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Term Paper Submission

Topic: AI in public service and decision making

C ou rs e : PO L101
S ection : 33
S ubmi tted By:
Name ID
Arsha Anjum 1831110620

Tahmid J ahin 1912286630

MD . S ifat Hos s ain 1912706630
Ehteshamul Haque Ifty 1911396630
Md Souad Al Kabir 1822195642

S ubmi tted To:

Mizanur Rahman (MR)
Department of
Political Science and Sociology, North South University.
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1 CONTENTS
2 Executive Summary:...............................................................3
3 Introduction:............................................................................4
4 Background of AI in public sector:.........................................4
5 Challenges and Opportunities:................................................6
6 Countries using AI in public sector – name, country name,
how they are using AI in their public sector:...............................9
7 Ethical issues related to AI usage in the public sector:.........12
8 Other Issues considering AI decision making in public sector:
14
9 Conclusion:...........................................................................16
10 References..........................................................................17
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2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
Artificial Intelligence is no longer just placed among a list of sophisticated jargons, it is
now becoming rapidly, a word that is ubiquitously found in almost every part of the
internet, thus needless to say, in every walk of life. Not only big corporations and giants
that are constantly bringing new innovations and adding another layer to the groundwork
of technologies with the help of automated systems, the intelligence that is artificially
crafted through machines are now widespread among large government and public sector
with the aim of making people’s life easier. With that keeping in mind, this paper
evaluates and analyzes research pertaining to AI as applied in the current public sectors
today across the globe. Furthermore, the opportunities and challenges of AI specifically
in public sector, an integral aspect has also been brought into consideration in this report.
The report also focuses on countries using AI in public sectors within their individual
context, and how each country is running their operations while implementing and
corroborating within different layers of government organizations. The ubiquity of AI
brings with it a series of ethical issues to tackle while tackling many problems altogether
as well. The report subsequently outlines many ethical issues to consider all in relations
to using AI in different public sectors. The government is mostly and almost entirely
responsible for monitoring, governing and establishing policies in regards to the usage of
AI. So, the government has to play a major role in maintaining the policies while tackling
challenges in both inside and outside of its very own organization. Lastly, keeping some
key aspects into consideration, the report also deals with tackling other issues to cross-
check while dealing with AI decision making in the public sector. Automated decision
making by chunking important data and running them on proper algorithms to finally
getting a machine to take on important decisions on behalf of humans surely seems to be
one of the magical wonders the 21st century technology has to offer.
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3 INTRODUCTION:
AI stands for Artificial Intelligence, which alludes to the recreation of human intelligence
in machines modified to think like people and copy their activities. The term may
likewise be applied to any tool that shows attributes related to the human psyche, for
example, learning and critical thinking.
Artificial Intelligence as a wonder of this generation appeared in the bigger picture
around the first decade of 21st century. The modern-day idea of AI stemmed from diligent
research, implementation, and a manifestation of the theory of having natural human
intelligence crafted through automated machine system. This whole process inadvertently
changed the whole landscape of automated machine learning and thus, conceived the
image of modern-day AI, which has been inexplicably taking huge role in the
mobilization of advanced technologies. The range of tasks that AI performs in the
spectrum stretches unto beyond comprehension. From everyday common usage to
building and manufacturing huge industries, from monitoring and maintaining tedious
tasks to every hazardous machinery work, AI has been raining down the hammer ensuing
utmost efficiency and progress. Public, private industries across globe are constantly in
pursuit of engendering more updated and advanced technologies in regards to AI. Most
notable shift perused through the public sector where government and public officials
considerably harnessing maximized output in the provision of public services that is
shaping and molding the system as a whole.

4 BACKGROUND OF AI IN PUBLIC SECTOR:

While the very background of the genesis of this wonder-crafting system goes long back
to the theories of modern philosophers, the groundwork for the phenomenon paved way
toward many solutions of current times. Human deficiencies in structuring complex tasks
with efficiency lead to a revolutionary invention called artificial intelligence. A system
that can allow itself to think and learn like human beings, and bring out solutions to
different problems. At present, many governments and related organizations taking the
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charge in conducing systematized machine learning algorithms to keep up with an ever-

changing world – an arbitrary complex process of globalization that intertwines almost
anything and everything. The primary goal was to establish a technologically assisted
program - that helps to make decisions for human beings. Keeping that in mind,
researchers started developing the function to transform the way public sector
organizations make decisions. This laid the groundwork of understanding the supreme
benefits and opportunities that comes with the proper implementation of AI in all public
services.
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5 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES:

AI in Public Service Decision Making:

AI has brought itself to be one of the most genius tools to use for tackling many problems,
including taking highly effective decision for many government organizations around the world..
In like manner, AI can give extraordinary advantages to the public sector, and society as a whole,
including computerized working procedures, decreased authoritative weight, more noteworthy
working proficiency, just as improved dynamic and administration quality (Eggers et al. 2017).
AI has a lot of opportunities and some significant challenges. Let's discuss the opportunities and
drawbacks.

Opportunities for AI in Public Service Decision Making:

Uses of AI to the public sector are vast and developing, with new analyses occurring
worldwide. In addition to education, community workers utilize AI to assist them with
settling on government assistance installments and migration choices, distinguish
extortion, plan new foundation ventures, answer resident inquiries, mediate bail hearings,
and emergency human services cases, and build up drone ways.
The most encouraging applications of AI use machine learning, in which a PC program
learns and improves its responses to an inquiry by making and emphasizing calculations
from an assortment of information. This information is frequently in enormous amounts
and from numerous sources, and an AI calculation can discover new associations among
the information that people probably won't have anticipated.

AI programs may appear more precise, agile and effective in executing tasks that are
often to do with – dealing with tons of information, structuring them and running precise
algorithms to figure out a solution, even dealing with intertwined information and
computations that are often humanely impossible to crack, or even reducing redundancy
error occur by tedious jobs. Those in public service, and numerous other large
organizations, may perceive an aspect of their responsibilities in that portrayal. The very
reality that government workers are frequently adhering to a lot of rules — an approach
or set of methodology — now presents many open doors for computerization [CITATION
Fra20 \l 1033 ]
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Challenges of AI in Public Service Decision Making:

While the execution and use of AI in the public sector can occur in various manners, they
are likewise dependent upon an assortment of significant dangers and difficulties. (Fig. 1
portrays the Four-AI-Challenges Model of Wirtz et al. .2018) that speaks to a coordinated
way to deal with the picture of the critical difficulties of AI that should be thought of and
where fundamental deliberately tended to while executing and applying AI-based
arrangements in the public sector[CITATION Ber19 \l 1033 ]

Figure01: Challenges of AI in Public Decision Making

AI Technology Implementation:
The element of AI innovation execution incorporates the difficulties of AI security,
framework/information quality and joining, money related practicality, just as specialization and
ability. Artificial intelligence security alludes to the test of guaranteeing that an AI application
works in a sheltered and dependable way (Boyd and Wilson 2017). Another significant test is
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ensuring proper quality and mix of AI frameworks and information since these decide the
learning accomplishment of AI applications and, therefore, their keenness and execution (EY
2018). At last, the extraordinary absence of AI-related specialization in the workforce and the
deficiency of very much prepared AI specialists speaks to a focal test with regards to actualizing
AI applications (EY 2018).
AI Law & Regulations:
The aspects of laws and regulations in terms of dealing with AI contain the difficulties of
administration of independent insight framework, obligation, and responsibility, just as well-
being. The administration of self-governing insight frameworks relates to the test of perceiving
and regulating the regular discovery like conduct and dynamic of AI applications, just as setting
up viable and cross-country perfect administration instruments and frameworks (Bostrom et al.
2016; Gasser and Almeida 2017). Another significant test alludes to lawfully figuring out who
can be considered dependable and responsible for the conduct and choices of AI applications,
which is a disputable issue as AI based applications may teach itself to defy any human
instructions, prompting a duty hole. (Matthias 2004; Johnson 2015).

AI Ethics:
The components of ethical issues and difficulties that deals with AI and of AI-rule-making for
conduct, the similarity of machines versus human worth judgment, moral predicaments, and AI
separation. Computer-based intelligence alludes to whether it is morally reasonable to permit AI
applications that do not have specific human characteristics and protected personhood from
deciding the guidelines (Wirtz et al. 2018).
AI Society:
The components of AI society incorporate the difficulties of workforce replacement and change,
social acknowledgment, and trust in AI. Workforce replacement and adjustment speak to a
significant social test, as AI applications will supplant and supplement human work prompting
high joblessness just as changed occupation profiles and prerequisites that request AI-explicit
abilities (Bataller and Harris 2016; Manyika et al. 2017; EY 2018). Another social test regarding
AI alludes to building up social acknowledgment and trust, beating current concerns and
vulnerabilities in the public arena as to AI and its expected dangers (Fast and Horvitz, 2017;
Johnson and Verdicchio, 2017).
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6 COUNTRIES USING AI IN PUBLIC SECTOR – NAME,

COUNTRY NAME, HOW THEY ARE USING AI IN THEIR
PUBLIC SECTOR:
Countries all around the world are increasingly turning to AI to assist the decision-
making process in public sector. Almost 75 countries globally are using AL technologies
actively for surveillance purposes. Among them 52 countries are making smart policies
by utilizing it. Cloud sourcing, apps, libraries, Arduino, and sensors are also AI
technology that has enabled us to do work from home [ CITATION ROD20 \l 1033 ]. AI
is applied now-a-days to answer automated calls, helps to manage the data, analyzes and
find patterns that is complex for a human to do at a time. It is also applied in many
manufacturing companies for Quality checks, reducing unexpected delays, fastest
errorless design, reducing pollution from the factories etc [CITATION Ven \l 1033 ]
Canada: In Canada strengthening the immigration process control system is applied, in
Poland they applied optimized employment services and personalized the digital service
experience in Finland [ CITATION Kuz20 \l 1033 ]. The government of Canada made
$125 million investment for AI research in march 2017.
USA: In US they have 60% automated system in all sectors. In office and administrative
work, the difference is 16% to 9%. AI has been used for criminal justice in the United
States [ CITATION All20 \l 1033 ] Executive Order 13859 was signed by President
Trump on February 11, 2019 which declared American AI Initiative.
The American AI Initiative will pursue 5 pillars which will i) focus investing in AI and
R&D, ii) unleashing the AI resources, iii) removing barriers to AI innovation, iv) training
an AI-ready workforce, and v) promoting an international environment [ CITATION
Art \l 1033 ]. The US agencies that apply AI in the public sector are: NSF, NIH,
Department of Energy, United States Department of Agriculture, NIST, NASA, National
Security Council, DARPA etc. In Los Angeles people takes the help of Amazon Alexa
artificial intelligence service to search government information about taxes and vehicle
registration [ CITATION Mil17 \l 1033 ]
The US Navy’s X-47 was developed as an autonomous fighter or bomber aircraft to use
in war. The Pentagon committed to spend USD 2 billion in September 2018 through the
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to “develop next wave of AI
technologies.”
UK: UK government funded $78 million to support robotics and AI research projects.
The United Kingdom launched the AI-focused Centre for Data Ethics + Innovation
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(CDEI) in late 2018 and in June EU commission formed up an expert group in order to
apply AI.
China: China has applied AI to make robots which are capable of solving problems and
"thinking" in a limited capacity. By 2030 "a principal world center of artificial
intelligence innovation" will be adopted by them. Robot Sophia is an example of
Humanoid Robot with Artificial Intelligence and grabbed the attention of media. It
travelled in 65 countries, and can give facial expressions like human [ CITATION
Sur18 \l 1033 ] The founder of Hansen Robotics and humanoid robot Sophia David
Hansen stated that within next five years from now machines will be alive and have full
consciousness. A humanoid robot like Sophia is capable of solving particular problems
but they would not be able to mimic human creativity or art. The social robots can aid
human in education, healthcare, and entertainment [ CITATION Mee20 \l 1033 ]

During the Corona virus issue while many countries were suffering without
treatment and vaccinations China cleverly applied their robots in human service. In 40
hospitals, Pudu Technology from Shenzhen used robots for catering services and limited
their health care workers from the patient exposures. MMC (Micro Multi Copter) drone
was applied to warn the pedestrian before applying the disinfectants in public places and
also engaged in monitoring the traffic, vehicle movements and attending into the medical
urges. Chinese tech and e-commerce multinational company Alibaba has formed up a
technology which can 96% accurately detect corona virus infections [ CITATION
Duj20 \l 1033 ]
Japan: Japan lacks behind population growth so they need a substitute of human
workforce. Even now, Japan can do 55% of their work activities automated with their
current technology. AI plays a vital role in the Japanese economy. Its manufacturing
sector, according to the HBR article, has a 71% automation potential [ CITATION
Jac18 \l 1033 ]
South Korea: South Korea is deploying unmanned platforms, to capitalize on cutting-
edge technologies for future combat operations for that they have formed up the
Dronebot Jeontudan (“Warrior”) unit [CITATION Kir19 \l 1033 ]
Russia: AI-empowered fighter jets and automated artillery is applied by Russia. In 2015
the National Center for the Development of Technology and Basic Elements of Robotics
opened Advanced Research Projects on AI. Russia was also developing an autonomous
drone, which will automatically take off, complete its mission, and land without human
interference in January 2019 [ CITATION Kir19 \l 1033 ]
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Israil: The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and C4i implemented the latest in AI and
advanced software research in order to keep the IDF up to date. They also have Harpy
loitering munition, or a kamikaze drone: which is an unmanned aerial vehicle. It can fly
around for a significant length of time to engage ground targets with an explosive
warhead. The country also announced that they will build up more automated robots in
order to serve self-driving military vehicles for patroling the border with the Palestinian-
governed Gaza Strip (Gronlund, 2020).
India: AI for India’s Economic Transformation approved an INR3,660 crore national
mission by the Commerce and Industry Department of the Government of India in 2017,
and the Union Cabinet in December 2018 on cyber-physical system technologies. It will
improve the countries deep learning, quantum computing, communication, and
encryption, with machine learning, big data analytics, data science and predictive
analytics [ CITATION Cha20 \l 1033 ]
Bangladesh: Bangladesh is still trying hard to improve AI for the digitalization of the
country. It has set some principal visions to become “AI FOR INNOVATIVE
BANGLADESH”. Among all developing countries, Bangladesh is the first which has
taken initiatives to make National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence and going to release
it very soon (“Country’s first groundbreaking”,2019). During this pandemic, this country
is operating virtual court by using AI.
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7 ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO AI USAGE IN THE PUBLIC

SECTOR:
Ethical issues are one of the key barriers to overcome in this pressing challenge to
successfully implement AI in public sector and integrate all the aspects relating to it.
[ CITATION Ber18 \l 1033 ].
With billions of dollars invested into the research purposes of AI and its related field, the
public sector is still lacking all the proper implementation, and the study falls quite short
in associating the applications and challenges. This downside also stems from the fact
that, the science of AI is still to this date, very much uncanny for the uses of public
purposes, more specifically, to government public service associates and the
organizations. Therefore, the primary solution is to clarify the definition and in depth
meaning of AI in public sector, before identifying and applying AI across different areas
in the public sector. This paper in its efforts, discusses a standard definition of AI as well
as its widespread prevalence in the public sector. Next, the report outlines AI application
areas and associated challenges in public sector while identifying research and general
management [ CITATION Ali19 \l 1033 ].

Ethical AI systems design

AI systems should be designed according to principles which enable transparency and
accountability to be assessed objectively by systems. [ CITATION Ali19 \l 1033 ]. The
following seven principles underscore key areas that should be incorporated into any
code of ethics governing the design and implementation of AI systems [ CITATION
The19 \l 1033 ].
 AI systems need explanation
 AI systems need transparency
 The AI systems are designed according to human-first principles
 The AI systems must be interpretable
 AI systems must be designed according to common sense principles
 AI systems must be audit-friendly
 AI systems must be constructed from unbiased data
Ethical AI systems design:
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It is imperative that data used to build AI systems should be unbiased, and that
unconscious preferences of AI designers should not be included in the training data.
Ethical AI system design: auditable, accountable. In the event of liability issues, a clear
accountability structure should be in place which governs who is responsible for AI
decisions. For example, if an AI trading program performs illegal trading that results in a
loss of millions of dollars, an accountable entity must be in place to take responsibility
for the action. Also, an AI system in terms of accountability, transparency, explanation
should be auditable.
The public sector can be inundated with proper AI implementation to achieve greater
efficiency. However, related issues that inhibits ethically and morally challenged
situations providing the usage of AI should not be kept aside. Within the scope of this
research, several studies are addressed issuing AI challenges in a public sector context.
It is technically difficult to integrate all the ethical challenges AI brings to the prospect.
But a few evident challenges can be brought into a broader perspective:
 The concept of governing an AI and how it should be regulated, maintained,
monitored are few of many challenges that emerge. Complying with AI making
the big decisions for human beings in important cases raises practical concern.
Because unlike us, machines don’t naturally possess a sense of morality. Thus, the
question poses itself as how much actually is AI a rational agent when it comes to
making rational decisions on behalf of a human?
 AI systems that take part in decision making should be evaluated and reviewed
under guidelines of authenticity. Data mining and the sources should have to be
legit along with the decisions based on it. Nonetheless, this could jeopardize
potential information and may result in spiraling a chaos, when and if the sources
inhibit any fraud or inauthentic information.
 AI ensures empowering a machine to work like human. That too comes with a
reasonable concern whether our very own lives are protected in the hands of
machinery work or not. How dependable the machines really are when it comes to
safety and security of common people is a question that poses deep concern in
lights of ethics and morality.

 There are both an upside and downside of AI on a socio-economic perspective.

Since AI takes on difficult jobs replacing humans, people are more likely to find
themselves out of job, as evidently, complex decision-making jobs are executable
with more accuracy with the help of AI. So before executing AI on a broad range
in job sectors, government agencies should make sure this system don’t make
more people go out of jobs. The solution is to thus, make AI programmed in a way
that it trains a greater man-force into becoming a greater workforce while
achieving optimum efficiency and effectiveness.
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If some of the government reports on challenges that may appear dealing with
successfully implementing AI in public sector are reviewed, the results show negligence
on a broader scale. Even after getting a beginner’s luck – that is, getting a little kickstart
benefit from using AI in pubic sectors, the mobilization of the turnover of this process is
still struggling. The application and challenges run side by side and expecting one
without the other proves to be a lack of hindsight. Making this system socially accepted
and having to create the trust on AI projects depend on whether the challenges that may
negatively affect the common people are comprehensively addressed. Safety, privacy,
workforce maintenance are very few of many.

Lastly, overcoming ethical challenges maybe the stepping stone to a successful

undertaking of making a futuristic AI based society, where efficiencies and effectiveness
are no longer an issue. So, overcoming challenges of establishing AI will also
automatically cater to the process of overcoming many other problems in almost any
sector, be it government in specific.

8 OTHER ISSUES CONSIDERING AI DECISION MAKING IN

PUBLIC SECTOR:
AI can significantly contribute to the solution of many unthinkable issues of any public
sector. Such as the problems that are unmanageable, important and unavoidable
administrative burdens, the problems of being delayed in service delivery and language
barrier along with many more[CITATION Ber19 \l 1033 ]
AI helps the process of public service decision making. It is helping people to perform
tasks faster and is helping people to make better decisions. The usage of AI can reduce
the intensive human labor. Canada, USA, UK, Japan, South Korea, Russia, India and
many other countries are depending on Artificial Intelligence largely. They are using AI
in many sectors and needless to say, it is making their public service sector more useful to
the customers and the people of those countries.
Some positive side that needs to be considered of using AI public service decision
making:
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 A large amount of reduction in human errors.

 Risks can be taken with the use of AI instead of human.

 AI is available 24x7 for this work

 AI can be used as a role of Digital Assistant.

 Using AI, faster decision making can be possible.

 New inventions can be done by using AI efficiently

Some downsides to be considered in terms of increasing the use of AI in public service

decision making:
 AI is getting improved day by day. The hardware, software, programs needs to be
updated to meet with the current requirements and need. This whole process of
maintenance is very costly and the level of invention requires huge expense.

 AI is making human lazy as AI is automated and it has decreased the requirement

of human efforts. This in terms creates tendencies to work less and depend more
on this system.

 AI cannot succumb to emotional aspects. It will choose logical decisions over

rational ones completely overlooking an emotional point of view.

 AI is pretty much useless in terms of devising a solution out of the box. AI or

machine can do only those tasks that are programmed within. Out of that designed
program, an AI function cannot perform. They give irrelevant outputs.
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9 CONCLUSION:
In retrospect, the notion of having a machine do the job for people was unthinkable. The
blessing in disguise – Artificial Intelligence brought about a revolutionary dimension in
the field of intelligence. A world where machines can learn to build itself, monitor itself,
improve on performance, and make the best decisions to solve problems is undeniably
one of the best inventions.
As much as public sector obtaining benefits from AI, the amount of effort to contrive
such results should be tantamount to the level of concern about its regulation and control.
Making sure AI placements creates more job vacancies rather than putting more people
out of job is a stomach-churning concern. AI should contribute the least in the cause of
unemployment; where it should be prevalent in its work to combat unemployment.
Regulations and policies relating to usage of AI should be brought under stringent
maintenance. Protecting people’s privacy and other critical attributes should be reviewed
with greater importance. Apart from the challenges that AI possess, it is pivotal to keep in
mind of the limitless potential AI holds and contributes to a possibility of thousands of
opportunities in the field of economy. In the paper, the analysis clearly indicates the
profundity this particular sector can curate. Needless to say, the report proposes an
implication that suffice the void this novice innovation brings – that is, there are yet miles
to cover in bringing out this huge potential into a pragmatic form. Diligent research,
hours of effort and right implementation with the right corroboration completes the
process that is unreplaceable.
It also begs the question, how long till human beings will figure out a way that caters to
the sustainable world – one which is fully automated, oversimplified, and lastly,
sophisticatedly rich with greater provisions. The whole paper is diligently outlined to
capture one important aspect of AI, the graveness of its influence in the future of human
beings along with it being a ubiquitous part of our lives.
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