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History
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Soviet Union
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Districts and geography

Gorno-Badakhshan,[n 1] officially the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region,[n 2] is an Gorno-Badakhshan
Demographics autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan, in the Pamir Mountains. It makes up nearly forty-five percent of
Autonomous region
Government the country's land area, but entails only two percent of its population.[3]
Toggle Government subsection Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region
Soviet era Name transcription(s)
Name [ edit ]  • Tajik Вилояти Мухтори Кӯҳистони
List of first secretaries
Бадахшон
The official English name of the autonomous region is the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region.  • Russian Горно-Бадахшанская
Since independence
[4][5] автономная область
The name "Badakhshan" (Russian: Бадахшан, romanized: Badakhshan; Tajik: Бадахшон,
List of chairmen
romanized: Badaxşon) is derived from the Sasanian title bēdaxš or badaxš.[6] "Gorno-Badakhshan" literally
Transport means "mountainous Badakhshan" and is derived from the Russian name of the autonomous region,
Energy Gorno-Badakhshanskaya avtonomnaya oblast'. The Russian abbreviation "GBAO" is also commonly used
in English-language publications by national and international bodies such as the government of Tajikistan
Sports
and the United Nations.[7]
Notable individuals

See also History [ edit ]

Notes See also: Badakhshan Karakul Lake
References Borders and political authority in the Western Pamir had always been contested by imperial powers.
Further reading Between the 17th and 19th century, several semi-self governing statelets, including Darwaz, Shughnun-

External links Rushan and Wakhan, ruled over the territories that are today a part of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous
Region in Tajikistan and Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan. In the late 19th century, the emirates of
Kokand and then Bukhara held political authority over the region until the Western Pamir was colonized by
Russia, completed in 1896.[8] Although Russia and the British empire in 1896 denominated their shared
border through the Pamir, which resulted in the creation of the Wakhan corridor, other regional powers like
China and Afghanistan, but also the ruling elites of Badakhshan, Bukhara, Kashgaria and Kashmir equally
worked for expending their influence in the Pamir.[9] So the Sarykol range has been demarked de-facto as
Gorno-Badakhshan in Tajikistan
Eastern border in 1894 between the Qing empire and the Russian empire.[10] This imperial history still has
Country Tajikistan
relevance nowadays as it determined contemporary South-eastern borders of the autonomous region
Capital Khorog
Gorno-Badakhshan.
Government
 • Chairman Alisher Khudoyberdi
Soviet Union [ edit ]
Area
The Tajikistani Badakhshan as distinctive polity with its contemporary Western borders and the Russian  • Total 64,200 km2 (24,800 sq mi)

designation GBAO was created as autonomous republic in 1925.[11] Later in 1929 this was changed to Population (2019)
 • Total 226,900
autonomous oblast, of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR). The Soviet Orientalists' obsession
 • Density 3.5/km2 (9.2/sq mi)
with categorization of peoples led to the fixation of among others the identity category of Pamiris, or
ISO 3166 TJ-GB
'Mountain Tajiks' in the Soviet ethnogenesis.[12] During the Soviet Union a lot of resources had been code
allocated to Gorno Badakhshan as borderland of the Soviet Union, for instance through privileged access HDI (2017) 0.671[1]
to higher education and the construction of infrastructure like the Pamir highway in 1935, which is still medium
remembered nowadays as a time of modernity.[13] Therefore, people from the Pamirs used to have
facilitated upwards mobility and access to political offices in the Tajik SSR. In scholarly discourse this is regarded as a measure to saveguard loyalty to
state socialism of the subjects at the strategically important Soviet 'frontier'.[14][15]

Since Independence [ edit ]

When the Tajik Civil War broke out in 1992, the local government in Gorno-Badakhshan declared independence from Tajikistan. Many politically active
Pamiris later joined the democratic political movement La’al-e Badakhshan during the Tajik Civil war, which demanded autonomy and democratic rule for
the region.[16] Regionalism was an important structuring factor in the Tajik Civil war, so that the Ismaili identity became a key marker of mobilization.[17]
La'al-e Badakhsan joined the United Tajik Opposition in 1997.[18] Because of that they were subsequently targeted by the popular front, which constituted
the later government and then excluded from the political sphere of independent Tajikistan.[19][20][21] The Gorno-Badakhshan government later backed
down from its calls for independence.[22][23]

After the disintegration of the Soviet Union the Ismaili development organization AKDN delivered supplies to Gorno-Badakhshan from Kyrgyzstan, which
prevented the starvation of the population during the Civil war.[24] While the AKDN itself frames this engagement as temporary measure, many of the
inhabitants demand a permanent presence of humanitarian aid. Many see it as continuation from the provisioning of goods during the Soviet times.[25] This
shared experience of Soviet and Ismaili development aid together with the neglect and crackdown by the Tajik state led to people perceiving themselves as
Pamiri rather than Tajik.[26]

In 2011, Tajikistan ratified a 1999 treaty to cede 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi) of land in the Pamir Mountains to the People's Republic of China (PRC), from the
Chinese state perspective ending a 130-year-old border dispute and China's claims to over 28,000 km2 (11,000 sq mi) of Tajik territory.[27] At other
instances Chinese scholars claimed control over the entire Pamir Mountains.[28] However, the government of the Republic of China (ROC) based in Taipei
does not recognize this treaty and continues to claim the territory, as reflected in its official maps.[29] Whereas the government of Tajikistan celebrate the
ceding of land as diplomatic victory, many Tajikistani scholars, opposition and parts of the population contest the existence of a 'dispute' alltogether, seeing
Badakhshan's territory in its entirety belonging to Tajikistan.[8] Instead, the ceding of land belong to Kuhistani Badakhshan in 2011 to China by some,
especially in Gorno-Badakhshan was perceived as territorial loss and sparked anxieties about further encroachments of the Chinese state.[30][8]

Political violence [ edit ]

A number of violent clashes and demonstrations have occurred in the region since the end of the civil war, with major incidences of civil unrest in 2012,
2014, 2018, 2021, and 2022.[31] Clashes erupted on 24 July 2012 between the Tajik military and militants loyal to the former warlord Tolib Ayombekov, after
Ayombekov was accused of murdering a Tajik general.[32] On 18 May 2022, around 200 anti-government demonstrators, led by Mamadboqir
Mamadboqirov, blocked a road in Rushon which led to the regional capital Khorog.The violent clashes between Tajiikistani military and the GBAO
population in 2012, 2014, 2018, 2021 and in 2022 are peaks in the steady militarization of the region.[33] Spectators assess these actions by the
government as strategy to gain full political control over the formerly autonomous Gorno-Badakhshan, as well as over the informal opium trade, culminating
in the assassination of several influential local leaders.[34] This violates the Tajik peace accord.[35]

In May 2022 Tajik government forces killed 40 civilians protesting against the torture and murdering of the youth representative Gulbiddin Ziyobekov.[36][37]
The Tajik interior ministry stated that the protestors attempted to "destabilise the social and political situation" in the region.[38] Many of the protestors, but
also journalists and human rights activists were detained in the subsequent cover-up.[39][40] Additionally the government seized properties and kidnapped
even oppositional Pamiris abroad.[34] Some human rights activists describe the situation as 'ethnic cleansing'.[41][42] Genocide watch is stressing the
polarization and the persecution of Pamiris through the goverment.[43]

Districts and geography [ edit ]

Darvoz District is the western "beak" of the province. West-central Gorno-Badakhshan is mostly a series of east–
west mountain ranges separated by valleys of rivers that flow into the Panj River. The districts correspond to the
river valleys. Murghob District occupies the eastern half of the province and is mostly a desolate plateau with high
mountains on the west.

The districts of Gorno-Badakhshan are:

Darvoz District (westernmost, north)

Vanj District (west, north)
Rushon District (west, center)
Map of Gorno-Badakhshan and
Shughnon District (west, center) surrounding territories
Roshtqal'a District (west, south)
Ishkoshim District (west, southernmost)
Murghob District (eastern two-thirds)

Gorno-Badakhshan covers the entire eastern part of Tajikistan and borders China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous
Region to the east, Afghanistan's Badakhshan Province to the south, and Kyrgyzstan's Osh Region to the north.
Within Tajikistan, Gorno-Badakhshan's western border is with the Districts of Republican Subordination (DRP) and
the tip of its southwestern finger (Darvoz District) borders Khatlon Region. The highest elevations in the region are
in the Pamir Mountains (notably Mount Imeon), nicknamed "the roof of the world" by locals. Three of the five 7,000
meter summits in Central Asia are located here, including Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly Communism Peak, and, Takhtaqorum Pass
before that, Stalin Peak; 7,495 m), Ibn Sina Peak (formerly Lenin Peak, and still known by that name on its Kyrgyz
flank; 7,134 m), and Peak Korzhenevskaya (7,105 m).

Demographics [ edit ]

The population living in Gorno-Badakhshan as of 2019 is estimated at 226,900. The largest city in Gorno-Badakhshan
Historical population
is Khorog, with a population of 30,300 (2019 est.);[3] Murghab is the second largest, with about 4,000 residents.
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
According to the State Statistical Committee of Tajikistan, most inhabitants of Gorno-Badakhshan identify as Pamiris.
1979 126,783 —    
The remainder of the population perceive themselves as either Kyrgyz or of other nationalities.
1989 160,860 +2.41%
[45]
Most people living in the Pamir are multilingual, as different languages are used in different situations. Gorno- 1999 206,004 +2.50%
Badakhshan is home to a number of distinct languages and dialects of the Pamir languages group. The Pamiri 2010 205,949 −0.00%
language speakers represented in Gorno-Badakshan are speakers of Shughni, Rushani, Wakhi, Ishkashimi, Sarikoli,
2020 228,900 +1.06%
Bartangi, Khufi, Yazgulyam, and Oroshani. Vanji, formerly spoken in the Vanj River valley, became extinct in the 19th
century. There is a sizable population of Kyrgyz speakers in the Murghab district. Russian and Tajik are also widely Graphs are
spoken throughout Gorno-Badakhshan. Many Eastern-Iranian languages spoken in Gorno-Badakhshan are on the temporarily
endangered list of the UNESCO.[11] unavailable due to
technical issues.
The majority religion in Gorno-Badakhshan is Ismaili Shi'ite and adherence to the Aga Khan is widespread. Still, there
are also Sunnis Muslims in Gorno-Badakhshan. The Tablighi Jama’at, a fundamentalist Sunni missionary movement Source: Citypopulation[44]

conducted da'wa in the 2000s. The government banned and persecuted this movement among others as part of their
wider campaign against non-state Islam.[46][47][48][49]

The Pamiris are increasingly being marginalilzed in linguistic and religious terms, as they deviate from the vision for nationhood of the Tajik state.[50] In
2009 the year of I'mam Hanafi Islam was celebrated, but a majority of Pamiris are followers of Ismaili Shia Islam. Subsequently religious institutions had to
be reregistered leaving all institution ousted not fitting the state's religious beliefs.[51] The 2010 law on language requires all documents to be made in Tajik.
[52]
This creates difficulties for the many inhabitants of Gorno Badakhshan who don't speak Tajik to access state services.[45] Facing this marginalization
Pamiris express their distinctive identity against western Tajiks along secterian lines, even though there is considerable difference in ethnicity, religion and
language amongst themselves.[53]

Government [ edit ]

This section needs expansion.

You can help by adding to it.
(September 2022)

Soviet era [ edit ]

The First Secretary of the Gorno–Badakhshan Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Tajikistan was the highest position in the region during the
Soviet era.

List of first secretaries [ edit ]

Name Term start Term end

[data unknown/missing] 1925 1928

Konstantin Moiseyenko 1928 1930

Abdul Zennatshayev 1930 1934

[data unknown/missing] 1934 1939

Andrey Kuznetsov 1939 1941

Nikolay Rogatkin 1941 1945

Kurbonsho Gadoliyev 1945 1949

Ismail Burkhanov 1950? 1951

Rakhimbobo Tursunov 1951 1956

Nadzhmiddin Abdullayev 1956 1961

Grizi Dzhavov 1961 1963

Moyensho Nazarshoyev July 1963 April 1970

Khushkadam Davlyatkadamov April 1970 1978

Aloviddin Babayev 1978 1982

Mukhitdin Zairov June 1982 11 April 1987

Soibnazar Beknazarov 11 April 1987 August 1991

Since independence [ edit ]

The Chairman of the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region is the head of the regional government. They are appointed by the President of
Tajikistan.

List of chairmen [ edit ]

Name Term start Term end

Alimamad Niyozmamadov December 1994 25 November 2006

Kadyr Kasim[n 3] 25 November 2006 19 November 2013

Shodikhon Jamshedov 19 November 2013 2018

Yodgor Fayzov 2018 5 November 2021

Alisher Khudoyberdi 5 November 2021 incumbent

Transport [ edit ]

During the 20th century the Soviet modernity project to establish roads connections in the Pamir led to the
communities becoming part of a transit district between Osh, Khorog and Dushanbe.[54] Nowadays the routes
Khorog–Osh and Khorog–Dushanbe are both segments of the Pamir Highway. A third road was constructed
through the Kulma Pass in 2004 by China in order to connect Khorog to Tashkurgan.[55] Gorno-Badakhshan is
separated from the Pakistani territories of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit Baltistan by the narrow, but nearly
impassable, Wakhan Corridor. Another road leads from Khorog to Wakhan and across the Afghan border.

Even though connectivity is promoted in Gorno-Badakhshan, as the "Golden gate of Tajikistan" local traders
largely do not profit from the rise of trade. Instead logistic companies and elites from Dushanbe dominate the long
Marshrutka depot in Khorog
distance trade, as the Pamiris are increasingly excluded from central posts and have to obtain visas from
Dushanbe to travel to China, which is very costly.[46] In June 2022, after local protesters blocking the road were
imprisoned, some even killed, a Chinese company started the modernization of a Pamir highway section at the cost of 200 mil. USD.[56]

Energy [ edit ]

In 2019, the European Union and Germany, in coordination with Tajikistan, committed 37 million euros to finance the construction of an 11 MW run-of-the-
river hydro power plant along the Shokhdara river. The project is intended to also supply energy to Badakhshan, Afghanistan.[57]

Sports [ edit ]

Khorog is the highest location where bandy is played.[58]

Notable individuals [ edit ]

Qimmatgul Aliberdiyeva Qozidavlat Qoimdodov

Savsan Bandishoeva Nuqra Rahmatova
Nobovar Chanorov Shodi Shabdolov
Nazarsho Dodkhudoev Sabzajon Shoismoilova
Akbarsho Iskandrov Shirinsho Shotemur
Manuchehr Kholiqnazarov Khudoyor Yusufbekov
Davlat Khudonazarov Gurminj Zavkibekov
Mirsaid Mirshakar Muhammadboqir Muhammadboqirov
Muboraksho Mirzoshoyev Tolibbek Ayyombekov

See also [ edit ]

Extreme points of Tajikistan

Tajik National Park

Notes [ edit ]

1. ^ /ˈɡɔːrnoʊ bəˈdɑːkʃɑːn/ ( listen);[2] lit. 'mountainous Badakhshan' in Russian

2. ^
Tajik: Вилояти Мухтори Кӯҳистони Бадахшон, romanized: Viloyati Mukhtori Kŭhistoni Badakhshon, abbr. ВМКБ / VMKB
Russian: Горно-Бадахшанская автономная область, romanized: Gorno-Badakhshanskaya avtonomnaya oblast', abbr. ГБАО / GBAO
3. ^ Acting chairman until 12 February 2007

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Retrieved 21 February 2015.

Further reading [ edit ]

Hoeck, Tobias; Droux, Roman; Breu, Thomas; Hurni, Hans; Maselli, Daniel (2007). "Rural energy consumption and land degradation in a post-Soviet
setting – an example from the west Pamir mountains in Tajikistan". Energy for Sustainable Development. 11 (1): 48–57. doi:10.1016/S0973-
0826(08)60563-3 .
Robinson, Sarah; Guenther, Tanya (2007). "Rural Livelihoods in Three Mountainous Regions of Tajikistan". Post-Communist Economies. 19 (3): 359–
378. doi:10.1080/14631370701312352 . S2CID 154395365 .
Robinson, Sarah; Whitton, Mark; Biber-Klemm, Susette; Muzofirshoev, Nodaleb (2010). "The Impact of Land-Reform Legislation on Pasture Tenure in
Gorno-Badakhshan: From Common Resource to Private Property?" . Mountain Research and Development. 30 (1): 4–13. doi:10.1659/MRD-
JOURNAL-D-09-00011.1 .

External links [ edit ]

Map of the Gorno-Badakhshan region of Tajikistan Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Wikimedia Commons has media
State agency on antiexclusive politics and support of business at Government of Republic of Tadjikistan related to Gorno-Badakhshan
Autonomous Province.

Places adjacent to Gorno-Badakhshan [show]

V·T·E Regions of Tajikistan [show]

V·T·E Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union [show]

Authority control: Geographic MusicBrainz area

Categories: Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region Regions of Tajikistan States and territories established in 1925
1925 establishments in the Soviet Union Autonomous regions Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union

This page was last edited on 26 May 2023, at 04:59 (UTC).

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