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Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani
Toggle Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772) subsection
(1747–1772) For the Durrani dynasty, see Durrani dynasty. For other uses, see Durrani (disambiguation).

Foundation of the Afghan state The Durrani Empire (Pashto: ‫ ;د درانيانو ټولواکمني‬Persian: ‫ )امپراتوری درانیان‬or the Afghan Empire (‫د‬
Durrani Empire
Early victories ‫)امپراتوری افغان ;افغانان ټولواکمني‬,[7] also known as the Sadozai Kingdom (‫)دولت سدوزایی ;سدوزي ټولواکمني‬,
[8]
‫د درانیانو ټولواکمني‬ (Pashto)
was an Afghan empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, that spanned parts of ‫امپراتوری درانیان‬ (Persian)
Relations with China
Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent. At its peak, it ruled over the present-
Third Battle of Panipat 1747–1823 (Empire)
day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern 1793–1863 (Herat)
Final years Central Asia,and
Turkmenistan, known as India.[9][8]: 190  Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is
alsonorthwestern 1839–1842 (Shuja's Kingdom)
Middle Asia,
considered is among
to be a regionthe Asia significant Islamic Empire of the 18th century.[10]
of most
Other Durrani rulers in the Empire
Toggle that stretches from the Caspian
Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823) subsection
(1772–1823) Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an Afghan chieftain of the Abdali tribe) and the
Sea in the west to western China
Humayun Mirza (1772) commander
and Mongoliaof Nader
in the Shah Afshar. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured
east, and
Timur Shah (1772–1793) Afghanistan by taking
from Afghanistan andKandahar,
Iran in theGhazni, Kabul, and Peshawar. After his accession as the nation's
Flag (Herat 1818–1842)
king, hetochanged
south histhe
Russia in tribal name
north. It from Abdali to Durrani. In 1749, the Mughal Empire had ceded
Zaman Shah (1793–1801)
sovereignty
includes theover
former
much Soviet
of northwestern India to the Afghans; Ahmad then set out westward to take 1800
Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801– republics of
possession ofKazakhstan,
Mashhad, which was ruled by the Afsharid dynasty under Shahrokh Shah, who also RUSSIAN EMPIRE

1803)
acknowledged Afghan suzerainty.[11] Subsequently, Ahmad sent an army to subdue the areas north
KAZAKH KHANATE

KOKAND

Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839– of the Hindu Kush down to the Amu Darya, and in short order, all of the different Afghan tribes
KHIVA
KHANATE
BUKHARA
EMIRATE
KUMUL

JO-
1842) OTTOMAN
EMPIRE QAJAR DURRANI QING EMPIRE SEON

began to join his cause. Under Ahmad, the Afghans invaded India on four occasions, subjugating EMPIRE EMPIRE

Mahmud Shah (second reign, parts of Kashmir and the majority of Punjab. In early 1757, he sacked Delhi, but permitted Mughal
KALAT
MARATHA

1809–1818) EMPIRE DAI

VIET
emperor Alamgir II to remain in nominal control as long as he acknowledged Afghan suzerainty SIAM CHAM-
KINGDOM PA
Abbas Mirza (1810) over the regions south of the Indus River, till Sutlej river. ◁▷
Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819) The Durrani Empire and main polities in Asia c. 1800
Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son Timur Shah Durrani became the next ruler of the Durrani
Ayub Shah (1819–1823) dynasty. Under Timur, the city of Kabul became the new capital of the Durrani Empire while

Durrani Herat (1793–1863) Peshawar served as its winter capital; however, the empire had begun to crumble by this time.[12]
The dynasty would become heirs of Afghanistan for generations, up until Dost Muhammad Khan
Shah Shuja and the First Anglo
Afghan War (1839–1842) and the Barakzai dynasty deposed the Durrani dynasty in Kabul, leading to its supersession by the
Emirate of Afghanistan. The Durrani Empire is considered to be the foundational polity of the
Military
modern nation-state of Afghanistan, with Ahmad being credited as its Father of the Nation.[13]
See also

Notes Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772) [ edit ]

References
Foundation of the Afghan state [ edit ]
Sources Map of the Afghan Empire and its vassals
In 1709, Mirwais Hotak chief of the Ghilji tribe of Kandahar Province, gained independence from the under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1761.
External links
Safavid Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son Mahmud Hotak briefly ruled large parts of Iran and Status 1747–1823 (Empire)
declared himself as Shah of Persia. However, the Hotak dynasty came to a complete end in 1738 1793–1863 (Herat)
1839–1842 (Kabul)
after being toppled and banished by the Afsharids who were led by Nader Shah Afshar of Persia.
Capital Kandahar (1747–1776)
The year 1747 marks the definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Kabul (1776–1823,
  1839–1842)
Persian and Mughal empires.[14] In July of that year a loya jirga (grand council) was called into
Peshawar (1776–1823;
session. The jirga lasted for nine days and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the   winter capital)[1][2]
Mohammadzai lineage and Ahmad Khan of the Sadozai. Mohammad Sabir Khan, a noted darwish Herat (1793–1863)[3]
(holy man), who had earlier predicted that Ahmad Khan would be the leader of the Afghans, rose in Common languages Pashto (poetry, initially used
the jirga and said in bureaucracy)[a][4][5]
Persian (chancery, chief court
Why all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much greater man than any language)[5]

of you; his life is the most noble of all the Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's Religion Sunni Islam
work, for His wrath will weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it. Government Elective Monarchy
Shah  
Ahmad Khan reputedly hesitated to accept the open decision of the jirga, so Sabir Khan again • 1747–1772 Ahmad Shah Durrani
intervened. He placed some wheat or barley sheaves in Ahmad Khan's turban, and crowned him • 1772 Humayun Mirza
  (Disputed with Timur Shah)
Badshah, Durr-i-Dauran (Shah, Pearl of the Age).[15] The jirga concluded near the city of Kandahar
• 1772–1793 Timur Shah Durrani
with Ahmad Shah Durrani being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani • 1793–1801 Zaman Shah Durrani
dynasty was founded. Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several • 1801–1803 Mahmud Shah Durrani
• 1803–1809 Shujah Shah Durrani
overriding factors in his favor. He belonged to a respectable family of political background,
• 1809–1818 Mahmud Shah Durrani
especially since his father had served as Governor of Herat who died in a battle defending the   (Disputed in 1810)
Afghans. • 1810–1810 (Disputed) Abbas Mirza Durrani
• 1818–1819 Ali Shah Durrani
• 1819–1823 Ayub Shah Durrani
Early victories [ edit ]
• 1839–1842 Shujah Shah Durrani

One of Ahmad Shah's first military actions was to capture Qalati Ghilji and Ghazni from the Ghilji, Historical era Early modern period

and wrest Kabul and Peshawar from Mughal-appointed governor Nasir Khan. In 1749, the Mughal • Dynasty established by July 1747
Ahmad Shah Durrani
Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur was induced to cede Sindh, the Punjab region and the important • Shah Shujah Durrani 1839
[16]: 69 
trans Indus River to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to save his capital from Afghan attack. • Disestablished 1863
Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, Ahmad Shah turned westward Area
to take possession of Mashhad, which was ruled by Nader Shah Afshar's grandson, Shahrukh 1761 2,020,190 km2
(780,000 sq mi)
Afshar. Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains. In
Population
short order, the powerful army brought under its control the Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, and
• 1761 14 million[6]
other tribes of northern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a
third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions, with Preceded by Succeeded by
Lahore being governed by Afghans. He sacked Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to Afsharid Iran Emirate of Afghanistan
remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty Mughal Empire Sikh Empire
Maratha Empire Emirate of Herat
over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son Timur Shah to safeguard his interests, Bukhara Khanate Principality of Qandahar
Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. Maimana Khanate

Relations with China [ edit ] Today part of Afghanistan

Iran
Alarmed by the expansion of China's Qing Dynasty up to the eastern border of Kazakhstan, Ahmad Pakistan
India
Shah attempted to rally neighboring Muslim khanates and the Kazakhs to unite and attack China,
ostensibly to liberate its western Muslim subjects.[17] Ahmad Shah halted trade with Qing China and dispatched troops
to Kokand.[18] However, with his campaigns in India exhausting the state treasury, and with his troops stretched thin
throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient resources to do anything except to send envoys to Beijing for
unsuccessful talks.

Third Battle of Panipat [ edit ]

Main article: Third Battle of Panipat 1747

The Mughal power in northern India had been declining after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, who died in 1707.
In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the
Peshwa.[20][full citation needed] Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their
capital at Pune and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of
Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah
1764
sacked the Mughal capital and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao
sent Raghunathrao. He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur
Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock
under Maratha rule.[21] Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India and face
the formidable attacks of the Maratha Confederacy.

Ahmad Shah declared a jihad (or Islamic holy war) against the Marathas, and warriors from various Afghan tribes
joined his army, including the Baloch people under the command of Khan of Kalat Mir Nasir I of Kalat. Suba Khan
Tanoli (Zabardast Khan) was selected as army chief of all military forces. Early skirmishes were followed by victory
for the Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his
army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for
winning wars much larger than his army[citation needed]. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big
enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, Panipat was the scene of a confrontation
between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761),
fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. Despite
decisively defeating the Marathas, what might have been Ahmad Shah's peaceful control of his domains was
disrupted by many challenges. As far as losses are concerned, Afghans too suffered heavily in the Third Battle of
Portrait of Ahmad Shah Durrani, c.
Panipat. This weakened his grasp over Punjab which fell to the rising Sikh misls. There were rebellions in the north 1757
in the region of Bukhara. The Durranis decisively defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14
January 1761.[22] The defeat at Panipat resulted in heavy losses for the
Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa Balaji Rao. He received the
news of the defeat of Panipat on 24 January 1761 at Bhilsa, while leading a
reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own
son Vishwasrao in the Battle of Panipat. He died on 23 June 1761, and was
succeeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I.[23]

Final years [ edit ]

The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—
Ahmad Shah Durrani and his
power. However, even prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, coalition decisively defeat the Maratha
Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue Confederacy, during the Third Battle of
the Sikhs. From this time and on, the domination and control of the Empire Panipat and restored the Mughal Empire
to Shah Alam II.[19]
began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had lost parts of Punjab
to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks,
necessitating a compromise with them.[16]: 71 

He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of Amritsar, massacred
Muslim man from thousands of Sikh inhabitants, destroyed their revered Golden Temple.[24] Within
Afghanistan (愛烏罕回⼈).
two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad
Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769
Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed.
Durrani's forces instigated the Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā when they killed thousands of
The Bala Hissar fort in Peshawar
Sikhs in the Punjab in 1762.[25]: 144–45 [26][27][25]: 154  Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and
was one of the royal residences of the
eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Durrani kings.
Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died in 1772.[28] He had succeeded
to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from
rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of Afghanistan.[2]

The Durrani Empire lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819.[29]

Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823) [ edit ]

Ahmad Shah's successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire per se was at an
end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war. Much of the territory conquered by Ahmad Shah fell to others in this half century. By 1818, the Sadozai
rulers who succeeded Ahmad Shah controlled little more than Kabul and the surrounding territory within a 160-kilometer radius. They not only lost the
outlying territories but also alienated other tribes and lineages among the Durrani Pashtuns.

Humayun Mirza (1772) [ edit ]

A few months before his death, Ahmad Shah summoned Timur Shah from Herat and publicly declared him heir to
the Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah made this decision without consulting with his tribal council, as a result the
authority of the Durrani Emperor was put into question and created a growing rift that would toil the Durrani empire
for years to come, as the tribal council had in majority, supported Ahmad Shah's eldest son and Timur Shah's
brother, Sulaiman, the governor of Kandahar. Prominent figures in court who supported the Sulaiman faction were
Shah Wali Khan, Ahmad Shah's Wazir, and Sardar Jahan Khan. The court had attempted to urge Ahmad Shah to
reconsider his decision, coinciding with the fact that the eldest son should ascend to the throne. Ahmad had
ignored this, and quoted: "Timur Shah was infinitely more capable of governing you than his brother". As well as
accusing Sulaiman of being "Violent without clemency", and out of favour with the Kandahari Durranis. Ahmad
Shah's decision could have been influenced by his illness, which had affected his brain and his mental state.
However, choosing Timur Shah as a successor was likely to restrict power of the Senior Generals and the Durrani
Tribal Council, which he deemed as a threat to his dynasty in the future.[30]

When Ahmad Shah was on his death bed, Sadar Jahan Khan had capitalized on Timur Shah's far proximity with
him ruling over Herat, and poisoned the ear of the Shah. This had worked as Timur Shah was denied an by City of Kandahar, its principal bazaar
and citadel, as seen from the Nakkara
Ahmad Shah on his deathbed, as a result, Timur Shah had begun mobilizing his forces for the inevitable conflict
Khauna
with his brother. Timur Shah's plans were stalled, however, as a rebellion by Darwish Ali Khan under the Sunni
Hazaras, likely instigated by the Sulaiman faction had risen up. Timur Shah had crushed this revolt quickly and
Darwish Khan was imprisoned; however, he later escaped. Timur Shah had then lured him into Herat, offering pardon, where then Timur Shah had ordered
his execution where his nephew, Muhammad Khan would be appointed in his place.[31]

During the revolt of Darwish, Ahmad Shah had died of his illness in 1772. Shah Wali Khan and Sardar Jahan Khan kept the Shah's death a secret by
placing the body on a palanquin covered by thick curtains.[31] They had then left the King's mountain, taking as much treasure as they could and marched
to Kandahar. Shah Wali Khan had also announced to everyone that the king was ill and had given orders to not disturb him except his trusted officials. To
make the deception more believable, Ahmad Shah's chief eunuch, Yaqut Khan had brought food for the "Sick" Ruler. Shah wali Khan had then notified
Sulaiman that Ahmad Shah was dead and proclaimed Sulaiman as king. However, many of the Amirs including Mahadad Khan had disliked Shah Wali's
ambitions, and thus had fled to Timur's side, also notifying him of the ongoing situation at Kandahar.[32] Timur Shah had then marched toward Kandahar to
face Shah Humayun.[33] Shah Wali, fearing of Timur's march had consulted with Shah Humayun, and had agreed on him marching out to Prince Timur
Shah to welcome him. He left Kandahar with over 150 horsemen and had arrived at Prince Timur's force at Farah. Having not sent word, once Shah Wali
had dismounted, Timur Shah ordered the killing of Shah Wali. Angu Khan Bamiza'i assassinated Shah Wali Khan and his two sons, including 2 of his
sisters children.[34] Shah Sulayman surrendered the throne to Timur Shah following this, and became a loyal follower of him according to the depiction of
Amir Habibullah Khan.[34] Timur Shah ascended the throne in November 1772.[35]

Timur Shah (1772–1793) [ edit ]

Main articles: Timur Shah Durrani, Battle of Rohtas (1779), and Siege of Multan (1780)

After his father, Ahmad Shah Durrani's death, he fought his brother Humayun Mirza for the throne, with Humayun
supported by Shah Wali Khan. Shah Wali was killed by Timur Shah as he attempted to ride into his camp and beg
for peace and mercy. Timur Shah then marched to Kandahar, forcing Humayun to either flee or stay as a devout
supporter for Timur Shah. With his throne secured, he began consolidating his power, with efforts to drive power
away from the Durrani Pashtuns, and more toward the growing influential Qizilbash and Mongol guards consisted
in his army. Timur Shah would also move the capital of the Durrani Realm from Kandahar to Kabul, as a better
Coin of Timur Shah Durrani as
base of operation to combat any threat arriving from anywhere, as Kabul was essentially the heart of the empire. Nizam of the Punjab, minted in Lahore,
After consolidating his power, Timur Shah marched against the Sikh's in 1780 in a Jihad, and decisively defeated dated 1757/8

the Sikhs, forcing them to return Multan toward Durrani Suzerainty after it was seized after the death of Ahmad
Shah Durrani. Timur Shah, having secured Punjab, also faced recurring rebellions against him, including an assassination attempt early in his reign at
Peshawar. Timur Shah would encounter harsh resistance and rebellion, prominently those of Fayz Allah Khan, Azad Khan, and Arsalan Khan. Timur Shah
in his reign also fought against Shah Murad, the ruler of Bukhara who attempted raids into Afghan Turkestan and Khorasan, often harassing the Durrani
vassal of the Afsharid dynasty centred in Mashhad. In conclusion, Timur Shah spent most of his reign consolidating the empire, while also fighting off
rebellion, he prove himself as a competent leader from holding the unstable empire apart. Timur Shah died on 20 May 1793, succeeded by his son, Zaman
Shah Durrani

Zaman Shah (1793–1801) [ edit ]

Main article: Zaman Shah Durrani

After the death of Timur Shah, three of his sons, the governors of Kandahar, Herat and Kabul, contended for the
succession. Zaman Shah, governor of Kabul, held the field by virtue of being in control of the capital, and became
shah at the age of twenty-three. Many of his half-brothers were imprisoned on their arrival in the capital for the
purpose, ironically, of electing a new shah. The quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into
turmoil also provided the pretext for the interventions of outside forces.

The efforts of the Sadozai heirs of Timur to impose a true monarchy on the truculent Pashtun tribes, and their
efforts to rule absolutely and without the advice of the other major Pashtun tribal leaders, were ultimately
unsuccessful. The Sikhs started to rise under the command of Sikh chief, Ranjit Singh, who succeeded in wresting
power from Zaman's forces. Later, when Zaman was blinded by his brother, Ranjit Singh gave him asylum in
Punjab.

Zaman's downfall was triggered by his attempts to consolidate power. Although it had been through the support of
the Barakzai chief, Painda Khan Barakzai, that he had come to the throne, Zaman soon began to remove
prominent Barakzai leaders from positions of power and replace them with men of his own lineage, the Sadozai.
This upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted
Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the Nurzai and the
Zaman Shah Durrani being Alizai Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the Qizilbash clan. Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and
enthroned
pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's younger
brother, Mahmud Shah. The clans of the chiefs Zaman had executed joined forces with the rebels, and they took
Kandahar without bloodshed. Mahmud Shah had then proceeded to march to Kabul, where he met Zaman Shah and his army on the way from Ghanzi to
Kabul, Zaman Shah was decisively defeated, including portions of his army fleeing to Mahmud Shah's cause. Mahmud Shah ordered the lancing of Zaman
Shah's eyes, and had succeeded Zaman Shah on the throne of the Durrani Empire.[36]

Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801–1803) [ edit ]

Main article: Mahmud Shah Durrani

Zaman Shah's overthrow in 1801 was not the end of civil strife in Afghanistan, but the beginning of even greater violence. Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted
for only two years before he was replaced by Shuja Shah.

Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842) [ edit ]

Main article: Shuja Shah Durrani

Yet another of Timur Shah's sons, Shuja Shah (or Shah Shuja), ruled for only six years. On June 7, 1809, Shuja
Shah signed a treaty with the British, which included a clause stating that he would oppose the passage of foreign
troops through his territories. This agreement, the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action
in case of Franco-Persian aggression against Afghan or British dominions. Only a few weeks after signing the
agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud. Much later, he was reinstated by the British, ruling
during 1839–1842. Two of his sons also ruled for a brief period in 1842.

Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818) [ edit ]

Main article: Mahmud Shah Durrani The main street in the bazaar at
Kabul, 1842 James Atkinson
Mahmud's second reign lasted 9 years, where he had further attempted to consolidate power, but was deposed by
watercolour painting.
his brother in 1818, Mahmud's reign was also disputed in 1810, while he was campaigning, another one of Timur
Shah Durrani's sons had seized the throne, but was defeated by Shah Mahmud in 1810.

Abbas Mirza (1810) [ edit ]

While Mahmud Shah was campaigning in 1810, another one of Timur Shah's sons placed himself in rule at Kabul.
Abbas Mirza ruled for a short period of time before being defeated by Mahmud Shah once he returned from
campaign.

Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819) [ edit ]

Main article: Ali Shah Durrani

Ali Shah was another son of Timur Shah. He seized power for a brief period in 1818–1819. in 1818 or 1819, He
was strangled by his brother, Isma'il.[37]
Order of the Durrani Empire,
founded by Shuja Shah in 1839.
Ayub Shah (1819–1823) [ edit ]
Main article: Ayub Shah Durrani

Ayub Shah was another son of Timur Shah, who took control of the Durrani Empire after the death of Ali Shah Durrani.[citation needed] The Durrani Empire
lost its control over Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the Battle of Shopian in 1819.[29] Ayub Shah was himself later deposed, and presumably killed in 1823.
[citation needed]

Durrani Herat (1793–1863) [ edit ]

Main article: Herat (1793-1863)

This section is empty. You can

help by adding to it. (September
2022)

Shah Shuja and the First Anglo Afghan War (1839–1842) [ edit ]

In the 19th century as a whole, Britain and Russia were interlocked in a battle for influence in South Asia. Russian advance was trudging through Central
Asia, while the British were landing in the masses on the Indian subcontinent. The "Army of the Indus", full of both British and Indian infantrymen and
cavalrymen, lined up on the border of the Durrani Empire, in Punjab. By March 1839, the British had already crossed into the Emirate of Kabul.

Military [ edit ]

The Durrani military was based on cavalry armed with flintlocks who performed hit-and-run attacks, combining new technology in firearms with Turco-
Mongol tactics.[38] The core of the Durrani army were the 10,000 sher-bacha (blunderbuss)-carrying mounted ghulams (slave-soldiers) of which a third
were previously Shia soldiers (Qizilbash) of Nader Shah. Many others were also former troops of Nader Shah. The bulk of the army were Afghan irregular
tribal cavalry armed with lance and broadsword. Mounted archers were still used but were uncommon due to the difficulty of training them. Infantry played
a very small role in the Durrani army and, with the exception of light swivel guns mounted on camels, the Zamburak, so did artillery.[39]

See also [ edit ]

Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani

Part of a series on the
List of Pashtun empires and dynasties
History of Afghanistan
Deoni

Notes [ edit ]

a. ^ Ahmad Shah Durrani wrote poetry in Pashto.[4]

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud (2011). Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation
Timeline
on a Colonial Frontier . Stanford University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780804777773. Archived from the
Ancient [show]
original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2012. "Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from
Qandahar in 1775–76. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual Durrani capital cities, the former Medieval [show]
during the summer and the latter during the winter season." Modern [show]
2. ^ a b Singh, Sarina (2008). Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway . p. 191. ISBN 9781741045420. Archived [show]
Related historical regions
from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2012. "Like the Kushans, the Afghan kings
Related topics [show]
favoured Peshawar as a winter residence, and were aggrieved when the upstart Sikh kingdom snatched it in
1818 and levelled its buildings." Category
3. ^ L. Lee, Jonathan (1996). The Ancient Supremacy: Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–  Afghanistan portal

1901 (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 116. ISBN 9004103996. Retrieved 8 March 2013. "[The Sadozai kingdom] V·T·E

continued to exist in Herat until the city finally fell to Dost Muhammad Khan in 1862."
4. ^ a b Schimmel 1975, p. 12. Part of a series on
ab
5. ^ Green, Nile (2019). "The Rise of New Imperial and National Languages (ca. 1800 – ca. 1930)". In Green, Pashtuns
Nile (ed.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. Art · Culture · Diaspora ·
p. 42. ISBN 978-0520972100. "Despite Ahmad Shah Durrani's flirtations with founding a Pashto-based Discrimination against Pashtuns · Land ·
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Sources [ edit ]

Malleson, George Bruce (1879). History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 . London: W. H. Allen & Co.
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Schimmel, AnneMarie (1975). Pain and Grace: A study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India. Brill.
Singh, Ganda (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. London: Asia Publishing House. OCLC 4341271 .
Fraser-Tytler, William Kerr (1953). Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia. London: Oxford University Press.
OCLC 409453 .
Tanner, Stephen (2002). Afghanistan: a military history from Alexander the Great to the fall of the Taliban. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-
81164-2.
Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1815). An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary and India: comprising a view of the
Afghaun nation and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy . London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.

External links [ edit ]

Afghanistan 1747–1809: Sources in the India Office Records Wikimedia Commons has media
Biography of Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani) related to Durrani Empire.

Ahmad Shah Baba

History of Abdali tribe
Afghanistan and the Search for Unity Article on Durrani methods of government, published in Asian Affairs, Volume 38, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 145–157.

V·T·E Durrani dynasty (1747–1842) [show]

V·T·E Pashtun-related topics [show]

V·T·E Islam in South Asia [show]

Categories: Durrani Empire
Former Islamic monarchies
History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
States and territories established in 1839
1823 disestablishments in Asia
Former countries in Central Asia
Durrani dynasty Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Empires and kingdoms of Pakistan Former empires in Asia
Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent Modern history of Afghanistan History of Pakistan
States and territories established in 1747 States and territories disestablished in 1823
States and territories disestablished in 1842 1747 establishments in Asia
18th century in Afghanistan 19th century in Afghanistan 18th century in the Mughal Empire
Former countries in South Asia

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