates the
plate.
One should not consider price first when making a choice of plate compactor,
rather one should consider how well the job would be done when one uses one plate
compactor as opposed to the other.

However, whichever one that a person chooses among the type of plate
compactors depends largely on the type of project that is to be embarked upon. While the
single plate compactor can be more suitable for small projects as they work in the frontal
direction without an option of using them backwards, the reversible plate compactor can
be used for both the frontal and reversible compacting jobs. The job of the single plate
compactor is often times on the surface level while that of the reversible compactor can
go a bit deeper into the soil than the single plate compactor.
In addition, although it is very easy to use, it is worthy of mention to note that it is
best that one reads the guide of the compactor before one begins to use them and this is
for the purpose of keeping it in their proper working condition. There are little guides that
one needs to take cognizance of when working with them and most times these guides are
for the engine part. Hence, one a mistake is made with the kind of oil that should be fixed
in the compactor or the kind of air filter, it might be detrimental to the proper working
condition of the plate compactor. While it is easy to use, it is also a very delicate
equipment.
Plate Compactor Principle of Operation
Plate compactors work with a heavy plate on the bottom, which moves rapidly up
and down. In combination with rapid impacts, plate weight, and impact forces, the soil
underneath is compacted or packed.

Plate compactors work best on granular soils, such as those that contain more
sand or gravel. It may be beneficial to add some moisture to the soil before using the
plate compactor. It generally takes two to four passes to achieve proper compaction, but
the compactor manufacturer or design engineer can provide some advice depending on
the situation.
A plate compactor can be used to compact asphalt and sub-base on driveways and
parking lots, as well as to repair them. They are useful in tight spaces that a larger roller
might not be able to reach. There are a few options available to contractors when it comes
to choosing the right plate compactor.
Prior Efforts
Plate compactors can be used to compact subbase and asphalt on driveways,
parking lots and repair jobs. They are useful in confined areas where a larger roller may
not be able reach. It works best on granular soils, such as those that contain more sand or
gravel. It may be beneficial to add some moisture to the soil before using the plate
compactor. It generally takes two to four passes to achieve proper compaction, but the
compactor manufacturer or design engineer can provide some advice depending on the
situation.
A plate compactor can be used to compact asphalt and sub-base on driveways and
parking lots, as well as to repair them. They are useful in tight spaces that a larger roller
might not be able to reach. There are a few options available to contractors when it comes
to choosing the right plate compactor.
Compactors are categorized into three main categories:
1. single-plate compactors
2. reversible compactors
3. high performance/heavy-duty compactors.
A contractor must decide which of these to use depending on the job’s size and
type. Plate compactor is the most commonly used equipment for small compaction jobs.
They can also easily be rented and can be either electric or gasoline powered.
There are multiple ways in which soil can be compacted. Depending on the type
of soil compaction required, there are a variety of compaction tools that will help the
constructor to achieve the desired compaction level. The following are the prior efforts
related to the study based on literature:
Manual Compaction of Soil

Soil can be mechanically compacted by applying force with a roller, hoe or
rammer. A roller looks like a drum aerator, minus the spikes. Pulling this weighted metal
drum over the lawn crushes the soil. In a pinch, a heavily loaded wheelbarrow can do the
same job.
A flat hoe is handy for localized compaction. By slamming the flat side of the
blade into the ground, you can compact dirt close to the surface. This method is usually
used to support newly planted saplings. A rammer looks like a jackhammer with a flat
base. The vibrating base shakes the dirt beneath, causing it to settle. These heavy-duty
machines are usually reserved for major construction projects, like forming building
foundations and pouring driveways.
There’s one thing in common with these three methods: They’re all brute-force
methods that compact surface soil. Using water doesn’t create a hard pan on the surface,
and since it’s slower, it’s easier to get the perfect density for your project. While each
mechanical method has its uses, for most compaction jobs, it’s safer and easier to use
water.
Fig. 1. Manual compaction of soil
Steps in manually compaction of soil with just a water hose and lawn tools:
1. Get rid of any hard lawn debris like rocks and fallen tree branches from the soil
that you want to compact. Smoothen the soil flat using the front and back side of a
rake.
2. Using a water hose with a spray nozzle set to low-pressure, spray the area of soil
with a slow but steady the flow of water until you see a small pool of water start
to emerge on the surface. Be careful in choosing your drip systems because too
much pressure can move the soil on the surface. In addition to this, the water can
also run off before getting the chance to seep into the soil.
3. Let the water seep into the soil for about an hour. This amount of time is just
enough for the water to settle in.

4. Repeat the watering and settling process as needed until the water no longer seeps
into the soil as quickly as before. This is how you know if the area of soil is
already well compacted. The number of times this process is repeated varies on
the type of soil you are working with. This has to do with soil porosity. Basically,
the lower your soil porosity is, the slower it drains water. Clay soil, for example,
has a lower soil porosity than the sandy soil. To achieve great compaction, you’re
going to have to repeat this process more times with the sandy soil as compared to
clay soil.
5. Pack the area of moist soil by walking over it. You can also perform this step with
a hand tamper or lawn roller– if these tools are available– to achieve greater soil
compaction.
Depending on the compaction task and work, there are several types of plate
compactors available. Selecting the right flat plate compactor is very important for
getting the desired compaction results. The following are the most used plate compactors
as of today:
1. Tamping Rammer (Gas Engine)
Gas powered, walk behind tamping rammers are some of the most commonly
used pieces of equipment for soil compaction. From the most industrial jobsites to the
Do-It-Yourself homeowner, you will find this type of machinery on just about any job
that requires soil compaction. A tamping rammer is ideal for cohesive soil compaction,
and its size and maneuverability make it great for tight corners or compacting near a wall.
Examples of cohesive soils would be clay or silt. The typical shoe size you will find on a
tamping rammer is 11 x 13 “. However, there are other common attachments such as an
8” or 6” shoe. The shoe refers to the plate at the bottom of the equipment that is in direct
contact with the soil. Sizes and weight on tamping rammers can also vary. A typical
tamping rammer that can deliver 3,350 lbs per square foot of compaction force will be
sufficient to reach up to 100% compaction density with proper soil moisture content,
although it will take several passes with the equipment.
Fig. 2. Tamping Rammer (Gas Engine)
2. Forward Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate
The second most common type of equipment for soil compaction would be the
plate compactor, or as it is also commonly referred to as, a vibe plate. Unlike the walk
behind tamping rammers, which are ideal for cohesive soil compaction (silt, clay), plate
compactors are ideal for granular soil compaction. Examples of granular soil compaction
would be gravel, sand, or dirt with a lot of aggregate material. The high frequency
vibration that is delivered by the exciter box of the plate compactor helps to eliminate any
air pockets within the soil. While there are several different styles of plate compactors,
forward plate compactors are typically the least expensive, and easily loaded into a truck
by 2-3 people. Unlike reversible plate compactors, forward plate compactors are designed
to operate in one direction, and if further passes are needed, the operator must fully turn
the unit to continue.
Fig. 3. Forward Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate
3. Reversible Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

Reversible plate compactors, unlike the forward plate compactors that have been
discussed, can change direction without forcing the operator to turn the machine around.
This can be critical for jobsites where there is little space, and if you find yourself
working in a trench. Reversible plate compactors also tend to be much heavier than
forward plate compactors and deliver a higher compaction force.
Fig. 4. Reversible Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate
4. Asphalt Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate
An example of an asphalt plate compactor would be a Tomahawk
Power TPC90 Honda Vibratory Plate Compactor forward plate compactor with a water
tank. Water tanks are used to help prevent the freshly laid asphalt from sticking to the
plate of the compactor. The vibrations that are delivered by the exciter box permeate
through the machine to drip out the water from the tank in front of the plate compactor as
its running.
Fig.5. Asphalt Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate
5. Walk-Behind Roller
These units are typically smaller than ride on rollers, yet slight bigger than
reversible plate compactors. It is similar to a ride on roller in that it uses 1-2 vibrating
drums to compact the soil or asphalt, yet it is similar to a reversible or forward plate
compactor because the operator has to walk behind the unit. Again, many road building,
and commercial grade projects utilize this type of compacting machinery.
Fig. 6. Walk-Behind Roller

Scope and technical characteristics of vibratory plate compactor
The vibrating plate is an aggregate whose main function is tamper. It is used in
various fields: for compaction of soil during construction, landscape planning, for
compaction of bulk materials like sand, pebbles, and gravel, for laying asphalt, paving
slabs, paving stones. A vibrating plate for compaction of soil and other bulk materials is
recommended for use on areas not exceeding 1000 m². For large areas, large-sized and
more powerful equipment is used for these purposes. Each model of the vibrating plate
has its own operational indicators, which determine the features of its use and scope. So,
when choosing a vibrating plate, you should pay attention to the following specifications:
 dimensions of the base plate, mm;
 vibration frequency, Hz;
 the depth of the seal, mm;
 vibration amplitude, mm;
 power, kWt;
 mass of the unit, kg;
 electricity or fuel consumption, kW / h or l / h;
 maximum productivity, sq.m / h;
 overall dimensions of the device.

Fig.7. The process of compaction of the required mass with a vibrating plate is carried
out as a result of the occurrence of shock vibrations in the unbalance
Types of vibrating plates compactor: the main differences, advantages and
disadvantages
Vibrating plates are divided according to several indicators. The first of these is
the type of engine. Depending on which engine is installed on the unit, there are plates:
 gasoline;
 diesel;
 electric.
The electric vibrating plate 220 V is the cheapest and most affordable option.
According to technical criteria, it is slightly inferior to the other two types, as it has a
small weight and a low degree of compaction. Most of all, this model is suitable for use
on a private plot, in agriculture, in landscape work. Its disadvantage is the obligatory
availability of a power source and limitation of the radius of action by the length of the
cord. In the absence of a source of electricity or the inability to connect to the mains, it is
worth buying a gasoline vibrating plate. It is more expensive than electric, but has no
restrictions on operating conditions. It is easy to transport and move. Diesel is cheaper
than gasoline, but the engine itself is more expensive. Diesel units are the most powerful,
they are more often used on construction sites. The disadvantage of a diesel vibrating
plate is a significant noise level during operation and high cost.
The vibrating plates are also divided according to their purpose: for tamping asphalt
and compaction of the soil. The former are distinguished by the presence in their design
of a device for supplying water irrigation. It is necessary for wetting, a damp surface
eliminates sticking to the base. The surface of such a vibrating plate is smooth, the edges
are rounded. The unit for tamping soil is heavier, the surface texture of the plate is
embossed. There are machines with translational motion and reverse. Translational move
in one direction and have one unbalance. The second type of vibrating plates
reciprocating direction of movement. They have two unbalances, so they can move in
different directions. Vibratory plates are controlled manually or remotely. The latter
option is convenient and safe, but its price is much higher.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design Concept
Design concept is that part of the design process in which, by documentation of the
indispensable problem through abstraction, by establishment of function structure and by
the search for appropriate solution principles and their combination, the basic solution
path is laid down through elaboration of solution concepts.
1.1 Establish functional structure of vibrating plate compactor

The conversions of energy, material and signals, Task or function are
described on the basis of input and output. The overall function of variable speed
vibrating plate compactor:-
The overall function is usually possible to link sub-function in various ways.
Meaningful and compatible combination of sub-function into an overall function
produces so called function structure. Function structure is useful to distinguish between
main and auxiliary function. Main functions are those sub-functions that serve the overall
function directly and Auxiliary functions serve the overall function indirectly [20].
Vibrating plate compactor has main function that serve the overall function of
the process and also it does have Auxiliary function in the process.
The main function is manufacturing components and it shows how the
materials flow for each component production. The auxiliary function is the
design and sizing component.
Prime mover Pulley, shaft Pump,

preparation andPlummer pistonand
manufacturing valve
Material
preparatio preparatio
n Vibrating
steel plate ERM Assembly
preparatio
manufacturing of parts
n
Fig. 8. Flow of main function of development of Vibrating plate compactor
1.2 Solution Principles
To accomplish the required function, the plate compactor should have power
source, vibrating plate, rotating shaft, eccentric rotating mass, For each of its
components, it is suggested to have solution principles in the following sequence by
using weighted objective method to come up with solution
1.2.1 Power Source
Power source is the part of variable speed vibrating plate compactor where it gets
primary sourceof power. Prime mover is either diesel engine or electric motor.
1.2.2 Vibrating Plate
Vibrating plate is plate which is a key part of vibrating plate compactor. It is
contact surface between the compactor machine and soil. In order to give the compaction
of the soil it shouldhave the property of soil compaction criterion.

1.2.3 Rotating Shaft
A shaft is the component of a mechanical device that transmits rotational motion
and power. It is integral to any mechanical system in which power is transmitted from a
prime mover to other rotating parts of the system. Also it is spar on which eccentric
vibrating mass is attached so that it should withstand the bending and shear stress exerted
by centrifugal force due to rotation of ERM.
1.2.4 Eccentric Rotating Mass
Eccentric rotating mass is mass in which the center of mass is eccentrically
located at eccentricity “e” so that when it is subjected to rotation it produces vibration in
which the amplitude and energy is directly proportional to the eccentricity e and the mass
of ERM. The centripetal force of the offset mass is asymmetric, resulting in a net
centrifugal force, and this causes a displacement of the machine. With a high number of
revolutions per minute, the machine is constantly being displaced and moved by these
asymmetric forces. It is this repeated displacement that is perceived as a vibration.
1.2.5 Belts
Belts may be used as a source of motion, to transmit power efficiently, or to track
relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys. In variable speed vibrating plate
compactor, belts are used to transmit power and torque. Since the diameter of driver
pulley from the prime mover is less than the diameter of driven pulley at the rotating
shaft it multiply the torque and reduces the speed.

1.2.6 Pulley
A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change
of direction of a belt along its circumference. Since it transmits power and torque it is
going to use two pulleys one at the electric motor and one at rotating shaft. It also
multiplies torque or speed of power source by using different diametrical ratio. It could
be of different type.
Design Considerations
Based on solution principle presented in the Design Concept, the following
considerations are made:
1. Prime mover which is electric motor of synchronous motor type, is selected based
on the design criteria of efficiency, slip resistance, cost and availability.
2. Vibrating plate which is hydraulically controlled adjustable sheep‟s foot steel
plate should be selected in order to give static, kneading, vibratory and impact to
soil to be compacted based on the design criteria of efficiency, cost, durability,
impact resistance and variable surface characteristics.
3. Rotating shaft which is made of steel and solid shaft is selected to transmit power
and carry eccentric rotating mass which is means vibration based on the design
criteria of efficiency, fatigue resistance and manufacturability.
4. In order to overcome different ranges centrifugal forces, it can be achieved by
varying the eccentricity of ERM. Hence Eccentric rotating mass which is single
acting hydraulically controlled double steel ERM is selected to give variable
amplitude, linear force and energy of vibration based on the design criteria of
strength, variability, efficiency and cost.
5. Belts which is selected based on the criteria it should meet, V grooved belt
is selected. Minimal slippage, less noise, tension resistance and efficient
power and torque transmission is thebasic characteristics of V grooved belt.
6. Pulley which is made of steel V-grooved solid pulley is selected based on
the main design criteria of strength, durability, shear resistance and belt
type.
7. The materials can be altered by other materials that are locally available and has
similar characteristics.
Design Calculations
1. Force analysis
Here, the concept of forced vibration with mass excitation was used. As
mentioned above, the eccentric rotating mass is a common basis of forced
vibrations. The eccentricity in rotating machines is quantified in terms of mass „‟m‟
rotating with its center of gravity at a distance „‟e‟ from the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force by eccentric mass ‟m‟ serves as harmonic excitation force.
Assumption:-It is assumed that the system is controlled to move vertically and
horizontally having two degrees of freedom. Let, Total vertical and horizontal
displacement of mass of machine excluding eccentric rotating mass be (M – m) = y
and (M – m) = x
Total vertical and horizontal displacement of eccentric
rotating mass is given by
m = (y + esinωt)ωt and = (x + esinωt) respectively

Fig. 9. Equilibrium position of the vibrating plate compactor
From the standard forward speed of vibratory plate compactor it is

designated that the variable speed vibrating plate compactor has 21m/min
forward or travel speed
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝒎/𝒎𝒊𝒏 Or 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
And hence the newly designed vibrating plate compactor should exert
compaction effort per blow which is precisely equal to the laboratory modified
proctor test’s energy. While the speed and amplitude is adjustable, the design
should be based on the extreme compaction energy exerted by variable speed
vibrating plate compactor given
𝑴𝒚 + 𝑴𝒈 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓𝑵/𝒎𝟐
Taking the assumption that the overall weight of variable speed vibrating
plate compactor is M=120kg at max and dimension of the plate is 0.6x0.85m2,
substituting the value of the mass in the equation above and multiplying with the
area of the plate and we get the vertical acceleration is:
𝒚¨ = 𝟏𝟎𝟕. 𝟑𝟐𝒎/𝒔𝟐 or 𝒚¨ = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟑
Where g-is the gravitational acceleration
Hence 𝒚¨ is the vertical acceleration of the compactor machine.

The angel to which the two ERM meet from the vertical is selected in order to
create the travel orforward force.
𝐹𝑜𝑦 = 𝑀𝑦¨ − 𝑀𝑔
𝐹𝑜𝑦 = 120𝑘𝑔 ∗ 107.32𝑚/𝑠2 − 120𝑘𝑔 ∗ 9.821𝑚/𝑠2
𝐹𝑜𝑦 = 11700𝑁
Therefore in order to determine the forward force
𝐹𝑜𝑥 = 𝐹𝑜𝑦 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Consequently the angle θ is selected to be 45o
𝐹𝑜𝑥 = 11700𝑁 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛45
𝑭𝒐𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎𝑵
Although the drag force or forward force is the resultant of horizontal
component force since the variable speed vibrating plate compactor jump
forward sinusoidal the friction between the vibrating plate and soil is
negligible.
𝐹𝑜𝑥 = 𝑀𝑥¨
𝑀𝑥¨ = 11700𝑁
To determine the horizontal acceleration of variable speed vibrating plate
compactordistributes the forwarding force with mass of machine
𝒙¨ = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟓𝒎/𝒔𝟐 Or 𝒙¨ = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟑𝒈

2. Vibration response of machine
The spring coefficients (K) of soil for different modes of vibration are calculated given the following
equations:
i. For vertical motion 𝐾𝑧 = Cz 𝐴𝑡
ii. For horizontal (or sliding) motion 𝐾𝑡 = Ct𝐴𝑡
iii. For rocking motion 𝐾𝜃 = Cθ 𝐼𝑥(𝑜𝑟 𝑦)
iv. For torsion motion(rotation about vertical axis) 𝐾𝜑 = Cφ 𝐼𝑧)
Where:
 𝐴𝑡 is area of horizontal contact surface between foundation and the soil
 𝐼 is the second moment of contact area about the horizontal axis (x or y) passing through
the centroid of the base and normal to the plane of rocking
 𝐼𝑧 is the second moment of contact area about the vertical axis passing through the
centroid of the base.
Since the newly designed variable speed vibrating plate compactor vibrate in vertically and
horizontally it is require determining the two spring constant of which are horizontal and vertical
loading condition.
The coefficient of elastic uniform compression for soil to be compressed is 0.5771kg/cm3. The
area of the vibrating plate is small which is 0.85x0.6m2 In order to define the coefficient of elastic
uniform compression should be multiplied by the factor √(10/At).The soil which is ready
to be compacted is characterized as weak soil and therefore
Cz = √(10/At) x0.5571kg/cm3
Cz = 2.56kg/cm3
To determine the Coefficient of elastic uniform shear
Ct = 0.5𝐶𝑧
Ct = 1.28kg/cm3
To change to N/m3 multiply with gravitational acceleration.
To determine the spring constant of the soil for the two loading condition
 For vertical motion
𝐾𝑧 = Cz𝐴𝑡
𝐾𝑧 = 12.8𝑥106𝑁/𝑚
For the soil ready to be compacted
 For horizontal (or sliding) motion
𝐾𝑡 = Ct𝐴𝑡
𝐾𝑡 = 6.4x106𝑁/𝑚
For the soil ready to be compacted
Therefore the values of 𝜉𝑡 and 𝜉𝑧 are the damping ratio of the soil when the loading is
horizontal and vertical correspondingly. Since the newly designed vibrating plate compactor is
designed for the maximum condition, Geotechnical engineering identifies the maximum
damping ration of the soil which is 0.3 because the damping ratio has direct relation with the
damping angle. Usually damping ratio is defined as
1
𝜉 = sin 𝜓
2
Where
 ψ is the damping angle and its maximum value is 37o since for large deformation the
plastic strain
 ϓ𝑝 will become almost equal the total strain
 ϓ𝑜 and the shear stress
 𝑟𝑜 will be almost equal to the maximum shear stress𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
The value of ψ then will approach its maximum value
𝜓 = 370
Therefore substituting the value of 𝜓 we get for both vertical and horizontal loading
𝝃 = 𝟎. 𝟑
It may well be conceivable that the value of the damping angle 𝜓 is basically constant in
particular when the elastic deformations are very minor compared to the plastic deformation.
Another possibility is that for small strain the energy dissipation rate inclines towards zeroThe
realistic values of damping ration of soft soils are of the command of 0.1up to 0.2. For this
design purpose, the damping ratio is designated to be 0.2.
Table 1. Vibration data of horizontal and vertical loading
Loading condition Spring constant Damping Natural frequency

ratio
Horizontal loading 𝐾𝑡 = 6.8x106𝑁/𝑚 𝜉𝑡 = 0.2 𝜔𝑛𝑡 = 238.05 rad/s
Vertical loading 𝐾𝑧 = 12.8𝑥106𝑁/𝑚 𝜉𝑧 = 0.2 𝜔𝑛𝑧 = 326.6 red/s
Therefore the general solution of the above expression by substituting tabulated values
𝑋(𝑡) = 20.437 sin[278.57𝑡 + 55.540]𝑚𝑚
𝑦(𝑡) = 16.763 sin[278.57𝑡 + 55.220]𝑚𝑚
And hence the maximum vertical amplitude of the variable speed vibrating plate compactor is
𝜋
attained when the time extents sin[278.57𝑡 + 55.220] = 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2
Then
𝒀𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟔𝟑𝒎𝒎

3. Shear Stress
Bending, torsion, and axial stresses can be present in both midrange and alternating
mechanisms. For analysis, it is simple adequate to combine the different types of stresses into
alternating and midrange von Mises stresses. Axial loads are typically comparatively very small at
critical locations where bending and torsion dominate, so they will be left out of the following
equations. The changing stresses due to bending and torsion are given by
Assuming a solid shaft with round cross section, appropriate geometry terms can be presentedfor
c, I, and J resulting in
Merging these stresses in accord with the distortion energy failure theory, the von Misesstresses
for rotating round, solid shafts, neglecting axial loads, are given by
Design Plan
The design of the vibratory plate soil compactor is presented below.
Handle
Gasoline Engine
Steel base plate

REFERENCES
Tilahun, A. (2015). DESIGN OF VARIABLE SPEED VIBRATING PLATE SOIL . Addis Ababa
University: Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
Department. Retrieved from https://www.conquestequipment.net/blog/conquest/the-
importance-of-soil-compaction
Manak Nagar, Lucknow, “Study Report On Compaction Equipments And Construction
Machinery”, Report No. GE- R-76, September – 2005, Geotechnical Engineering
Directorate Research Designs & Standards Organization.
MORARIU-GLIGOR, Radu Mircea, et al. (November 2017). Optimal Design Of An One-Way
Plate Compactor
Weser, Josh, (July 2020). The Importance of Soil Compaction in Construction. Mintek
Resources. Retrieved from https://mintekresources.com/importance-of-soil-compaction-
inconstruction/#:~:text=Why%20is%20Soil%20Compaction%20Important,from%20the
%20interlocking%20of%20particles.
P. Govinda Rao, Dr. C L V R S V Prasad, Dr.D.Sreeramulu, Dr.V.Chittibabu, M.Vykunta Rao,‟”
Determination Of Residual Stresses Of Welded Joints Prepared Under The Influence Of
Mechanical Vibrations By Hole Drilling Method And Compared By Finite Element
Analysis”, International Association For Engineering And Management
Education(IAEME), Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), Pp. 542-553

APPENDICES
Appendix A – Vibratory Plate Soil Compactor Parts

Appendix B – Group Members
Anahaw, Jereicko
Bautista, Mhelvin Rassell
Cueto, Renthel
De Chavez, Elpidio
Ilagan, Mark Angelo
Nuestro, Jay-M
Obando, Allen
Teñido, Marvin
Tria, Jomari
Coronacion, Arjoyce
Dawis, Didrey Monet Kesia
Dela Cruz, Lyka
De Castro, Jermaine
Gabriel, Kayseri Ann Eureka
Gasis, Ma. Riverose
Hernandez, Florian
Lingasa, Gelliane Jane
Macaraig, Jeanamiah
Magboo, Angelika
Mutya, Rosemarie Kate
Umali, Jonalyn

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Mindoro State University

Institute of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABP 41B Machine Design for AB Production

VIBRATING PLATE SOIL COMPACTOR

ENGR. MARJUN E. CAGUAY

Soil compaction is an important part of the construction process because it creates

failure, costly maintenance, or repairs, (Weser, 2020). Moreover, compaction helps to

water flow through soil more difficult (Conquest Equipment, 2018).

Soil compaction machines such as rammers, vibratory plate compactors, and

humans, (Tilahun, Anteneh, 2015).

A plate compactor is a type of construction machine that is used to compress soil

advantages, including increased job durability and performance, elimination of future

proven to be efficient and effective in construction methods. To achieve satisfactory

(Conquest Equipment, 2018).

When designing a plate compactor, the following parameters must be considered:

of dimensional parameters. The rational selection of these basic machinery parameters

The compaction of soil is an important process in construction to ensure that a

According to some local construction workers, compaction of soil is a crucial part

costs or structure failure.

A plate compactor is available in a variety of shapes, sizes, and accessories, but

compactor as opposed to the other.

In addition, although it is very easy to use, it is worthy of mention to note that it is

Plate Compactor Principle of Operation

underneath is compacted or packed.

to choosing the right plate compactor.

Plate compactors can be used to compact subbase and asphalt on driveways,

to choosing the right plate compactor.

Compactors are categorized into three main categories:

3. high performance/heavy-duty compactors.

related to the study based on literature:

Manual Compaction of Soil

Soil can be mechanically compacted by applying force with a roller, hoe or

foundations and pouring driveways.

Fig. 1. Manual compaction of soil

enough for the water to settle in.

1. Tamping Rammer (Gas Engine)

tamping rammer is 11 x 13 “. However, there are other common attachments such as an

although it will take several passes with the equipment.

Fig. 2. Tamping Rammer (Gas Engine)

2. Forward Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

the unit to continue.

Fig. 3. Forward Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

3. Reversible Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

forward plate compactors and deliver a higher compaction force.

Fig. 4. Reversible Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

4. Asphalt Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

An example of an asphalt plate compactor would be a Tomahawk

Fig.5. Asphalt Plate Compactor, Vibe Plate

and commercial grade projects utilize this type of compacting machinery.

Fig. 6. Walk-Behind Roller

Scope and technical characteristics of vibratory plate compactor

The vibrating plate is an aggregate whose main function is tamper. It is used in

 dimensions of the base plate, mm;

 vibration frequency, Hz;

 the depth of the seal, mm;

 vibration amplitude, mm;

 mass of the unit, kg;

 electricity or fuel consumption, kW / h or l / h;

 maximum productivity, sq.m / h;

 overall dimensions of the device.

out as a result of the occurrence of shock vibrations in the unbalance

Types of vibrating plates compactor: the main differences, advantages and

on a private plot, in agriculture, in landscape work. Its disadvantage is the obligatory

restrictions on operating conditions. It is easy to transport and move. Diesel is cheaper