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Integers
Integers

The collection of ….–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,….. is known as intergers.

Integers on number line

Positive integers

–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Negative integers

Note i) 0 is greater than all negative integers but it is lesser than all positive integers.
ii) 1 is the smallest positive integer.
iii) –1 is the largest negative integer.
iv) 0 is neither +ve nor –ve

Operations on integers

We are going to learn the following operations on integers.

i) Addition ii) Subtraction
iii) Multiplication and iv) Division

Addition of two integers

Rules to add two integers

Rule 1: If a and b are positive integers, then add a and b and put + sign to the result.

Rule 2: If a is positive integer and b is negative integer, and subtract the smaller one from bigger one
and put the sign of bigger number to the result

Rule 3: If a is a negative integer and b is positive integer, then also subtract the smaller one from
bigger one and put the sign of bigger number to the result.

Rule 4: If a and b are negative integers, then add ‘a’ and ‘b’ and put ‘–’ sign to the result.

Example 1: Find the value of 8 + 3

Solution: Both 8 and 3 are positive integers.

 8 + 3 = 11 (using rule 1)
Example 2: Find the value of 8 + (–13)

Solution: 8 is positive integer and –13 is negative integer. Also 13 > 8

 Following rule 2, 8 + (–13) = – [13 – 8] = – 5
Example 3: Find the value of (–8) + 3

Solution: –8 is negative integer and 3 is positive integer by rule 3, (–8) + 3 = – (8 – 3) = –5

Example 4: Find the value of (–8) + (–3)

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Solution: (–8) and (–3) are negative integers. By rule 4

(–8) + (–3) = –(8 + 3) = –11

Addition of three or more integers

Hint: This can be done by method of grouping. Group first two integers the next two integers
and so on.

Example 5: Find the value of (–5) + (–6) + (+7)

Solution: (–5) + (–6) + 7 = {(–5) + (–6)} + 7 (Group first two integers)

= (– 11) + 7 {Using Rule 4}
= –4 {Using Rule 3}

Example 6: Find the value of (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1)

Solution: (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1)

= {(–5) + (–4)} + {(–3) + (–2)} + (–1) (Group first two and next two integers)
= {(–9) + (–5)} + (–1) (Use rule 4 and then group first two integers)
= (–14) + (–1) (Using rule 4)
= –15 (Using rule 4)

Example 7: Find the value of (–25) + (13) + (–49)

Solution: (–25) + (13) + (–49) = {(–25) + (13)} + (–49) (By grouping)

= (–12) + (–49) (Using rule 2)
= –61 (Use rule 4)

Example 8: Find the value of 1000 + (–999) + (–1)

Solution: 1000 + (–999) + (–1) = {1000 + (–999)} + (–1) (By grouping)

= 1 + (–1) (Using rule 2)
= 0 (Using rule 2)
Subtraction of two integers

Rules to subtract two integers.

Rule 1: If a and b are positive integers, then to get a – b, subtract the smaller number from bigger
number and put the sign of bigger number to the result.

Rule 2: If a is positive integer and b is negative integer, then to obtain a – b, a and b and put +
sign to the result

Rule 3: If a is negative integer and b is positive integer, then to obtain a – b, add a and b and put –
sign to the result.

Rule 4: If a and b are negative integer, then to obtain a – b, subtract the smaller number from
bigger number and put (i) ‘+’ sign if b is bigger. (ii) ‘–’ sign if a is bigger.

Example 9: Find the value of 8 – 3.

Solution: 8–3=5 (Using rule 1)

Example 10: Find the value of 8 – (13)

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Solution: 8 and 13 are positive integer and 13 > 8

 8 – 13 = – (13 – 8) = – 5 (Use rule 1)

Example 11: Find the value of 8 – (–3)

Solution: 8 – (–3) = + (8 + 3) = + 11 (Use rule 2)

Example 12: Find the value of (–8) – (3)

Solution: (–8) – (3) = –(8 + 3) = –11 (Use rule 3)

Example 13: Find the value of (–8) – (–13)

Solution: (–8) – (– 13) = + (13 – 8) = 5 (Rule 4 : 13 – 8 = 5) (13 > 8)  (–8) – (–3) = + 5

Example 14: Find the value of (–8) – (–3)

Solution: (–8) – (–3) = – (8 – 3) = –5 (Rule 4 : 8 – 3 = 5) (8 > 3)  (–8) – (–3) = – 5

Subtraction of two (or) more integers

Method : Grouping first two integers only.

Example 15: Find the value of (–5) – (6) – (7)

Solution: (–5) – (–6) – (7) = {(–5) – (–6)} – 7 (Grouping first two terms)
= 1–7 (Using rule 4)
= –6 (Using rule 2)

Example 16: Find the value of (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1)

Solution: (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1) = {(–5) – (–4)} – (–3) – (–2) – (–1) {Grouping first two}
= [(–1) – (–3)] – (–2) – (–1) {Using rule 4}
= [(+2) – (–2)] – (–1) {Using rule 4}
= 4 – (–1) {Using rule 2}
= 5 {Using rule 2}

Example 17: Find the value of 100 – 1 – 99

Solution: 100 – 1 – 99 = (100 –1) – 99 {Grouping first two}

= 99 – 99
= 0

Properties of addition and subtraction of integers

1. Closure property : If a and b are integers, then (i) a + b is also an integer (ii) a – b is also an
integer.

Hence, closure property holds for both addition and subtraction of integers.

2. Associative Property : If a, b, and c are integers, then

i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
ii) a – (b – c)  (a – b) – c
Hence associative property holds for addition but not for subtraction.

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3. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then

i) a + b = b + a
ii) a – b b – a
Hence commutative property holds for addition but not for subtraction.
4. Inverse : If a is an integer, then
(i) a + (–a) = 0
(ii) a – a = 0
‘–a’ is called additive inverse of a (or) negative of ‘a’
5. Role of Zero : If a is an integer, then
(i) a + 0 = 0 + a = a  0 is an additive identity
(ii) a – 0 = a but 0 – a  a [as 0 – a = –a]

Multiplication of integers
i) Positive × Positive = Positive
ii) Positive × Negative = Negative
iii) Negative × Positive = Negative
iv) Negative × Negative = Positive
v) If there are odd number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be negative
integer.
vi) If there are even number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be in positive
integer.
Example 18: Find the value of (–8) × 5
(–8) × 5 = – 40
Solution: [1 number (odd) of negative integer]
Example 19: Find the value of (– 8) × (– 5)
(–8) × (–5) = + 40
[2 number (even) of negative integers]
Example 20: (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5)
(–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) = – 120

2 6 24 120 [5 (odd) number of negative integers]

Example 21: (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) × (–6)
(–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) × (–6) = + 120

2 6 24 120 720 [6 (even) number of negative integers]

Example-22 (–15) × (40) × (–5) = ?
(–15) × (40) × (–5) = + 3000

600 3000 [15 × 40 = 600, 600 × 5 = 3000]

Division of two integers: Rules to remember
i) Positive / Positive = Positive
ii) Negative / Positive = Negative
iii) Positive / Negative = Negative
iv) Negative / Negative = Positive

Example 23: Find the value of 140  (–20)

140 14
Solution:   7
20 2

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Example 24: Find the value of (–140) / (–20)

140 14
Solution:   7
20 2

Example 25: The value of (–100)  20

100 10
Solution:   5
20 2

Properties of Multiplication and Division of integers

1. Closure property : If a and b are integers, then

i) a × b is an integer
ii) a  b need not be an integer

Example-26 2×3=6
2 3 = 2/3 is a fraction
 Closure property is true for multiplication but not for division

2. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then

i) a × b = b × a
ii) a b  b a
Hence commutative property holds for multiplication but not for division.

3. Assosciative property : If a, b and c are integers, then

i) (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
ii) (a b) c a  (b c)
Hence multiplication integers is associative but not for division of integers.

4. Role of 1 : If a is an integer, then

i) a × 1 = 1 × a = a [1 is called multiplicative identity]
ii) a/1 = a but 1/a a

5. Inverse : If a is an integer, then

1 1
i) a    a  1 [1/a is called multiplicative inverse of a]
a a

a
ii)  1; i . e . a  a  1
a

6. Distributive property of multiplication over addition :

If a, b, c are integers, then a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
Example :
10
(–5) × (3 + 7) = (–5) × 10 = – 50
(–5) × 3 + (–5) × 7 = (–15) + (–35) = –50
Therefore, (–5) × (3 + 7) = (–5) × 3 + (–5) × 7

BODMAS

B – BRACKET  { }, [ ], ( ) Vernaculum
O – OF (Means multiplication)

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D – Division
M – Multiplication
A – Addition
S – Subtraction

Example 27: Find the value of (–8) + {(–2) + [3 × 4] / 2} × (–15) – 8

Solution: (–8) + {(–2) + [3 × 4] / 2} × (–15) – 8

= (–8) + {(–2) + 12 / 2} × (–15) – 8 [First simplify the innermost bracket]
= (–8) + {(–2) + 6} × (–15) – 8 [Secondly, follow the hierarchy as mentioned
above]
= (–8) + {4} × (–15) – 8 [By hiearchy]
= (–8) – 60 – 8 [By taking first two integers]
= {(–8) – 60} – 8 = (–68) – (8) = –76

Example 28: Find the value of 7  [16  (12  8)  4  2]  (16  8)  10 [4  2  (4  2)]

Solution: [First simplify brackets starting from the innermost]

= 7  [16  (12  8)  4  2]  (16  8)  10
= 7 + [16 – 8]  8 × 10
= 7 + 8  8 × 10 [Follow hierarchy]
= 7 + 1 × 10 = 7 + 10
= 17

Example 29: Simplify (–50) / [5 – (–5)] × 10

Solution: (–50) / [5 – (–5)] × 10 = (–50) / [10] × 10 = (–5) × (10) = –50

Example-30 Simplify – (– (– 58)) × 10

Solution: – {–(–58)} × 10 = –(+58) × 10

= – 58 × 10
= – 58
Note : i) – (–) = + [Like signs  Positive]
ii) – (+) = – [Unlike signs  Negative]
iii) + (–) = –
iv) + (+) = +

Example 31 Find the value of [  (54)  (  80  10)]  [(5  2) 8  5]

Solution:
[  (54)  (  80  10)]  [(5  2) 8  5]

= –[–(54) × (–90)]  [(3) × 3] [On simplifying brackets]

= –[4860]  [3 × 3]
= – 4860  9
= – 540


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