1.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
1. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom? Discuss the
importance of this model to explain various series of line spectra in hydrogen
atom? Bohr’s postulates Advantages & disadvantages?
Ans. Postulates:
1.The electrons are revolves around the nucleus in a fixed circular paths is called …………...
2. These orbits are denoted by ……………….… or 1, 2, 3, 4…….
3. As long as electron revolves in a particular orbit it does not lose or gain energy.
These orbits are called ……………...
4. The angular momentum of electron is always integral multiple of …….. it is given by ………
5. The energy difference between two levels ………………….
Hydrogen Spectrum:-
The excited electron comes from higher energy level to different energy levels. 5
types of spectral lines are formed

Series n1 n2 Region
Lyman series …… …… ……
Balmer series …… …… ……

Paschen series …… …… ……
Bracket series …… …… ……
Pfund series …… …… ……

Advantages:
1. It explains …………… of atom
2. It explains line spectrum of ………….. species.
Dis- advantages:
1. It can not explain the spectra of ……………………species.
2. It failed to explain ……………. and …………. effect.
It failed to explain ……………. of electrons.
2. How are the quantum numbers n,l and m, s arrived at ? Explain the significance of these
quantum numbers?
Ans. Quantum numbers are 4 types
1. Principal quantum number
2. Azimutal Quantum number
3. Magnetic Quantum number
4. Spin Quantum number
I. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER :-(n)
1. It was proposed by ………...
2. It was denoted by ……….
3. The value of n are …………….(or) K,L,M,N….. respectively.
4. The maximum no. of electrons in an orbit = …………..
 5. Significance: It indicates the …………………… of the orbit.
II. AZIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER ( l ) :-
1. It was proposed by ……………...
2. It was denoted by ………’
3. The value of l depends on ……….
4. The no. of sub shell in an energy level =………...
5. The l values are o, 1, 2, 3, ….. the sub shells are s, p, d, f….
5. Significance: It indicates the …………… of orbitals.
III MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (m) :-
1. It was proposed by ………………...
2. It was denoted by ………..
3. The values of ‘m’ are from ……………..including………….
4. The no of orbital’s in sub shell = ………….
5. Significance: It indicates the ………………….orbital’s in space.
IV SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER (s) :-
1. It was proposed by ………………. and ……………….
2. It was denoted by …………….
3. ‘S’ values are like …………, and …………...
4. Clock wise ……….., and anti clock wise ……….
5. Significance: It indicates the …………. of the electron.
3. Explain the Any four differences between Emission and Absorption spectrum?
Explain i) Aufbau principle ii) Hund’s Rule iii) Pauli’s principle
Ans.

Emission spectrum Absorption spectrum

1. It is formed, when the substance
……… the radiation.
2. …………..are formed on the black
back ground.
3. It is classified in to two types.
a. …………. spectrum,
b. Discontinuous spectrum
4. In which electron transferred from
……….. energy level to ……….. energy
level.
1. It is formed, when the substance
………… the radiation
2. ………………….. are formed on the white
back ground.
3. It is not classified.
4. In which electron transferred from
………… level to ……….. energy level.

i) Aufbau principle: In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled with electrons in the order
of their …………………………..
1s  2 s  2 p  3s  3 p  4s  3d  4 p.............
ii) Hund’s Rule: In the degenerate orbitals , …………………… takes place when each orbital is filled
with one electron.
iii) Pauli’s Exclusion principle: ……………… electrons in an atom can have the same set of all
four quantum numbers.

2.PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION

1. Define IE1 and IE2 . Why is IE2  IE1 for a given atom ? Discuss the factors that effect IE of an
element?
Ans. FIRST IONIZATIONAL ENTHALPY: - The minimum amount of energy required to
……………………………………. from an atom is called ionization potential (IE1)
M  g   IE1  M   g   e 
SECOND IONIZATION ENTHALPY: - The minimum amount of energy required to
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 remove valency electron from an ………………………………. is called second ionization
potential (IE2)
M   g   IE2  M 2 g   e 
IE2  IE1 : IE2 is always greater than IE1 .
It is due to increase of effective ………………….. from neutral atom to uni positive ion.
IE order is IE1  IE2  IE3 ........
Influencing factors of ionization enthalpy:-
1. ATOMIC SIZE: - The atomic size increases, I.E value is ………………….
1
IE
Atomic size
2. NUCLEAR CHARGE: - Nuclear charge increases, I.E value is ……………...
IE  nuclear ch arg e
3. SHEILDING EFFECT: - Sheilding effect increases, I.E values is ………………..
1
IE 
Sheilding effect
4. PENETRATION OF ORBITALS:- Penetration of orbitals increases, I.E values is ……………….
penetration power  IE
2. What is periodic property? How do the following properties changes in a period and group?
1. Atomic size
2. Metallic Nature
3.Ionization potential (I.E)
4. Electron affinity (E.A)/Electron gain enthalpy.
5. Electro negativity (E.N)
6. Nature of oxides
Ans. Periodic property: The property of an element is ……………. at regular intervals is
called periodic property

Property In Groups In Periods

1. Atomic radius Increases Decreases
2. Metallic nature Increases Decreases
3. Ionization potential (I.E) Decreases Increases
4. Electron affinity (E.A) Decreases Increases
5. Electron negativity (E.N) Decreases Increases
6. Nature of oxides Decreases in acidic nature Increases in acidic nature
Increases in basic nature Decreases in basic nature

1. Atomic radius:
In groups: From top to bottom atomic radius ……………...
Reason: The new electron enters in to new level.
In periods: From left to right atomic radius ……………...
Reason: The new electron enters in to same level.
2. Metallic nature:
In groups: From top to bottom metallic nature ………………...
In periods: From left to right metallic nature …………………….
3. Ionization potential:
In groups: From top to bottom I.E ……………….. due to atomic size increases.
In periods: From left to right I.E ………………. due to atomic size decreases.
4. Electron affinity:
In groups: From top to bottom E.A ……………. due to atomic size increases.
In periods: From left to right E.A ……………………… due to atomic size decreases.
5. Electron negativity:
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 In groups: From top to bottom E.N ………………….. due to atomic size increases.
In periods: From left to right E.N …………………. due to atomic size decreases.
6. Nature of oxides:
i) Acidic nature:
In groups: From top to bottom acidic nature …………….
In periods From left to right acidic nature ………………..
ii) Basic nature:
In groups: From top to bottom acidic nature ……………..
In periods From left to right acidic nature ………………..
3. Write an essay on s, p, d and f block elements
Ans. The Blocks are four types
(1) s- Block (2) p- Block (3) d-Block (4) f-Block.
(1) S- Block Elements:-
1. The differentiating electron enters into ……………… are called s- block elements.
2. These are placed on ……… side of the periodic table.
3. The General electronic configuration is …………………..
4. It contains ……….. groups.
5. They are ………… , ………….. and electro positive.
(2) P- BLOCK ELEMENTS:-
1. The differentiating electron enters into …………….. are called p - block elements.
2. These are placed on ………..side of the periodic table
3. The General electronic configuration is ……………………
4. It contains …………. groups. They are from ………… to ………….
5. It contains ………….. , ……………. and metalloids.
(3) d- BLOCK ELEMENTS:-
1. The differentiating electron enters in …………..-sub shell are called d – block elements.
2. These are placed in between …… and ……-block.
3. The General electronic configuration is …………
4. It contains …… groups. They are from …….. to ……….
5. They are hard ………… & …………. Compounds.
4. f- BLOCK ELEMENTS:-
1. The differentiating electron enters in ……….-sub shell are called f – block elements.
2. These are placed at ……….. of the periodic table
3. The General electronic configuration is …………..
4. It contains 2 series: ………………… (4f) and ……………. (5f)
5. These are ……………… elements.

3.CHEMICAL BONDING
1. Explain Co – Ordinate Covalent Bond ? With example ?
Ans. 1. The bond formed by sharing of electron pair is contributed by one of the two bonded atoms is known
as ------------------.
2. The atom which donates the electron pair for sharing is called -----------------
3. While the other atom accepts the electron pair for sharing is called ----------------.
4. Donor atom must contains ------------- of electrons.
5. Acceptor atom contains ------------------ orbital
6. Co-ordinate covalent bond is represented by an arrow   
Ex: - H 3 N :  BF3   H 3 N  BF3 
2. What do you understand of Hybridization? Explain different types of hybridization involving S,
P and d orbitals.
Ans. The process of intermixing of atomic orbitals having same energy and reproduced the same
number of new hybrid orbitals are called -----------------.
Hybridisation is 3-types
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 1. SP-hybridization, 2. SP 2 -hybridization, 3. SP3 -hybridization.
1. SP hybridisation:
The process of intermixing of ------ S-orbital and --------- P-orbital to produce the --------- new
identical hybrid orbital’s are called SP-hybridization.
EX: BeCl2
1. Central atom --------------
2. Hybridisation --------------
3. Shape --------------
4. Bond angle --------------
2. SP 2 hybridization
The process of intermixing of ------------- S-orbital and ----------- P-orbital to produce the ------- new
identical hybrid orbital’s are called SP 2 -hybridization
Ex: BCl3
1. Central atom -------------
2. Hybridisation -------------
3. Shape – --------------------
4. Bond angle - ------------------
3. SP3 hybridation
The process of intermixing of ----------- S-orbital and ------------ P-orbital to produce the ---------- new
identical hybrid orbital’s are called SP3 -hybridization
Ex: CH 4
1. Central atom -------------,
2. Hybridisation ------------
3. Shape : ----------------
4. Bond angle ------------------
3. Explain the hybridization involved in PCl 5 molecule?
Ans. In PCl5 ----------hybridization is involved.
SP3 d –Hybridization
The process of intermixing of ----------- S-orbital, --------------- P-orbital and ---------- d-orbital to
produce the -------- new identical hybrid orbital’s is called SP3 d –hybridization
Ex: PCl5
1. Central atom -------------
2. Hybridization ----------------
3. Bond angle ------------------
4. Shape : --------------------.
4. Explain the hybridization involved in SF6 molecule?
Ans. In SF6 molecule, ---------------– hybridization is involved.
SP 3d 2 -Hybridization
The process of intermixing of ----------- S-orbital, ---------- P-orbital and -----------d-orbital to produce
---------- new identical hybrid orbital’s are called SP 3d 2 -hybridization
Ex: SF6
1. Central atom---------------,
2. Hybridization--------------
3. Bond angle ---------------
4. Shape: -------------------
5. Give an account of VSEPR theory, and its applications?
Ans. Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory was explained by ------------- and ----------------

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 POSTULATES:
1. The shape of the molecule is depends on number of electron pairs in --------------- of central atom.
2. The shape of the molecule also depends up on repulsion between ------------------
3. A lone pair of electrons occupies more space around the central atom than bond pair of electrons
4. The repulsion between electron pairs are in the order of ……………..
5. The repulsion between different bonds are in the order of     

No of bond pairs No of lone pairs Shape Example

2 0 ……………….. BeCl2
3 0 …………………. BCl3
4 0 …………………. CH 4
5 0 ………………….. PCl3
6 0 ………………… SF6
EX: Structure of NH 3 molecule
i) Central atom - ---------------
ii. Hybridization – -----------------
iii. Shape – -----------------
iv. Bond angle – ---------------

6. What is hydrogen bond? Explains different types of hydrogen bonds?

Ans. Hydrogen bond: - The weak electro static force of attraction between the partially positively charged
------------------ and highly ----------------- atoms(F,O,N) is called hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen bonds are two types.
1. Inter molecular hydrogen bond: The hydrogen bond is present between two atoms, but these two
atoms are present in -----------------. Ex. H-F….H-F
2. Intra molecular hydrogen bond: The hydrogen bond is present between two atoms, but these two
atoms are present in -----------------. Ex. Salicylaldehyde .
7. Define dipole moment. Write its applications?
Ans. The product of ------------ present on two poles (q) and the -------- between two poles (d) are called
dipole moment. (μ)
  qd
Applications:- 1. Based on this, identified the ------------ of molecule.
2. Based on this, indentified the ---------------- of molecule.
8. Explain Co – Ordinate Covalent Bond ? With example ?
Ans. 1. The bond formed by sharing of electron pair is contributed by one of the two bonded atoms is known
as ------------------.
2. The atom which donates the electron pair for sharing is called -----------------
7. While the other atom accepts the electron pair for sharing is called ----------------.
8. Donor atom must contains ------------- of electrons.
9. Acceptor atom contains ------------------ orbital
10. Co-ordinate covalent bond is represented by an arrow   
Ex: - H 3 N :  BF3   H 3 N  BF3 
9. State Fajan’s rules, and give suitable examples.
Ans. 1. Given compound covalent character is ------------ with -------------- size of anion
Ex. KI  KF
2.Given compound covalent character is ………… with ……………. the size of cation.
Ex. Licl  kcl
3.Given compound covalent character is ……… with …………. the charge of anion or cation.
Ex. SnCl4  SnCl2

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 4.Compound with ……………. having more covalent characters than the ………………
Ex. CuCl  NaCl
10. Give the Molecular Orbital Energy diagram of a) N 2 b) O2 . Calculate the respective bond
order. Write the magnetic nature of N 2 and O2 molecules
Ans: A) N 2

 * 2 pz 2

 2Px , * 2Py0
* 0

2 p3 2p 3

 2 pz2
Energy

 2Px 2,  2Py 2

 * 2s 2

2s 2 2s 2

 2s 2

 *1s 2

1s 2 1s 2

 1s 2

Ec of N 2   1s 2  *1s 2  2 s 2  * 2 s 2  2 Px 2   2 Py 2  2 Pz 2 

1
Bond order = ( No. of electrons in bonding orbitals – no. of electrons in anti bonding orbitals),
2
BO  ...............................
Since there are no unpaired electrons in N 2 it is ……………… in nature.
B) O2

 * 2 pz 0

 * 2 Px1 ,  * 2 Py1

2 p4 2 p4

 2 Px 2 , 2 Py 2
Energy
 2 pz 2

 * 2s 2

2s 2 2s 2

 2s 2

 *1s 2

1s 2 1s 2

 1s 2
2 2 2 2 2
EC of O2   1s   *1s   2 s   * 2 s   2 pz   2 px 2   2 p y 2  * 2 px1   * 2 p y1 
1
Bond order = (No. of electrons of bonding orbitals – No. of electrons in anti-bonding orbitals)
2
BO  ......................
Since there are unpaired electrons in O2 molecule it is …………………… in nature.
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. What is octet rule?
Ans. The phenomenon of having ………. in Valency shell is called ……….. The atom or molecule
with octet configuration is more stable.
2. Which of the two ions Ca 2  or  Zn 2 is more stable and why?
Ans. Ca 2 is more stable than Zn 2 because Ca 2 has …………..in Valency shell whereas Zn 2 has
………….. in valence shell.
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3. Cl  ion is more stable than Cl atom why?
Ans. Cl  ion is more stable than Cl atom, because Cl  possesses stable ……………. but Cl atom does
not have octet configuration.
4. How many sigma and Pi bonds are present in a) C2 H 2 and b) C2 H 4
Ans. In C2 H 2 number of “sigma” bonds are ………….. and “Pi” bonds are …………..
H C  C  H
In C2 H 4 number of “sigma” bonds are ……….. and “Pi” bond is …………..
H H

C C
H H
5. What are the coordination number of NaCl and CsCl ?
Ans. The coordination number of NaCl is ………
The coordination number of CsCl is ……….
6. Why H 2O has higher BP than HF?
Ans. H 2O has higher boiling point than HF because more number of …………… are present in
H 2O molecule that HF
7. What type of bonds are present in NH 4Cl ? Write its structure.
Ans. The bonds present in NH 4Cl are ……….. bond, ……….. bond, ……….. bond.
+
H

N Cl 
H H H

4.STATE OF MATTER
1. Write the postulates of kinetic molecular theory of gases.
Ans: i. Gases contain large number of tiny particles are called ………………..
ii. Gas molecules ………………… in all directions.
iii. There is no ……… & ……….. between the gases molecules.
iv. The molecular collisions are ……………………...
v. There is …………………. forces on gases molecules
vi. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is ……………….. to its absolute temperature.
KE T
2. Deduce (a) Boyle’s law (b) Charles law (c) Graham`s law (d) Dalton’s law from
Kinetic gas equation?
Ans; a) Boyle`s law (b) Charles law from KGE:
a) Boyle’s Law
1
According to Kinetic gas equation  PV  mnu 2
3
2 1
PV   mnu 2
3 2
2  1 
 KE  KE  mnu 2 
3 
 2 
2
 KT  KET 
3
 KE  KT 

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 2
PV  KT
3
2 KT
V
3 P
1
V
P
b) Charle’s law
1
According to Kinetic gas equation  PV  mnu 2
3
2 1
PV   mnu 2
3 2
2  1 
 KE  KE  mnu 2 
3  2 
2
 KT  KET 
3
 KE  KT 
2
PV  KT
3
2 KT
V
3 P
V T

c) Deduce Graham’s law from KGE:

According to kinetic gas equation
1
PV  mnu 2
3
1
PV  Mu 2  M  mn 
3
3PV 3PV M 
u2    d
M M V 
3p 1
u  u  u r 
d d
1
r
d
d) Deduce Dalton’s law from KGE:
Two gases present in a container with volume if mass of each molecules m1 , m2 velocities u1 , u2
according to kinetic gas Eq.
1 1 mnu 2
PV  mnu 2  P 
3 3 V
1 m1n1u12 1 m2 n2u2 2
For 1St gas P1  , For 2nd gas P2 
3 V 3 V

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 1 1
PV  m1n1u12  m2 n2u2 2
3 3
1 m1n1u1 1 m2 n2u2 2
2
P 
3 V 3 V
P  P1  P2
3. State and explain Graham law diffusion?
Ans: At constant temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is …………….. proportional to the
square root of it’s ……………….
1
r
d
At const T & P, if r1 & r2 are rate of diffusion of two gases and it`s densities d1 & d 2
r1 d2
 ____________ 1
r2 d1
Density (d) is directly proportional to molar mass (M)
d2 M2
 ____________  2 
d1 M1
r1 M2
From equation (1) 
r2 M1
Molecular weight is the twice the vapour density
M  2  vd
r1 vd 2
 ____________  3 
r2 vd1
r1 d2 M2 vd 2
From equation (2)    
r2 d1 M1 vd1
4. State and explain Dalton`s law of partial pressure?
Ans: At constant temperature and volume the …………… exerted by the ……………. gaseous
mixture is equal to the sum of ……………. of all individual gases. This is known as Dalton`s law
of partial pressure.
Ptotal  P1  P2  P3  ..........
Where P1 , P2 , P3 -------- are partial pressures of gases
Partial pressure in terms of mole fraction :
Suppose at room Temperature ‘T’ three gases enclosed in the volume ‘V’ exert partial pressures are
P1 , P2 , P3 respectively
n RT n RT n RT
P1  1 , P2  2 , P3  3
V V V
According to Dalton’s law
P  P1  P2  P3
n1 RT n2 RT n3 RT
P  
V V V
RT
P   n1  n2  n3 
V
nRT
P  where n  n 1  n 2  n 3 
V

Page 10
 P1 n1
  X1
P n
X1  mole fraction of the first gas
P  X .Ptotal
Partial pressure =mole fraction X total pressure
 n1 
p1  X 1  ptotal where  X 1  
 n1  n2  ..... 
5. Derive ideal gas equation
A. According to Boyle’s law ……………. (at constant T, n)  1
According to Charle’s law ……………… (at constant P, n)   2 
According to Avagadro’s law ………….. (at Constant P, T)   3
From 1, 2,3
nT
V
P
RnT
V
P
PV  ..............
6. Define R.M.S, average most probable speed of gas molecules. Give their interrelation ship?
Ans. A). R.M.S speed: The square root of mean of the square of gas molecules are called R.M.S speed.
U rms  ............
B). Average speed: The average speed of all the molecules presents in the gas is called average speed
U av  ...............
C). Most probable speed: The speed possessed by maximum no. of molecules present in the gas is
called most probable speed.
U mp  ..................
RATIO OF MOLECULAR VELOCITES:
U mp : U ar : U rms  .................
 ................
 .................
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

1. Which of the gases diffuse faster among N 2 , O2 and CH 4 why?

Ans. CH 4 : Because its molecular weight is ……….. than the molecular weight of N 2 and O2
2. How many times methane diffuse faster than the sulphur dioxide?
rCH 4 M SO2
Ans.   ..
rSO2 M CH 4
3. What is Boltzmann’s constant? Given its value.
R
Ans: ……….. per one molecule is called Boltzmann constant k 
N
k  .. J .k 1 molecule 1
k  .. erg .k 1 molecule 1
4. What is compressibility factor?
Ans. The ratio of ……….. of a gas to the ……….. of a perfect gas under same conditions
z  .., for ideal gases z  1

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5. Why pressure cooker is used for cooking food on hills?
Ans. At ……….. water boils at low temperature
6. Calculate the Kinetic Energy of 5 moles of nitrogen at 210 C ?
3
Ans. K .E  nRT
2
T  300k ; n  5 moles; R  2calmol 1k 1
3
  ..
2
7. Calculate the Kinetic Energy of 4 moles of methane at 730 C
Ans. n= No. of moles of methane
4g
  0.25mol
16 g mol
R  8.314 Jmol 1k 1; T  730 C  213.200k
Kinetic Energy
3
 0.25mol  8.314mol 1k 1  200k
2
 623.6 J
8. Calculate the kinetic energy of 2 moles of Nitrogen at 210 C ?
3
Ans. K .E  ..   2  2  300  1500Calories
2
9. Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when one mole of carbon is
burnt in 16g of dioxygen?
Ans. C s   O2 g   CO2 g 
32 g of O2 give 44g of CO2
16 grams of O2 gives
16  44
  22 grams of CO2
32
10. What is surface tension?
Ans. The force acting per unit length ……….. to the line drawn on the surface of liquid
Units: ..
11. Write the effect of temperature on surface tension and viscosity. Give reason to that?
Ans. As temperature ……….. both surface tension & Viscosity ………..
Reason: As temperature increases kinetic energy molecules increases. Hence intermolecular
forces decreases  viscosity & surface tension decreases
12. What are isotherms?
Ans. The curves drawn between the ……….. and the volume of gases at constant ………...
13. What are isobars?
Ans. The curves drawn between the ……….. and ……….. of gases at constant ………..
14. What are isochores?
Ans. The curves drawn between the ……….. and ……….. of the gases at constant ………...
15. Calculate the ratio of kinetic energy of 3g of H 2 and 4g of O2 at a given temperature?
Ans. Since the temperature is same for the two gases we can write the ratio of kinetic energy is in the
moles of H 2 ; moles of O2
KE1 n1 3 g of H 2 4 g of H 2
  :
KE2 n2 2 g of mol 32 g of mol 


 ..

Page 12
16. Write the “Vander Waals” equation?
 an 2 
Ans.  P  ..  nRT
 v 2 
atm.lit 2 lit
Units of ' a '  2
; Units of ' b ' 
mole mole
17. Give the ratio of RMS, average and most probable speeds of gas molecules?
Ans. U rms : U av : U mp  ..
18. A balloon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature. It will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. If
at 1 bar pressure the gas occupied 2.27L volume up to what volume can the ballon expanded.
Ans. 1 1  PV
PV 2 2

P1  1bar , P2  0.2 bar

V1  2.27 L, V2  ?
PV
1 1 1 2.27
V2    11.35 Lit
P2 0.2
19. On a ship sailing in Pacific Ocean where temperature is 23.40 C , a balloon is filled with 2L air.
What will be the volume of the balloon when the ship reaches Indian Ocean, where temperature
is 26.10 C
Ans. V1  2 Lit
T1   23.4  273 k T2   26.1  273 k
 296.4k  299.1k
V1 V2 VT
 ; V2  1 2
T1 T2 T1
2  299.1
V2   2  1.009  2.018 lit
296.4
20. A Neon dioxygen mixture contains 70.6g dioxygen and 167.5 g Neon if the pressure of the
mixture of gases in the cylinder is 25 bar. What is the partial pressure of dioxygen and neon in
the mixture?

W 167.9
PO2  Pt . Xo2 nNe    8.3
GmW 20
Ans.
no2 W 70.6
 Pt . no2    2.2
no2  nNe GmW 32
2.2
 25.  5.2 bar
2.2  8.3
P1  P2  25
P1  25  P2
 25  5.2  19.8 bar
21. 360 cm3 of CH 4 gas diffused through a porus membrane in 15 min. under similar conditions
120 cm3 of another gas diffused in 10 min. Find molar mass of gas?
Ans. Given
CH 4 X
V1  360 V2  120
t1  15 t2  10
m1  16 m2  ?

Page 13
 M 2 V1 t2
 
M 1 t1 V2
M 2 360 10
 
16 15 200
M2  8
M 2  64 g

5.STOICHIOMETRY

1. Balance following redox equation by ion-electron method taking place in acidic medium
a. Cr2O7 2  NO2   Cr 3  NO  3
Oxidization Half reaction Reduction Half Reaction
NO2  NO3 Cr2O7 2  Cr 3
i) Balance oxygen atoms i) Balance Chromium atoms
 
NO2  H 2O  NO3 Cr2O7 2  2Cr 3
ii) Balance Hydrogen atoms ii) Balance oxygen atoms
  
NO2  H 2O  NO3  2 H Cr2O7 2  2Cr 3  7 H 2O
iii) Balance charge iii) Balance Hydrogen atoms
 NO2  H 2O  NO3  2 H  2e  3
   
Cr2O7 2  14 H   2Cr 3  7 H 2O
Balance Charge
 Cr2O7 2  14H   6e  2Cr 3  7 H 2O 1
3NO2   3H 2O  3NO3  6 H   6e
Cr2O7 2  14 H   6e  2Cr 3  7 H 2O

3NO2   Cr2O7 2  8 H   3 NO3  2Cr 3  4 H 2O

b. MnO4 1  SO3 2  Mn 2  SO4 2

Oxidization Half reaction Reduction Half Reaction

SO3 2  SO4 2 MnO4   Mn 2
i) Balance oxygen atoms i) Balance Oxygen atoms
SO3 2  H 2O  SO4 2 MnO4   Mn 2  4 H 2O
ii) Balance Hydrogen atoms ii) Balance Hydrogen atoms
SO32  H 2O  SO4 2  2 H  MnO4   8H   Mn 2  4 H 2O
iii) Balance charge iii) Balance Charge
 SO32  H 2O  SO4 2  2 H   2e  5  MnO4   8H   5e  Mn2  4H 2O  2
5SO3 2  5 H 2O  5SO4 2  10 H   10e 
2MNO4   16 H   10e   2Mn 2  8 H 2O

5SO3 2  2MnO4   6 H   5SO4 2  2Mn2  3H 2O


Page 14
 C. H 2 SO4  HBr  SO2  Br2
Oxidization Half reaction Reduction Half Reaction
Br  Br2 SO4 2  SO2
i) Balance Bromine atoms i) Balance oxygen atoms
2Br  Br2 SO4 2  SO2  2 H 2O
ii) Balance oxygen atoms ii) Balance Hydrogen atoms
2Br  Br2 SO4 2  4 H   SO2  2 H 2O
iii) Balance hydrogen atoms iii) Balance charge
2Br  Br2 SO4 2  4 H   2e   SO2  2 H 2O
iv) Balance
2 Br   Br2  2e 
2 Br   Br2  2e 
SO4 2  4 H   2e  SO2  2 H 2O

SO4 2  4 H   2 Br   SO2  Br2  2 H 2O


d. MnO4   C2O4 2  Mn 2  CO2

Oxidization Half reaction Reduction Half Reaction
C2O4 2  CO2 MnO4   Mn 2
i) Balance Carbon atoms i) Balance Oxygen atoms
C2O4 2  2CO2 MnO4   Mn 2  4 H 2O
ii) Balance charge ii) Balance Charges
 C2O42  2CO2  2e  5 MnO4  8H   Mn 2  4 H 2O
iii) Balance charge
 MnO4  8H   5e  Mn2  4H 2O  2
5C2O4 2  10CO2  10e
2 MnO4  16 H   10e  2 Mn 2  8 H 2O

5C2O4 2  2MnO4   16 H   10CO2  2 Mn 2  8 H 2O

2. Chemical analysis of a carbon compound gave the following percentage composition by weight
of the elements present. Carbon = 10.06%: Hydrogen = 0.84%. Chlorine = 89.10%. Calculate the
Empirical formula of the compound. Composition.
Ans.
Element % of Composition Atomic Ratio Simplest Ratio
Carbon 10.06 10.06 0.838
 0.838 1
2 0.838
Hydrogen 0.84 0.84 0.84
 0.84 1
1 0.838
Chlorine 89.10 89.1 2.5
 2.5 3
35.5 0.838
Empirical formula of the compound = CHCl3
3. A Carbon compound contains 12.8% carbon, 21% Hydrogen, 85.1% Bromine. The molecular
weight of compound is 187.9. calculate the molecular formula.

Page 15
Ans.
Element % of Composition Atomic Ratio Simplest Ratio
Carbon 12.8 12.8 1.067
 1.067 1
2 1.067
Hydrogen 2.1 2.1 2.1
 2.1 2
1 1.067
Chlorine 85.1 89.1 1.067
 1.067 1
80 1.067
The empirical formula is CH 2 Br
Empirical formula weight = 12   2  1  80  94
Molecular weight = 187.9
MWt
n
EF Wt
187.9
n  2
94
MF  EF  n
  CH 2 Br 2
 C2 H 4 Br2
4. Calculate the empirical of the compound having % composition Potassium (K) = 26.57%,
Chromium (Cr) = 35.36%, Oxygen (O)=38.07%. given the atomic weights of K,Cr and O as
39,52 and 16 respectively.
Ans.
Element % of Composition Atomic Ratio Simplest Ratio
Potassium 26.57 26.57 0.68
 0.68  1 2  2
39 0.68
Chromium 35.36 35.36 0.68
 0.68  1 2  2
52 0.68
Oxygen 38.07 38.07 2.38
 2.38  3.5  2  7
16 0.68
The empirical formula of the compound = K 2Cr2O7
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. How many number of moles of glucose are present in 540 grams of glucose?
Ans. Weight of glucose = 540 grams
Gram molecular weight of glucose  C6 H12O6  =180 grams
540
Number of moles = ..  3
180
2. The empirical formula of a compound is CH 2O its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the
molecular formula of the compound.
Ans. Empirical Formula  CH 2O  weight
 EfW  12  12  16  30
 M .w molecular Weight =90
90
n  ..  3
30

Page 16
 Molecular formula = n X empirical formula
 ..
 ..
 ..
3. Calculate the weight of 0.1 mole of sodium carbonate  Na2CO3  ?
Ans. No. of Moles = ..
Weight = …………………..
= 0.1 X106
= 10.6 grams
4. What is a redox concept? Given an example?
Ans. Chemical reaction in which both the ……………… and the ………………….. takes place in
simultaneously is called the redox concept.
5. What are the disproportionation reactions? Give an example?
Ans. The redox reactions, in which ………….. under goes both ………….. and ………….. is called the
disproportionation reaction.
3Cl2 g   60 H  aq   SCl  aq   ClO3 aq   3H 2O
0 -1 +5

reduction

oxidation

6. What are comproportination reactions? Give example.

Ans. Two species of ………….. in two different ………….. states form a single product in which the
element is in an intermediate oxidation state.
Ag 2  aq  Ag 0 s   2 Ag   aq 
oxidation

reduction
Ex:-
7. What volume of CO 2 is obtained at STP by heating 4g of CaCO 3 ?
Ans. CaCO 3  CaO  CO2
1 mole 1 mole
100 gm 22.4 lit at S.T.P
Volume of CO2 obtained at STP
4 89.6
 22.4   0.896 lit
100 100
8. Calculate the volume of O2 at STP required to completely burn 100ml of acetylene?
Ans. The balanced equation:
5
C2 H 2  g   O2  g   2CO2  g   H 2O
2
5 5
C2 H 2  O2 ; 1 mole  mole
2 2
5
22400 ml at STP =  22400ml at STP
2
100ml  ?
5 22400  100
   250ml
2 22400

Page 17
9. Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared dissolving 4gr in enough water to form
250ml of the solution?
Weight 1000
Ans. Molarity  M   
G.mW . V in ml
4 1000 4
    0.4m
40 250 10
10. How many molecules of glucose are present in 5.23 gm of glucose?
Ans. No of molecules = No of moles X N
W
 N
M
5.23
  6.023  1023
180
 1.75 1022 molecules
11. If the speed of light is 3 108 ms 1 . Calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00ns
 n  nano  109 m 
Ans. Distance = Speed of light X time
 3  108 ms 1  2  109 s 1
 6 10 1 m
 0.6m
6.CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
1. What is lechatelier’s principle ? Discuss briefly the factors which can influence the
equilibrium?
Ans. The chemical reaction is present at equilibrium state, then the effecting factors like-------
--------,--------------, and ---------------- is changed , then the reactions are moves where the changes
are reduced.
1. Concentration : If the concentration is ------------ favorable to forward reaction
2. Temperature: Temperature is ------------favorable to ------------reactions. Temperature is ----------
--favorable to ------------ reactions.
3. Pressure : Pressure is ------------ favorable to volume decreasing side. Pressure is ------------
favorable to volume increasing side.
2. Explain Application of Lechatlier’s principle?

Ans. Discuss the application of Discuss the application of Lechatlier’s

Lechatlier’s principle for the industrial synthesis
principle for the industrial synthesis of of sulphur trioxide?
Ammonia?
Ammonia is prepared by using the - 1. SO2 is prepared by using the ----
----------------- -----------
1. N 2  ( g )  3H 2( g )   2 NH 3( g ) ; H 
  92kJ 2SO2 ( g )  O2 ( g )   2 SO3( g )  , H  189 KJ
The above reaction is a reversible The above reaction is a reversible
reaction reaction
2. The above reaction is a exothermic 2. The above reaction is a exothermic
reaction reaction
3. The above reaction is a volume 3. The above reaction is a volume
decreasing reaction decreasing reaction
Temperature: _____________________ is Temperature:
favorable for the preparation of large amount __________________is favorable for
of ammonia. the preparation of large
Pressure: _______________ is favorable amount of “ SO3 ”
Page 18
 for the preparation of large amount of Pressure:_________________ is
ammonia. favorable for the preparation of large
Optimum conditions: amount of “ SO2 ”
1. Temperature = ____________ Optimum conditions:
2. Pressure = ______________ 1. Temperature = ____________
3. Catalyst = ______________ 2. Pressure = ______________
Promoter = _____________ Catalyst = _______________

3. Explain the concept of Bronsted acids and Bronsted bases, Illustrate the answer
with suitable examples.
Ans. Bronsted- Lowry Acid: Proton  H   ----------
Bronsted- Lowry base: Proton  H   ----------
Neutralisation : Transfer of proton from acid to base is called Neutralisation.
NH 3  H 2 O  NH 4  OH 
B A CA CB
4. What is a conjugate acid –base pair? Illustrate with examples
Conjugate acid-base-pair: The acid-base pair which are differ by a proton is called
Conjugate acid –base-pair.
Ans.
Acid Conjugate base
HCl Cl 
HNO3 NO3
H 2 SO4 HSO4
5. Write the conjugate acid –base o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s p e c i e s .
Ans.
Given species Conjugate acid Conjugate base
a) OH  ___________ ___________
b) H 2 O ___________ ___________
c) HCO3 ___________ ___________
H 2 O2
d) ___________ ___________
6. Explain Lewis acid base theory with suitable examples?
Ans.
Lewis acid: Electron pair Lewis base: Electron pair
___________. Eg: Ag  , Cu 2 _______. Ex. Cl-, OH-
1. All cations Ex. Ag  , Cu 2 1. All anions (Cl-, OH-)
2. Molecules having incomplete 2. In molecules multiple
octet configuration. Ex. BCl3 bonds arepresent between
3. Molecules with vacant d- same atoms.
orbitals Ex. (FeCl3, AlCl3) Ex. CH  CH
3. Molecules with lone pairs (H2O,
NH3)

1. OH  -----------------
2. F  ------------------
3. BCl3 -----------------
4. H  -------------------

Page 19
7. Derive the reaction between Kc and K p for equilibrium reaction?
Ans. N 2 g   3H 2 g   2 NH 3 g 
2

Kc 
 NH 3 
3
 N 2  H 2 
2
PNH
Kp  3

PN2  PH32
PV  nRT
n
P    RT  CRT
V 
PNH 3   NH 3 g   RT
 

PN 2   H 2 g   RT
 
2 2 2 2

Kp 
 NH 3   RT 
Kp 
 NH 3  .  RT 
3 3 3 4
 N 2  RT  H 2   RT  ,  N 2  H 2   RT 
K p  ________
K p  _________
 K p  Kc
8. Write notes on Common ion effect
Ans. Common ion Effect : The suppression of the solubility of first electrolyte in water by the addition of
_____________ , which has a common ion with the first electrolyte , is called common ion effect.
Example: The dissociation of NH 4OH is suppressed by the addition of NH4CI due to the common
ion, NH 4  ion
NH 4OH  NH 4  OH 
NH 4 CI  NH 4  CI 
9. What is homogenous and heterogeneous equilibrium? With suitable examples.
Ans. If the physical state of reactants and products are __________ in an equilibrium
reaction then the equilibrium is called homogenous equilibrium.
Examples :
H 2 g  I 2 g  2 HI g 
N 2 g   3H 2 g  2 NH 3 g 
If the physical state of reactants a and product are ______________ in an equilibrium
reaction then the equilibrium is called heterogeneous equilibrium
e.g.CaCO3( s )  CaOs  CO2 g 
Ni s  4CO g    Ni CO 4 
g 

10. What is ionic product of water? What is its value at room temperature?
Ans. It is defined as the product of “the concentrations of _______ and _______ ions in
water or aqueous solutions at a given temperature”
Kw   H   OH  
= 1.0  10 14 mol 2 / lit 2 at 250 C

Page 20
 7.THERMODYNAMICS
1. Explain Hess law of constant heat summation
Ans. The total heat change in a chemical reaction is same weather the reaction takes place in
___________step (or) _____________ steps is called ____________.
Ex:- CO2 formation
Single step:- C s   O2 g   CO2 g     H  393.52 KJ
1
Several steps : - 1. C s   O2  g   CO g  H1  110.5 KJ
2
1
2. CO g   O2 g   CO2 g  H 2  283.02 KJ
2
H  H1  H2
2. State the first law of the thermodynamics
Ans. 1. First law of the thermodynamics is also called law of _____________________.
2. “The energy neither be _________nor be __________. But it change to one form to another form”.
“First law says that, it is _____________ to construct a perpetual motion of machine of First kind.
3.”Q” amount of energy is given to the system is equal to sum of the change in internal energy (∆E)
and work done (w) on externally
Q  E  W
ButW  P.V
 Q  E  P.V
3. State IInd law of thermodynamics and explain it?
Ans. 1. Heat cannot flow from -------------- to ------------ on its own.
2. All spontaneous process are thermodynamically ----------------.
3. --------- cannot be converted in to --------- completely with out causing sum permanent changes
in the system.
4. In a reversible process the ------------ of universe is constant.
4. What is Entropy ? Explain with examples?
Ans. Entropy: The thermodynamical quantity which measures ------------ of the system is called Entropy.
1. It is a state function & --------------- property.
2. It is denoted by “S” .
3. It is calculated by.
q
s  rev
T
q=Quantity of Heat
T= Absolute temperature
4. Solids having less or zero entropy value, gases having highest entropy value.
Solids  liquids  gases
5. State the third law of thermodynamics. What do you understand by it?
Ans. The entropy of a pure and perfectly crystalline substance is zero at the absolute zero of
temperature 2730 C 
lim S  0
T 0
6. Define heat capacity? What are C p and Cv ? Show that C p  Cv   R ?
Ans. Heat capacity(C):The amount of _____________ required to raising the temperature of
the substance through one degree.
q
C
dT
Q is heat absorbed. dT rise in temperature

Page 21
 H  U  P V
We can write equation for heat q
At constant pressure as q p  C p T  .......  1

At constant volume as qv  Cv T  ...........   2 

The difference between C p and Cv can be derived for an ideal gas:

For a mole of an ideal gas H  U    PV 

H  U  R  T    3

Substitute the (1) and (2) in (3)

We get C p T  Cv T  RT

C p  Cv  R , C P  Cv  R
7. Explain the spontaneity of a process in terms of Gibbs energy?
Ans. Gibbs energy: The amount of energy is available in a system, which can be used to do
useful work at constant temperature and pressure is called _____________energy.
G  H  TS
G  H  T  S 
If G  0 reaction is spontaneous
If G  0 reaction is Non-spontaneous
8. Explain extensive and intensive properties ?
Ans. The various physical properties of the system may be classified into two types
1. Extensive Properties: Properties of the system which _____________on the
total amount of the material present in the system
Example: Mass (m), Volume (v),
2. Intensive properties: Properties of th e system which are ________________of the
amount of the material in the system
Example : Density (d), surface tension.
8.HYDROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. Discuss with relevant chemical equations, various methods of preparing Hydrogen peroxide,
which of these methods is useful to prepare D2 O2 ?
Ans. (i) From BaO2 :
……………on reaction with dilute ………… to form H 2 O2 .
BaO2 .8 H 2O  H 2 SO4  ............  BaSO4  8H 2 O .
(ii) Auto oxidation:
2-ethyl anthraquinol on auto oxidation to form ……………
O2
2 - Ethyl anthraquinol   2  ethyl anthraquinone  H 2 O2
(iii) Electrolytic method:
50% H 2 SO4 on electrolysis followed by distillation forms H 2 O2
Ionisation : 2 H 2 SO4  2 H   2 HSO4 
Anode : 2 HSO4   ...............  2e 
Cathode : 2 H   2e  H 2
H 2 S2 O8  2 H 2O  ...........  2 H 2 SO4
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 Among these electrolytic method is more useful to prepare D2 O2 .
2. Write the chemical reactions to justify that H 2 O2 can functions as oxidizing as well as reducing
agent.
Ans. Oxidizing properties:
1. H 2O2 oxidizes PbS to ………….
PbS  4 H 2O2  ............  4 H 2O
2. H 2O2 oxidizes Acidified Fe2 to ……………
2 Fe 2  H 2O2  2 H   ............  2 H 2O
Reducing properties:
1. H 2O2 is reacts with Cl2 forms the ………….
H 2O2  Cl2  ..........  O2
2. H 2O2 reacts with O3 forms the ………… and …………..
H 2O2  O3  H 2O  ............
3. Explain the following with suitable examples
(a) electron-deficient hydrides
(b) electron-precise hydrides.
(c) electron rich hydrides
Ans. (a) Electron-deficient hydrides: The hydrides with ………… no. of electrons to write Lewis structure
are called electron-deficient hydrides.
Ex: B2 H 6
b) Electron-Precise hydrides: The hydrides which contains …………… no. of electrons to write
Lewis structures are called electron-precise hydrides.
Ex: CH 4
(c) Electron-rich hydrides: The hydrides with ……….. no. of electrons to write Lewis structure are
called electron-rich hydrides.
Ex: H 2O , NH 3
4. Explain the soft water, hard water, temporary and permanent hardness of water.?
Ans. Soft water: Water which ………. good lather with soap.
Hard water: Water which …………. good lather with soap.
Temporary hardness of water: It is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium …………..
Permanent hardness of water: It is caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium …………. and
………….
5. Explain the (a) ion-exchange method (b) calgon method in the removal of
hardness of water?
Ans. (a). Ion-exchange method:-
1. It is used for the conversion of hard water to soft water.
2. In this method, the chemical compound are used namely …………...
3. Its formula is  Hydrated NaAlSio4  ...............
4. Now the hard water is passed through the permutit, hard water is converted into ………….
2 NaZ  Ca 2  CaZ 2  2 Na 
(b). Calgon method:
1. It used for the conversion of hard water to soft water
2. Sodium hexa meta phosphate is called………………..
3. Calgon formula = ………………….
4. Now the hard water is passed through the calgon, hard water is converted into …………….
2
Na6 P6O18   Na4 P6 O18   2 Na 
2
Na4 P6O18 2  Ca 2   Na2 CaP6O18   2 Na 

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6. Write a few lines on the utility of hydrogen as fuel.
Ans. 1. Hydrogen gas used as a ……………..
2. It produce the ……………. of the energy
3. It produce the less amount of ………………...
4. It is also used to produce electricity in ……………….
5. It is used for the ………….. and ………….. of metals.
7. Write a note on heavy water?
Ans. …………………. is also called as heavy water. Its formula ……………
Preparation:
N
On electrolysis of …………….. in seven stages forms D2 O
2
1. Its molecular weight = ……………….
2. M.P. =……………. , B.P. =………………..
3. Its reacts similarly as water. SO3  D2O  ..................
Uses:
1. It used as a …………….. in nuclear reactors
2. It is used in the preparation of ……………

9.S - BLOCK ELEMENTS

1. What do you know about Castner –Kellner process? Write the principle involved in it.
Ans. Sodium hydroxide can be prepared by the electrolysis of ………………. in castner-kellner process.
Cathode: …………..
Anode: ……………
Ionization: 2 NaCl  2 Na   2Cl 
At anode : 2Cl   Cl2  2e 
At cathode: 2 Na   2e  
Hg
 ..................
The amalgam is treated with water to give ………………… and hydrogen gas
2 Na  Hg  2 H 2 O  2 NaOH  2 Hg  H 2
2. Give an account of the biological importance of Na  and K  ions?
Ans. Sodium ion ( Na  ):
1. It helps in the transmission of ……………...
2. It helps in regulating the ……………. across cells.
3. It helps to ……………. of Sugar’s & amino acids into the cell.
Potassium ion ( K  ):
1. It helps in activation of ……………..
2. It converts glucose to ……………….
3. It helps in the transmission of ………………..
3. Explain the biological importance of Magnesium ( Mg 2 ) & Calcium ( Ca 2 )
Ans. Magnesium ion ( Mg 2 ) :
1. It helps in relaxing nerves and …………...
2. It helps in …………… of blood.
3. These are helps in ……………..
Calcium ion ( Ca 2 )
1. It helps in blood ……………...
2. It is present in ……………
3. There are helps in …………… formation
4. Give an account of the properties of washing soda?
Ans. 1. It is a white crystalline solid substance.
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 2. Its formula = ……………..
3. Na2 CO3 is reacts with HCl forms the ………….
Na2 CO3  2 HCl  ...........  H 2O  CO2
4. Na2 CO3 is reacts with SiO2 forms the ………………….
Na2 CO3  SiO2  ..................  CO2
5. What is plaster of paris? Write a short note on it.
Ans. 1. Hemi-hydrated ………………. is called plaster of pairs
2. Its formula is …………………….
3. ………….. is heated forms plaster of pairs.
1 3
CaSO4 .2 H 2 O  CaSO4 H 2 O  H 2 O
2 2
Uses: 1. It is used to construction of ……………….
2. It is used in preparation of ………………...

10.GROUP 13 ELEMENTS
1. Write any two Preparation methods of Diborane?
Ans. 1. BF3 is reacts with ………….. forms the diborane.
2 BF3  6 NaH  B2 H 6  .................
2. BCl3 is reacts with ………… forms the diborane.
2 BCl3  6 H 2  .............  6 HCl
2. How does diborane react with
a. H 2O b. CO c. N (CH 3 )3 d. NH 3 ?
Ans. a) Diborane reacts with water to give …………….
B2 H 6  6 H 2O  ..............  6 H 2
b) Diborane reacts with carbon monoxide to give ……………..
B2 H 6  2CO  ......................
c) Diaborane reacts with trimethyl ammine to give …………………….
1
B2 H 6  N  CH 3 3  ......................
2
d) Diaborane reacts with NH 3 form …………... It is also called as inorganic benzene.
o
200 C
B2 H 6  2 NH 3   ...................
3. Explain the structure of diborane:
Ans. i. Diborne formula is……………
ii. It is an electron …………….. molecule
iii. Central atom – …………..
iv. Hybridization - …………….
v. A three centred, two electron bond is called ………….. (or) tau bond.
vi. It has a …………- BH 2 groups.

4. Explain borax bead test with a suitable example.

Ans. Borax bead test:-
1. It is used for the identification of ……………… or ions present in the compound.
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 2. In this method, the borax is heated to formed ……………...
Na2 B4O7 .10 H 2O  ..............  10 H 2 O
Heat
Na2 B4O7   2 NaBO2  ................
3. B2 O3 combined with ………. to form blue colour bead.
B2O3  CoO  ................
5. What are electron deficient compounds? Is BCl3 an electron deficient species? Explain.
Ans. Compounds in which the central atom does not have ………………… in the valence shell are called
electron …………… molecules.
For example : in BCl3 the central boron atom has only ……… electrons. Therefore, it is an electron
deficient compound. It …………… a pair of electrons from NH 3 to form an ………….
NH 3  BCl3   H 3 N  BCl3 
11.GROUP 14 ELEMENTS
1. DIFFERENCE IN PROPERTIES OF DIAMOND & GRAPHITE ON THE BASIS OF THEIR
STRUCTURE :
Ans. Diamond :
1) In diamond each carbon atom undergoes …………….
2) It is a …………….. of electricity
3) It has a gaint …………. polymeric structure.
4) C–C bond length is ……….. Bond angle is ………………
5) Diamond is a ……………. material.
Graphite :
1) In Graphite each carbon atom undergoes…………… hybridsation.
2) It is a ……………… of electricity
3) It has a …………… layer structure
4) In graphite C-C bond length is …………………… bond angle ………………..
5) Graphite is soft ………………, lubricant.
2. Why is diamond hard ?
Ans. In diamond each carbon atom undergoes ………… hybridisation and linked with ………… other
carbon atom, in ………. manner. So it possess a ………. dimensional network of carbon atoms joined
together through strong ………… bonds. The C-C bond length is …………. The amount of energy
required to break these bonds is ………... Hence it is very hard and insoluble in all solvents.
3. a) ALLOTROPY : b) Inert Pair effect c) Catenation
Ans. a) Allotropy :
1. The phenomenon of existence of an element with ……………. physical and ………… chemical
properties
2. Allotropes of carbon are ……………….. & ………………..
b) Inert pair Effect :
1) The ………….. of ns “pair” of electrons to take part in bond formation.
2) Pb2 is more stable than Pb4 due to ……………..
c) Catenation :
1) The phenomenon of ……… of identical atom to form long chains or rings
2) …………. shows highest catenation among all elements.
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4. Write about Silicones Preparation with example’s and uses?
Silicones :
Ans. 1) Silicones are the organo silicon polymers containing…………….. unit.
2) These are synthetic compounds containing…………….. linkages.
Linkage Preparation :
1) These are formed by the hydrolysis of …………………..
2) (CH3)2 SiCl2.
Uses of Silicones :
1) These are used in ………………… and……………….. plants
2) These are used in preparation of …………………

12.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. Explain the following
a) Wurtz Reaction
b) Decarboxylation
c) Kolbe’s Electrolysis
a) Wurtz reaction : The reaction of alkyl halide with __________ in dry ether to give alkane. (sodium
metal)
dry ether
CH 3Cl  2 Na  CH 3Cl    CH 3  CH 3  2 NaCl
b) Decarboxylation :
1) __________ is a mixture for decarboxylation (sodalime)
CaO
CH 3  CH 2  COONa  NaOH   CH 3  CH 3  Na2CO3
ethane

c) Kolbe’s Electrolysis :
Electrolysis of aqueous solution of __________ gives ethane (sodium (or) potassium acetate).
Electrolysis
2CH 3COOK  2 H 2O   CH 3  CH 3  2CO2  2 KOH  H 2
Anode cathode

2. Name the products A, B and C formed in the following reactions. Give the equation for the
reaction.
Br2 / CCl4 Alc.KOH Br2
Ethylene   A   B C
Br Br
| |
Br2 / CCl4 alc . KOH
H 2C  CH 2   H 2C  CH 2 
2 HBr

Ethylene 1,2 dibromo ethane ( A )

Br Br
| |
2 Br2
HC  CH 
H  C CH .
Ethyne ( B ) | |
Br Br
1,1,2,2Tetrabromo ethane
(C )

3. Complete the following reaction and name the product A, B and C.

H 2O hot metal AlCl3  CH 3Cl
CaC2   A 
tube
 B  C

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4. Which type of compounds react with ozone ? Explain with one example.
Ans. Unsaturated hydrocarbons react with ozone. Ethylene react with ozone to give ………………. which on
hydrolysis in presence of zinc give ..............…..

5. SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF BENZENE :

The reaction in which atom (or) group in a molecule is .............. by another atom (or) group
AlCl3
Ex : 1) C6 H 6  CH 3 I   C6 H 5CH 3  HI
FeCl3
2) C6 H 6  Cl2   C6 H 5Cl  HCl
6. EXAMPLES EACH FOR POSITION AND FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM
Position Isomerism : It arises due to difference in ………… of substituent (or) functional group (or)
multiple bond
Ex 1. : C3 H 7Cl
Cl
|
a) CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  Cl b) CH 3  CH  CH 3
1 Chloro propane 2 chloro propane

Ex. 2 : C3 H 7OH :
OH
|
a) CH 3  CH 2  CH 2  OH b) CH 3  CH  CH 3
1 Pr opanol 2  Pr opanol

FUNCTIONAL GROUP ISOMERISM : It arises due to the difference in the …………………...

Ex 1 : C2 H 6O

a) CH 3  CH 2  OH b) CH 3  O  CH 3
Ethyl alcohol Dimethyl ether

Ex 2 : C3 H6O

O
||
a) CH 3  CH 2  CHO b) CH 3  C  CH 3
Pr opanol 2  Pr opanone

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7. What do you understand about Geometrical Isomerism ? Explain the Geometrical Isomers of 2-
butene ?
Isomers which have same structural formula but differ in the ………………………. of atoms (or) group
around ………………. are called geometrical isomers and the phenomenon is called geometrical
isomerism.
Ex : 2- Butene

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Describe any two methods of preparation of benzene ? Explain the halogenations, alkylation,
acylation, nitration and sulphonation of benzene.
Preparation : When ………...... gas passed through red hot iron tube it gives benzene.
red hot
3C2 H 2 
irontube
..............
2. Distillation of ……………. with ………...... dust gives benzene.
Zn
C6 H 5OH  ......  ZnO
Chemical Properties :
Halogenation
1) Benzene is reacted with halogen in presence of AlCl3 to form ……….......
AlCl3
C6 H 6  Cl2    ......  HCl

2) Alkylation [Friedal Craft Alkylation] : Benzene is reacted with alkyl halide in presence of AlCl3 go
form ……….......
AlCl3
C6 H 6  CH 3Cl   ......  HCl

3) Acylation (Friedal Craft Acylation) : Benzene is reacted with acetyl halide in presence of AlCl3 to
form ……….......
C6 H 6  CH 3COCl AlCl
 3
 ......  HCl
4) Nitration : Benzene is treated with HNO3 and H2SO4 at below 60ºC to give ……….......
H 2 SO4
C6 H 6  HNO3 
 60º C
......  H 2O
5) Sulphonation : Benzene reacts with fuming sulphuric acid to give ……….....................
C6 H 6  H 2 SO4 
......  H 2O
2. Describe any tow methods of ethylene. Give equations for the reactions of ethylene with following
a) O3 b) Bayer’s reagent c) HOCl d) Water e) O2/Ag at 200ºC
Preparation :
1) Ethyl chloride on heating with ………........... gives ………......

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 H H
| |
alc. KOH
H  C  C  Cl  
 ......  HCl
| |
H H
2) Ethanol is treated with ……….......... to give ………......
H H
| |
conc. H 2 SO4
H  C  C  H  

......  H 2O
| |
H OH
Properties :
a) Reaction with O3 (Ozonolysis) : Ethylene react with ozone to form two moles of ……………. in
presence of Zn/H2O.

b) With Bayer’s reagent : Ethylene is treated with dilute alkaline KMnO4 [Baeyer’s reagent] to form
……………..
cold dil alk KMnO4
H 2C  CH 2  .
c) Reaction with HOCl : Ethylene react with HOCl gives …………………….
H 2C  CH 2  HOCl 
 ..................
d) Reaction with H2O (Water) : Ethylene react with water in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid
gives ………………..

H
H 2C  CH 2  H 2O  ..
e) Reaction with O2/Ag at 200ºC : Ethylene react with O2 in presence of Ag to gives ………………...

3. Give two methods of preparation of acetylene how does it react with water and ozone.
Ans. Preparations :
1) On hydrolysis of …………… gives acetylene.
 Ca  OH  2
CaC2  2 H 2O 
2) Haloform reaction : Haloform is treated with …………… to form acetylene.
CHI3  6 Ag  I 3CH 
 6 AgI
Chemical Properties :
Reaction with water : Acetylene is treated with water in presence of 1% HgSO4 and 30% H2SO4 to
form …………….

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 1% HgSO4
HC  CH  H 2O 
30% H 2 SO4
 H 2 C  CHOH 


Reaction with O3 (Ozonolysis) : Acetylene react with O3 in presence of Zn/H2O to form ……………

4. Describe any two methods of preparation of ethane. Give any three reactions of ethane.
Ans. 1. From Chloro ethane : Chloro ethane on reduction with …… and dilute …………….. gives ethane.
C2 H 5Cl  2  H  
Zn  HCl
..............  HCl
2. From Ethylene : Ethylene undergoes addition reaction with hydrogen gas in presence of Pt/Pd/Ni to
give ...............
Pt / Pd / Ni
H 2C  CH 2  H 2   ..............
3. Kolbe’s Electrolysis Method : An aqueous solution of .............. (or) .............. salts of carboxylic acid
on electrolysis gives alkane.
electrolysis
2CH 3COONa  2 H 2 O   ..............  2CO2  H 2  2 NaOH
sodium acetate Cathode

Chemical Properties :
Chlorination : Ethane undergoes chlorination reaction with .............. gas at high temperature (or) in
presence of sunlight.
h
C2 H 6  Cl2  ..............  HCl
Controlled oxidation : Ethane on heating with a controlled supply of oxygen at high pressure in the
presence of suitable catalyst gives ...............
3  CH COO  Mn
2CH 3  CH 3  3O2 
2
 ..................  2 H 2O

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