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(Top) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 43°06′N 46°53′E

Toponymy
For other uses, see Dagestan (disambiguation).
Geography
Dagestan (/ˌdæɡɪˈstæn, -ˈstɑːn/ DAG-ə-STA(H)N; Russian: Дагестан; IPA: [dəɡʲɪˈstan]), officially the
Republic of Dagestan
Administrative divisions Republic of Dagestan,[a] is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe,
along the Caspian Sea. It is located north of the Greater Caucasus, and is a part of the North Republic
History
Caucasian Federal District. The republic is the southernmost tip of Russia, sharing land borders Республика Дагестан
Politics 13 other official names [show]
with the countries of Azerbaijan and Georgia to the south and southwest, the Russian republics of
Demographics Chechnya and Kalmykia to the west and north, and with Stavropol Krai to the northwest.
Economy Makhachkala is the republic's capital and largest city; other major cities are Derbent, Kizlyar,
Izberbash, Kaspiysk, and Buynaksk.
Culture
Flag Coat of arms
See also Dagestan covers an area of 50,300 square kilometres (19,400 square miles), with a population of
over 3.1 million,[12] consisting of over 30 ethnic groups and 81 nationalities.[13] With 14 official Anthem: "State Anthem of the Republic of Dagestan"
Notes
languages, and 12 ethnic groups each constituting more than 1% of its total population, the republic 1:06
Citations is one of Russia's most linguistically and ethnically diverse, and one of the most heterogeneous
General and cited references administrative divisions in the world.[14] Most of the residents speak one of the Northeast
Caucasian, or Turkic, languages;[13] however, Russian is the primary language and the lingua
Further reading
franca in the republic.[15]
External links

Toponymy
The word Dagestan is of Turkish and Persian origin, directly translating to "Land of the Mountains".
The Turkish word dağ means "mountain", and the Persian suffix -stan means "land".

Some areas of Dagestan were known as Lekia, Avaria and Tarki at various times.[16]

Between 1860 and 1920, Dagestan was referred to as Dagestan Oblast, corresponding to the
southeastern part of the present-day republic. The current borders were created with the
establishment of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921, with the incorporation
of the eastern part of Terek Oblast, which is not mountainous but includes the Terek littoral at the
southern end of the Caspian Depression.

Names in its official languages

Russian – Республика Дагестан (Respublika Dagestan)
Location of Dagestan (red)
Avar – Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika) within European Russia
Dargin – Дагъистан Республика (Daġistan Respublika) Coordinates: 43°06′N 46°53′E

Kumyk – Дагъыстан Жумгьурият (Республика) (Dağıstan Cumhuriyat / Respublika) Country Russia

Lezgian – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) Federal district North Caucasian[1]
Economic region North Caucasus[2]
Lak – Дагъусттаннал Республика (Daġusttannal Respublika)
Capital Makhachkala
Tabasaran – Дагъустан Республика (Daġustan Respublika)
Government
Rutul – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan)
• Body People's Assembly[3]
Aghul – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) • Head[3] Sergey Melikov
Tsakhur – Республика Дагъустан (Respublika Daġustan) Area[4]
Nogai – Дагыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası) • Total 50,270 km2 (19,410 sq mi)
Chechen – Дегӏестан Республика (Deġestan Respublika) • Rank 52nd

Azerbaijani – Дағыстан Республикасы (Dağıstan Respublikası) Population (2021 Census)[5]

• Total 3,182,054
Tat – Республикей Догъисту (Respublikei Doġistu) 30.5% Avars
16.6% Dargins
15.8% Kumyks
Geography 13.3% Lezgins
5.2% Laks
The republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains. It is the southernmost part of Russia and 4% Tabasarans
is bordered on its eastern side by the Caspian Sea. 3.7% Azerbaijanis
3.3% Russians
Area: 50,300 square kilometers (19,400 sq mi) 3.2% Chechens
4.3% other
Borders: • Estimate (2018)[6] 3,063,885
internal: Kalmykia (N), Chechnya (W), and Stavropol Krai (NW) • Rank 10th
international: Azerbaijan (Balakan District, Khachmaz District, Oghuz District, Qabala • Urban 45.2%
• Rural 54.8%
District, Qakh District, Qusar District, Shaki District and Zaqatala District) (S), Georgia
Time zone UTC+3 (MSK [7])
(Kakheti) (SW)
ISO 3166 code RU-DA
water: Caspian Sea (E)
License plates 05
Highest point: Mount Bazardüzü/Bazardyuzyu: 4,446 metres (14,587 ft)
OKTMO ID 82000000
Maximum north–south distance: 400 kilometers (250 mi)
Official languages Russian;[8]
Maximum east–west distance: 200 kilometers (120 mi) Aghul · Avar · Azerbaijani ·
Chechen · Dargwa · Kumyk ·
Rivers Lezgin · Lak · Nogai · Rutul ·
Tabasaran · Tat · Tsakhur
[9][10]
There are over 1,800 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include:
Website http://www.e-dag.ru/
Sulak River
Samur River
Terek River
Avar Koisu
Andi Koisu
Kazi-Kumukh Koisu

Lakes
Sulak Canyon is one of the world's
Dagestan has about 405 kilometers (252 mi) of coastline on the world's largest lake, the Caspian Sea.
deepest canyons

Mountains
Most of Dagestan is mountainous, with the Greater Caucasus Mountains covering the south of the republic. The
highest point is the Bazardüzü/Bazardyuzyu peak at 4,470 meters (14,670 ft), on the border with Azerbaijan. The
southernmost point of Russia is located about seven kilometers southwest of the peak. Other important
mountains are Diklosmta (4,285 m (14,058 ft)), Gora Addala Shukgelmezr (4,152 m (13,622 ft)) and Gora
Dyultydag (4,127 m (13,540 ft)). The town of Kumukh is one of the settlements on the mountains.

Natural resources Kakhib, one of many abandoned

auls in Dagestan
Dagestan is rich in oil, natural gas, coal, and many other minerals.[17]

Climate
The climate is classified as a continental climate, with a significant lack of precipitation. It is among the warmest
places in Russia. In the mountainous regions, it is subarctic.[citation needed]

Average January temperature: +2 °C (36 °F)

Average July temperature: +26 °C (79 °F)
Average annual precipitation: 250 mm (10 in) (northern plains) to 800 mm (31 in) (in the mountains).[18]
Abandoned Lezgin village of Grar
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Dagestan

Dagestan is divided into forty-one administrative districts (raions) and ten cities/towns. The districts are
Volgograd
further subdivided into nineteen urban-type settlements, and 363 rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs. Oblast

History Rostov
Oblast
Astrakhan
Oblast
Main article: History of Dagestan Kalmykia
Krasnodar
In the first few centuries AD, Caucasian Albania (corresponding to modern Azerbaijan and southern Krai Stavropol
Dagestan) became a vassal and eventually subordinate to the Parthian Empire. With the advent of the Adygea Krai

Sassanian Empire, it became a satrapy (province) within the vast domains of the empire. In later antiquity, it Dage-
KC In
was a few times fought over by the Roman Empire and the Sassanid Persians as the former sought to KB Oss Ch stan

contest the latter's rule over the region, without success. Over the centuries, to a relatively large extent, the
peoples within the Dagestan territory converted to Christianity alongside Zoroastrianism.
Federal subjects in the Black Sea-
In the 5th century, the Sassanids gained the upper hand, and by the 6th century had constructed a strong Caspian area.
citadel at Derbent, known from then on as the Caspian Gates, while the Huns overran the northern part of the North Caucasus Federal District's
republics: Karachay-Cherkessia,
Dagestan, followed by the Caucasian Avars. During the Sassanian era, southern Dagestan became a
Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia-
bastion of Persian culture and civilization, with its center at Derbent.[19] A policy of "Persianisation" can be Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya and
traced over many centuries.[20] Dagestan
to the north and west: the Southern
Federal District
Islamic influence
During the Islamic conquests, the Dagestani people (region of Derbent) were the first people to become
Muslims within current Russian territory, after the Arab conquest of the region in 643.[21] In the 8th century Arabs
repeatedly clashed with the Khazars. Although the local population rose against the Arabs of Derbent in 905 and
913, Islam was still adopted in urban centers, such as Samandar and Kubachi (Zerechgeran), from where it
steadily diffused into the highlands. By the 15th century, Christianity had died away, leaving a 10th-century
Church of Datuna as the sole monument to its existence.

Seljuk Turks
Inside the Persian fortress of
In the second half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took part of the region of Dagestan under their control.[22] Derbent, a World Heritage Site

Mongol rule
See also: Golden Horde and Ilkhanate

The Mongols raided the lands in 1221–1222 then conquered Derbent and the surrounding area from 1236 to
1239 during the invasions of Georgia and Durdzuketia.

Timurids
The Timurids incorporated the region into their realm following the Mongols.[22]
Mongol horserider with "cloud
collar", House of Ahmad and Ibrahim,
Alternating Persian and Russian rule
Kubachi in the Caucasus, second half
See also: Shamkhalate of Tarki 14th century CE

As Mongolian authority gradually eroded, new centers of power emerged in Kaitagi and Tarki. In the early 16th
century, the Persians (under the Safavids) reconsolidated their rule over the region, which would, intermittently,
last till the early 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, legal traditions were codified, and mountainous
communities (djamaats) obtained considerable autonomy. In the 1720s, as a result of the disintegration of the
Safavids and the Russo-Persian War (1722–23), the Russians briefly annexed maritime Dagestan from the
Safavids. The Russians could not hold on to the interior of Dagestan, and could only be stopped in front of Baku
with the help of Ottoman forces under the command of Mustafa Pasha. With a treaty signed between Russia and
Silver coin of Nader Shah, minted in
the Ottoman Empire in 1724, aimed at dividing the territories of Safavid Iran between them, Derbend, Baku and Dagestan, dated 1741–42 (left =
some other places in the region were left to Russia. Dagestan briefly came under Ottoman rule between 1578 obverse; right = reverse)
and 1606.[22]

The territories were however returned to Persia in 1735 per the Treaty of Ganja.

Between 1730 and the early course of the 1740s, following his brother's murder in Dagestan, the new Persian ruler and military genius Nader Shah led a
lengthy campaign in swaths of Dagestan in order to fully conquer the region, which was met with considerable success, although eventually he was
forced to withdraw due to the extremity of the weather, the outbreak of disease and heavy raids by the various ethnic groups of Dagestan, forcing him to
retreat with his army. From 1747 onwards, the Persian-ruled part of Dagestan was administered through the Derbent Khanate, with its center at Derbent.
The Persian expedition of 1796 resulted in the Russian capture of Derbent in 1796. However, the Russians were again forced to retreat from the entire
Caucasus following internal governmental problems, allowing Persia to capture the territory again.

Russian rule consolidated

It was not until the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) that Russian power over Dagestan was confirmed, and that Qajar Persia officially
ceded the territory to Russia. In 1813, following Russia's victory in the war, Persia was forced to cede southern Dagestan with its principal city of
Derbent, alongside other vast territories in the Caucasus to Russia, conforming with the Treaty of Gulistan.[23] The 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay
indefinitely consolidated Russian control over Dagestan and removed Persia from the military equation.[24]

Uprisings against imperial Russia

The Russian administration, however, disappointed and embittered the
highlanders. The institution of heavy taxation, coupled with the
expropriation of estates and the construction of fortresses (including
Makhachkala), electrified highlanders into rising under the aegis of the
Muslim Imamate of Dagestan, led by Ghazi Mohammed (1828–1832),
Hamzat Bek (1832–1834) and Shamil (1834–1859). This Caucasian War
raged until 1864.

Dagestan and Chechnya profited from the Russo-Turkish War (1877–

1878), rising together against the Russian Empire. Chechnya rose again Dagestani man, photographed by
Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, between
at various times throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries.
1907 and 1915

Soviet era
On 21 December 1917, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan and the rest of the North Caucasus declared
Imam Shamil, national hero and
freedom fighter independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North
Caucasus" (also known as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus).[citation needed] The capital of the
new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura.[25][26] The first prime minister of the state was Tapa Chermoyev, a
prominent Chechen statesman. The second prime minister was an Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, who in 1917 also became the author of
the constitution of the land, and in 1920 was re-elected for a third term.[27] After the Bolshevik Revolution, Ottoman armies occupied Azerbaijan and
Dagestan and the region became part of the short-lived Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. After more than three years of fighting the
White Army and local nationalists, the Bolsheviks achieved victory and the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on 20
January 1921. As the newly created Soviet Union was consolidating control in the region, Dagestan declared itself a republic within the Russian Soviet
federation but did not follow the other ASSRs in declaring sovereignty.[28]

Post-Soviet era
On 7 August 1999, the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB), an Islamist group from Chechnya led by warlords Shamil Basayev, Ibn Al-
Khattab and Ramzan Akhmadov, launched a military invasion of Dagestan, in support of the Shura separatist rebels with the aim of creating an
"independent Islamic State of Dagestan".

The invaders were supported by part of the local population but were driven back by the Russian military and local paramilitary groups.[29] In response to
the invasion, Russian forces subsequently reinvaded Chechnya later that year.[30]

Dagestan has one of the highest unemployment rates in Russia.[31]

Dagestani soldiers participated in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, many of whom were killed in action.[32][33][34] In September, Dagestan became a
center of the 2022 North Caucasian protests against mobilization.[35]

In 2023, during the Hamas-Israel war, there were a wave of antisemitic attacks across the North Caucasus, including Dagestan.[36][37]

Politics
The parliament of Dagestan is the People's Assembly, consisting of 72 deputies elected for a four-year term. The
People's Assembly is the highest executive and legislative body of the republic.

The Constitution of Dagestan was adopted on 10 July 2003. According to it, the highest executive authority lies
with the State Council, comprising representatives of fourteen ethnicities. The Constitutional Assembly of
Dagestan appoints the members of the State Council for a term of four years. The State Council appoints the
members of the Government.
The Government Building of the
The ethnicities represented in the State Council are Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Azerbaijanis, Republic of Dagestan

Tabasarans, Russians, Chechens, Nogais, Aguls, Rutuls, Tsakhurs, and Tats.

Formerly, the Chairman of the State Council was the highest executive post in the republic, held by Magomedali Magomedovich Magomedov until 2006.
On 20 February 2006, the People's Assembly passed a resolution terminating this post and disbanding the State Council. Russian president, Vladimir
Putin offered the People's Assembly the candidature of Mukhu Aliyev for the newly established post of the president of the Republic of Dagestan. The
People's Assembly accepted the nomination, and Mukhu Aliyev became the first president of the republic. On 20 February 2010 Aliyev was replaced by
Magomedsalam Magomedov. Ramazan Abdulatipov then became the head (acting 2013–2017, following the resignation of Magomedov).[citation needed]
On 3 October 2017, Vladimir Vasilyev was appointed as head.[38]

Demographics
Because its mountainous terrain impedes travel and communication, Dagestan is unusually ethnically diverse and still largely tribal. It is Russia's most
heterogeneous republic. Dagestan's population is rapidly growing.[39]

Population Historical population

Year Pop. ±%
3,182,054 (2021 Census);[40] 2,910,249 (2010 Census);[41] 2,576,531 (2002 Census);[42] 1,802,579 (1989 Census).[43]
1897 571,154 —
1926 787,883 +37.9%
Life expectancy
1939 1,023,300 +29.9%
See also: List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy
1959 1,062,472 +3.8%
Dagestan has the second highest life expectancy in Russia. Higher duration of life is observed only in
1970 1,428,540 +34.5%
Ingushetia.[44][45]
1979 1,627,884 +14.0%
2019 2021 1989 1,802,579 +10.7%
Average: 79.1 years 76.6 years 2002 2,576,531 +42.9%
Male: 76.6 years 74.1 years 2010 2,910,249 +13.0%
Female: 81.4 years 79.0 years 2021 3,182,054 +9.3%
Source: Census data

Life expectancy at birth in Dagestan Life expectancy with calculated

differences

Life expectancy in Dagestan in comparison with other regions Interactive chart of comparison of male and Analogious interactive chart of
of the North Caucasus female life expectancy for 2021. Open the comparison of urban and rural life
original svg-file in a separate window and expectancy.
hover over a bubble to highlight it. Original interactive file .

Settlements
Largest cities or towns in Dagestan
2021 Russian Census
Rank Administrative Division Pop.
1 Makhachkala City of republic significance of Makhachkala 623,254
2 Khasavyurt Khasavyurtovsky District 155,144
3 Derbent Derbentsky District 124,953
4 Kaspiysk City of republic significance of Kaspiysk 121,140

Makhachkala 5 Buynaksk Buynaksky District 68,121

Derbent
6 Izberbash Town of republic significance of Izberbash 55,996
7 Kizlyar Kizlyarsky District 49,999
8 Kizilyurt Kizilyurtovsky District 38,335
Khasavyurt 9 Dagestanskiye Ogni Town of republic significance of Dagestanskiye Ogni 31,412 Kaspiysk
10 Karabudakhkent Karabudakhkentsky District 20,710

Vital statistics
Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service [46]

Crude Crude
Average Natural
Live Natural birth rate death Fertility
population Deaths change
births change (per rate (per rates
(x 1000) (per 1000)
1000) 1000)
1970 1,438 41,381 9,543 31,838 28.8 6.6 22.1

1975 1,544 42,098 10,292 31,806 27.3 6.7 20.6

1980 1,655 44,088 11,188 32,900 26.6 6.8 19.9

1985 1,744 50,053 12,010 38,043 28.7 6.9 21.8

1990 1,848 48,209 11,482 36,727 26.1 6.2 19.9 3.07

1991 1,906 47,461 12,062 35,399 24.9 6.3 18.6 2.94

1992 1,964 44,986 12,984 32,002 22.9 6.6 16.3 2.70 Map of Dagestan

1993 2,012 41,863 14,777 27,086 20.8 7.3 13.5 2.46

1994 2,117 44,472 15,253 29,219 21.0 7.2 13.8 2.45

1995 2,209 45,680 15,700 29,980 20.7 7.1 13.6 2.41

1996 2,251 42,282 15,565 26,717 18.8 6.9 11.9 2.19

1997 2,308 41,225 15,662 25,563 17.9 6.8 11.1 2.10

1998 2,363 41,164 15,793 25,371 17.4 6.7 10.7 2.05

1999 2,417 38,281 16,020 22,261 15.8 6.6 9.2 1.87

A mountain village
2000 2,464 38,229 16,108 22,121 15.5 6.5 9.0 1.82

2001 2,511 38,480 15,293 23,187 15.3 6.1 9.2 1.79

2002 2,563 41,204 15,887 25,317 16.1 6.2 9.9 1.85

2003 2,609 41,490 15,929 25,561 15.9 6.1 9.8 1.81

2004 2,647 41,573 15,724 25,849 15.7 5.9 9.8 1.76

2005 2,684 40,814 15,585 25,229 15.2 5.8 9.4 1.69

2006 2,721 40,646 15,939 24,707 14.9 5.9 9.1 1.64

2007 2,761 45,470 15,357 30,113 16.5 5.6 10.9 1.81

2008 2,804 49,465 15,794 33,671 17.6 5.6 12.0 1.94

A couple in Dagestan, as
2009 2,850 50,416 16,737 33,679 17.7 5.9 11.8 1.92 photographed by Sergey Prokudin-
Gorsky between 1907 and 1915
2010 2,896 52,057 17,013 35,044 18.0 5.9 12.1 1.92

2011 2,914 54,646 16,872 37,774 18.1 5.8 12.3 1.98

2012 2,931 56,186 16,642 39,544 19.1 5.7 13.4 2.03

2013 2,955 55,641 16,258 39,383 18.8 5.5 13.3 2.02

2014 2,982 56,888 16,491 40,397 19.1 5.5 13.6 2.08

2015 3,003 54,867 16,188 38,679 18.3 5.4 12.9 2.02

2016 3,029 52,867 15,719 37,148 17.4 5.2 12.2 1.98

2017 3,041 50,174 15,473 34,701 16.4 5.1 11.3 1.91

2018 3,077 48,120 14,871 33,249 15.6 4.8 10.8 1.86

2019 3,110 45,977 14,941 31,036 14.8 4.8 10.0 1.78

2020 3,138 47,051 19,750 27,301 15.1 6.3 8.8 1.87

2021 3,182 44,330 19,766 24,564 14.1 6.3 7.8 1.76

2022 3,186 42,515 16,344 26,171 13.4 5.2 8.2 1.73

Ethnic groups
The people of Dagestan include a large variety of ethnicities. According to the 2021 Census,[47] Northeast Caucasians (including Avars, Dargins,
Lezgins, Laks, Tabasarans, and Chechens) make up almost 75% of the population of Dagestan. Turkic peoples, Kumyks, Azerbaijanis, and Nogais make
up 21%, and Russians 3.3%. Other ethnicities (e.g. Tats, who are an Iranian people) each account for less than 0.4% of the total population.

Such groups as the Botlikh, the Andi, the Akhvakhs, the Tsez and about ten other groups were reclassified as Avars between the 1926 and 1939
censuses.[48]

Ethnic groups in Dagestan (2021)

Avars (30.5%)
Dargins (16.6%)
Kumyks (15.8%)
Lezgins (13.3%)
Laks (5.2%)
Tabasarans (4.0%)
Azerbaijanis (3.7%)
Russians (3.3%)
Chechens (3.2%)
Others (4.4%)

Ethnic 1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census1
group Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %

Avars 177,189 22.5% 230,488 24.8% 239,373 22.5% 349,304 24.5% 418,634 25.7% 496,077 27.5% 758,438 29.4% 850,011 29.4% 956,831 30.5%
Dargins 125,707 16.0% 150,421 16.2% 148,194 13.9% 207,776 14.5% 246,854 15.2% 280,431 15.6% 425,526 16.5% 490,384 17.0% 521,381 16.6%

Kumyks 87,960 11.2% 100,053 10.8% 120,859 11.4% 169,019 11.8% 202,297 12.4% 231,805 12.9% 365,804 14.2% 431,736 14.9% 496,455 15.8%

Lezgins 90,509 11.5% 96,723 10.4% 108,615 10.2% 162,721 11.4% 188,804 11.6% 204,370 11.3% 336,698 13.1% 385,240 13.3% 416,963 13.3%

Laks 39,878 5.1% 51,671 5.6% 53,451 5.0% 72,240 5.1% 83,457 5.1% 91,682 5.1% 139,732 5.4% 161,276 5.6% 162,518 5.2%

Tabasarans 31,915 4.0% 33,432 3.6% 33,548 3.2% 53,253 3.7% 71,722 4.4% 78,196 4.6% 110,152 4.3% 118,848 4.1% 126,319 4.0%

Azerbaijanis 23,428 3.0% 31,141 3.3% 38,224 3.6% 54,403 3.8% 64,514 4.0% 75,463 4.2% 111,656 4.3% 130,919 4.5% 116,907 3.7%
Russians 98,197 12.5% 132,952 14.3% 213,754 20.1% 209,570 14.7% 189,474 11.6% 165,940 9.2% 120,875 4.7% 104,020 3.6% 102,243 3.3%

Chechens 21,851 2.8% 26,419 2.8% 12,798 1.2% 39,965 2.8% 49,227 3.0% 57,877 3.2% 87,867 3.4% 93,658 3.2% 99,320 3.2%

Nogais 26,086 3.3% 4,677 0.5% 14,939 1.4% 21,750 1.5% 24,977 1.5% 28,294 1.6% 38,168 1.5% 40,407 1.4% 36,944 1.2%

Aghuls 7,653 1.0% 6,378 0.6% 8,644 0.6% 11,459 0.7% 13,791 0.8% 23,314 0.9% 28,054 1.0% 29,253 0.9%

Rutuls 10,333 1.3% 20,408 2.2% 6,566 0.6% 11,799 0.8% 14,288 0.9% 14,955 0.8% 24,298 1.0% 27,849 1.0% 27,043 0.9%

Tsakhurs 3,531 0.4% 4,278 0.4% 4,309 0.3% 4,560 0.3% 5,194 0.3% 8,168 0.3% 9,771 0.3% 10,320 0.3%

Others 43,861 5.6% 52,031 5.6% 61,495 5.8% 63,787 4.5% 57,892 3.6% 58,113 3.2% 25,835 1.0% 19,646 0.7% 31,752 1.0%
1 47,805 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[49]

Languages
More than 30 local languages are commonly spoken, most belonging to the Nakh-Daghestanian language family.
Russian became the principal lingua franca in Dagestan during the 20th century;[50] Over 20 of Russia's 131
endangered languages as identified by UNESCO can be found in Dagestan. Most of these endangered languages
have speakers in the mountainous region on the Dagestan-Georgia border.[51]

Prior to Soviet rule, the literary lingua-franca status to some extent belonged to Classical Arabic.[52] The northern
Avar dialect of Khunzakh has also served as a lingua franca in mountainous Dagestan where Avar-related peoples
lived.[53] And throughout centuries the Kumyk language had been the lingua-franca for the bigger part of the
Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda, until the 1930s.[54][55][56] Kumyk also had been an official
language for communication of the Russian Imperial administration with the local peoples.[57]

The first Russian grammar written about a language from present-day Dagestan was for Kumyk.[58] Author Main language areas
Timofey Makarov wrote:

From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to
the European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're
conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk.

Religion
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[59] 83% of the population of Dagestan adheres to
Islam, 2.4% to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% to Caucasian folk religion and other native faiths, 1% are non-
denominational Christians. In addition, 9% of the population identify as "spiritual but not religious", 2% as atheist,
and 0.6% as other and no answer.[59]

Islam
Main article: Islam in Russia

Dagestanis adherents of Islam are largely Sunni Muslims of the Shafii school. On the Caspian coast, particularly in
and around the port city of Derbent, the population (primarily made up of Azerbaijanis) is Shia. A Salafi minority is
also present, which is sometimes a target of official repression.[60]
Religion in Dagestan (2012)[59]
The appearance of Sufi mysticism in Dagestan dates back to the 14th century. The two Sufi orders that are widely Islam (83%)
spread in the North Caucasus were the Naqshbandiya and the Qadiriya. The mystic tariqas preached tolerance and Russian Orthodox Church
(2.4%)
coexistence between the diverse people in the region. The Communist total intolerance for any religion after the
Nondenominational Christianity
Communist Revolution of 1917 also suppressed the Sufi movements. Shaykh Said Afandi al-Chirkawi was a
(1%)
prominent scholar, spiritual leader, and murshid (guide) of Naqshbandi and Shadhili tariqahs in Dagestan until his Folk religion (2%)
death.[61] Spiritual but not religious (9%)
Atheist (2%)
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there has been an Islamic revival in the region. By 1996, Dagestan had Others (0.6%)
1,670 registered mosques, nine Islamic universities, 25 madrassas, 670 maktab, and it is estimated that "nearly one
in five Dagestanis was involved in Islamic education", while of the 20,000 or so Russian pilgrims for the Hajj more
than half were from Dagestan.[62]

Judaism
Main article: Judaism in Dagestan

A relatively large number of native Tati-speaking Jews – the "Mountain Jews" – were[when?] also present in these same coastal areas. However, since
1991 and the collapse of the Soviet Union, many have migrated to Israel and the United States. These[specify] were an extension of much larger
Azerbaijani Jewish community across the border in the Azerbaijani districts of Quba and Shamakhi.[63]

Christianity
Further information: Diocese of Makhachkala

The number of Christians among the non-Slavic indigenous population is very low, with estimates between 2,000 and 2,500. Most of these are
Pentecostal Christians from the Lak ethnicity.[64][65] The largest congregation is Osanna Evangelical Christian Church (Pentecostal) in Makhachkala, with
more than 1,000 members.[66]

Cathedral of the Assumption is an Eastern Orthodox cathedral located in the city of Makhachkala, the main cathedral of the Diocese of Makhachkala.
Church of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir is a Russian Orthodox cathedral of the Diocese of Makhachkala, located in the city of
Makhachkala.

The Juma Mosque of Derbent

Znamensky Cathedral in Church of the Holy All-Savior of (built in 733) is the oldest in
Makhachkala Grand Mosque Derbent Synagogue
Khasavyurt Derbent Russia and one of the oldest in
the world.

Genetics
In 2006, a genetic study of the Dagestan populations, published in Human Biology, suggested that inhabitants of Dagestan are closely related to
Anatolian Turks and Cypriot Turks. Yunusbayev et al. pointed out that these findings support the theory that indigenous groups of Dagestan can trace
their roots back to ancient Anatolian farming tribes who introduced early agricultural traditions.[67]

Notable people
List of Notable people from Dagestan

Economy
The major industries in Dagestan include oil production, engineering, chemicals, machine building, textile manufacturing, food processing and timber. Oil
deposits are located in the narrow coastal region. Dagestan's natural gas production goes mostly to satisfy local needs. Agriculture is varied and includes
grain-farming, viticulture and wine-making, sheep-farming, and dairying. The engineering and metalworking industries own 20% of the republic's
industrial production assets and employ 25% of all industrial workers. Dagestan's hydroelectric power industry is developing rapidly. There are five power
plants on the Sulak River providing hydroelectric power. It has been estimated that Dagestan's total potential hydroelectric power resources are
4.4 billion kW. Dagestan has a well-developed transportation system. Railways connect the capital Makhachkala to Moscow, Astrakhan, and the
Azerbaijani capital, Baku. The Moscow-Baku highway also passes through Dagestan, and there are air links with major cities.[68][69]

Conditions for economic development are favorable in Dagestan, but – as of 2006 – the republic's low starting level for a successful transition to market
relations, in addition to rampant corruption, has made the region highly dependent on its underground economy and the subsidies coming from the
central Russian government.[69][70] Corruption in Dagestan is more severe than in other regions of the former Soviet Union and is coupled with a
flourishing black market and clan-based economic system.[71]

In 2011 Rostelecom started the implementation of WDM-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of Dagestan.
Due to WDM introduction, the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the
project.[72]

Culture

Literature
Epic-historical songs about the defeat of the armies of Afshar Turk Nadir Shah and various episodes of the nineteenth-century wars are popular among
the Avars. Best-known are the ballads "Khochbar" and "Kamalil Bashir". In the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth,
Avar culture and literature grew significantly. Well-known Avar literary figures include the poets Aligaji of Inkho (who died 1875) and Chanka (1866–1909),
the lyric poet Makhmud (1873–1919), the satirist Tsadasa Gamzat (1877–1951), and the celebrated poet Rasul Gamzatov (1923–2003). Among his
poems was Zhuravli, which became a well-known Russian song.[73]

Music
There is a Dagestani Philharmonic Orchestra and a State Academic Dance Ensemble. Gotfrid Hasanov, who is said to be the first professional composer
from Dagestan, wrote Khochbar, the first Dagestani opera, in 1945. Dagestani folk dances include a fast-paced dance called the lezginka. It derives its
names from the Lezgin people; nevertheless, Azerbaijanis, Circassians, Abkhazians, Mountain Jews, Caucasian Avars, the Russian Kuban, and Terek
Cossacks and many other tribes have their own versions.[74]

Cuisine
Khingal-bat is Dagestan's national dish of small dumplings boiled in ram's broth. Depending on the cook's ethnicity, the dumplings can be oval or round,
filled with meat or cheese, and served with a garlic or sour cream sauce. Dairy products and meat constitute a large part of the diet in the mountainous
regions, while in the valley zones, vegetables and grain flour are eaten in addition to fruits, edible gourds, edible herbs, and wild grasses.[75]

Martial arts
Main article: Wrestling in Dagestan

In recent times the region has been recognized for producing some of the world's best athletes in combat sports and produces the most MMA fighters of
any region relative to population. Dagestani born Khabib Nurmagomedov was a UFC lightweight champion who retired undefeated.[76] [77] His training
partner, Islam Makhachev, who is also Dagestani, is the current UFC lightweight champion. Khabib's cousin, Umar Nurmagomedov, is an undefeated
fighter in the UFC's bantamweight division. Umar's younger brother, Usman Nurmagomedov, is the current Bellator lightweight champion. Magomed
Ankalaev, who also hails from Dagestan, fought for the UFC light heavyweight championship in 2022. Abubakar Nurmagomedov is also a cousin of
Khabib's who is Dagestani, he is also a professional MMA fighter with a professional record of 17-4-1.

Dagestan has also historically produced a disproportionate number of Olympic and world champions in freestyle wrestling. Considered by some as the
greatest freestyle wrestlers of all time Buvaisar Saitiev who was a three time Olympic champion and Abdulrashid Sadulaev who won gold at the 2021
Tokyo Olympics are from Dagestan.

In boxing, Artur Beterbiev is a one time World Cup gold medalist, and the current (October 2023) unified IBF, WBO, and WBC light heavyweight
champion, winning all of his 19 fights by knockout.

See also
Former countries in Europe after 1815
Russia portal
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan Europe portal

List of clashes in the North Caucasus

Shariat Jamaat

Notes
a. ^ Russian: Республика Дагестан, romanized: Respublika Dagestan

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General and cited references

В. М. Солнцев; et al., eds. (2000). Письменные языки мира: Российская Федерация. Социолингвистическая энциклопедия. (in Russian).
Москва: Российская Академия Наук. Институт языкознания. проект №99-04-16158.
10 июля 2003 г. «Конституция Республики Дагестан», в ред. Закона №45 от 7 октября 2008 г. (July 10, 2003 Constitution of the Republic of
Dagestan, as amended by the Law #45 of October 7, 2008. ).

Further reading
Catholic Haidak in the Holy Roman Empire (in Russian)
Kaziev, Shapi. Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010
Kaziev, Shapi. Akhoulgo. Caucasian War in the 19th century. The historical novel. Epoch, Publishing house: Makhachkala, 2008 . ISBN 978-5-
98390-047-9
Kaziev, Shapi. Caucasian Highlanders. Everyday life of the Caucasian highlanders. 19th century (In the co-authorship with I.Karpeev). "Molodaya
Gvardiy" publishers. Moscow, 2003. ISBN 5-235-02585-7
Kaziev, Shapi. Crash of tyrant. Nader Shah (Крах тирана). The historical novel about Nader Shah. Epoch, Publishing house: Makhachkala, 2009 .
ISBN 978-5-98390-066-0
Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Daghestan" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.).
Cambridge University Press. pp. 729–730.

External links
Official governmental website of Dagestan Archived May 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
Wikimedia Commons has
Egbert Wesselink (1998). "Dagestan (Daghestan): Comprehensive Report" . Caspian.net. Archived from media related to Dagestan.
the original on October 5, 2001. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
Wikivoyage has a travel
Dagestan in Iranica Encyclopaedia
guide for Dagestan.
History of Islam in Russia
"The North Caucasus," Russian Analytical Digest No. 22 (5 June 2007)
BBC Country Report on Dagestan
University of Texas maps of the Dagestan region
Radio Free Europe discusses religious tension in Dagestan
ISN Case Study: The North Caucasus on the Brink (August 2006) Archived April 17, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Articles on Dagestan, reports from research, photos
Dagestan in Pictures (in Russian)
Daghestan's Kaitag Embroideries – and Henri Matisse?
Dagestan Republic News Portal (in Russian)

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