3.
Code of Conduct- moral teachings and
World Religion
Lesson 1:
 Religion: Cultural systems, belief
systems, and world views that relate
humanity to spirituality and sometimes
to moral values.
-Organized system of beliefs,
ceremonies and rules to worship a god
or gods.
- “religio” overanxious attention to
detail (word)
- “religare” to tie together (verb)
 World Views: Collection of beliefs
about life.
 Kinds of belief systems:
1. Monotheistic- One God viewed as a
creative source of humans.
2. Polytheistic- Many supreme gods:
Multitude of personal gods
3. Agnostics- Deny the possibility of the
existence of God.
4. Monism- No genuine distinction
between God and the universe.
5. Atheist- Deny the existence of God.
 Nature of RELIGION
1. Edward Burrett Tylor- English
anthropologist: SPIRITUAL BEINGS
2. James George Frazer- Scottish:
PROPITIATION OF POWER:
NATURE AND HUMAN LIFE
3. Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski- Polish
anthropologist: PURPOSE
4. David Emile Durkheim- French (Father
of sociology): UNIFIED SYSTEM OF
BELIEFS (SACRED THINGS)
 Common characteristics of religion
1. Belief in Deity- atheist believe no deity
exist: theist believe in deity: agnostics
believe it can’t be proved.
2. Doctrine of Salvation- people are in
some danger from which they must be
saved from: Highest goal of faithfulness.
values: How to act toward the deity and
each other.
4. Religious Rituals- acts and ceremonies:
service: most common is prayer &
meditation: Pilgrimages(shrine like): can
be events
 4C’s
1. Cult
2. Creed
3. Code
4. Community
 Theories of origins of religion
1. Animistic theories
 Edward Burnett Tylor: anima (dreams)
(spirits)
 Robert Henry Codrington: cognizance
of man (nature)
2. Nature worship theory
 Forces of nature
 Created myths about the moon and the
tides, seasons.
3. Theory of original monotheism
 Wilhelm Schmidt: one god, and then
went away
4. Magic Theory
 James George Frazer: 3 phases in the
spirit world (primitive, magic, science)
5. Wish Fulfillment Theory
 Ludwig Andreas Von Feuerbach: wishes
on gods
 Karl Heinrich Marx: control the masses
 Sigmund Freud: fathers=god
 Exploring Spirituality
 Spiritual: relating or affecting human
spirits opposed to material things
 “spiritus”- “spirare” TO BREATHE
 Having an invisible soul in a physical
body
 Elements
1. Religion- beliefs, attitudes, and
practices concerning supernatural
power. Pursuit of transformation
guided by sacred belief system.
 2. Spirituality- integrative veins of life
while affecting the human soul.
3. Theology- Study of nature and
purpose of god that may be
undertaken using a particular
perspective
4. Philosophy of religion- deals w/
issues like the analysis on the
existence of a diving being on
sacred texts (bible)
Lesson 2
A. Historical Background
 Prehistoric humans- Neanderthals,
Zoroastrianism
 Patriarch Abraham- known in JCI
 Commonalities in Abrahamic Religions:
a. One supreme being
b. Prophets and apostles
- Judaism: 48 prophets, 7
prophetesses
- Christianism: 12 apostles
c. Divine revelation associated
among their progenitors.
 Indian Mosaic
a. Hinduism- Museum of religions|
innumerable gods and goddesses| no
specific founder and sacred book.
b. Buddhism- Siddhartha Gautama|
Mahayana, Theravada, Vaj Rayana|
Nirvana(heaven)| Reincarnation daw
xd
c. Confucianism- Good governance|
Confucius|Meritocracy(power->
philosophers)
d. Doaism- Laozi|may have written
Dao De Jing| PATH|the way the
universe works|
e. Shintosim- Japan| Patriotism|
Amaterasu = sun goddess|words
“shen” & “tao”= way of the gods|
B. Geography of Faith
1. The western Frontier
- Arabian peninsula: largest
peninsula (Islamic)
 Sacred Mountains (n other stuff)
a. Mount Ararat- Noahs ark
b. Mount Sinai- 10 commandments
c. Mount Zion/Moriah- city of David|
sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham| Temple
Mount
d. Mount Tabor- Transfiguration of Christ
e. Yam suph red sea- escape from
Egyptian lands
2. Indian Subcontinent
- sun| surya
- fire| agni
- water| varuna
a. Ganges- holiest River for hindus
b. Samath- deer Park
c. Dhamek Stupa- shrine to hindus
d. Chaukhandi stupa- monument
3. Eastern End
- Dominance of china
- Huang He and Yang Taze
(great bodies of water)
- When shamanism declined
- 479 BCE death of
Confucius
- Filial piety: devotion to
family
- Zen
C. Cultural Milieu
 Monotheism and universality
- One god (unitarian creed)
J,I
- One god in three persons
(trinitarian creed) C
 Dharma
- Religions in india
(Hinduism, Buddhism,
Jainism, sikhism)
- Teachings of buddha (?)
- Cosmic law and order
 On nature and ancestors
- Confucius philosophy and
belief
- Social relationships
1. Ruler and subjects
2. Father and son
3. Husband and wife
 4. Older and younger bros
5. Friends and members of
community

PR1
Lesson 1
 Research
- Systematic investigation
Lesson 3 and study of sources in
 Positive fx of religion order to establish facts and
1. Social Harmony reach new conclusions
- Collection, presentation,
2. Moral Values
3. Social Change analysis, and interpretation
of facts
4. Explain the Unknown
5. Positive Goals - Must be based on
knowledge
6. Sense of Belongingness
- Process of inquiring
 Negatvive fx
 Nature of inquiry (Lichman 2013)
1. Social Hierarchy
2. Discrimination - “ a seeking for truth,
information, or knowledge”
3. Conflict and fights
4. Controlling the masses (karl marx) - It is a problem solving
technique
5. Impedes scientific success
6. Obstructs the use of reason - Is synonymous with the
word investigation
 Self immolation  Investigation and immersion
- Deeper meaning compared
- Killing of one self
- Setting oneself on fire to inqury (investigation)
- Where the research deeply
- Buddhist monk in Vietnam
involves themselves in the
 Widow burning
data gathering activities and
- Hindus in india
the data he has gathered
- Sati
- Combining INQUIRY,
- When Rajput women burnt
INVESTIGATION, AND
themselves to death after
IMMERSION, the concept
their men were defeated in
of research comes.
battles to avoid being taken
 Bobbie (2005) Main purpose of
by the conquerors
research:
 The inquisition
a. Explore
- Roman Catholic Church
- Familiarizing w a topic
- Subduing heresy
- Satisfies curiosity
 Strappado
- Development
- Hands were bound behind
b. Describe
the back with a rope,
- Describe situations and
dislocate the joins painfully
events thru scientific
observation
 c. Explain - Competence: of yourself
- Answering questions what, and as a whole
when, where, how - Legality: obey all relevant
- Explanatory explains why laws and policies
 Importance in daily life - Human subjects protection:
1. To direct us to inquire about the right respect human dignity and
information take precautions
2. Empowers us with knowledge and  Characteristics of Research
discover new things 1. Empirical- based on observations and
3. Facilitates learning as an opportunity to experiments of theories
share valuable info 2. Systematic- follows orderly and
 Process of research sequential procedures
1. Identifying the problem 3. Controlled- tested/experimented
2. Reviewing of literature variables and are kept constant
3. Setting research questions, objectives, 4. Employs hypotheses- search for facts
and hypotheses answers to questions and solutions to
4. Choosing study design problems
5. Deciding on sample design 5. Analytical- show analytical procedures
6. Collecting data in gathering the data
7. Processing and analyzing data 6. Objective- unbiased and logical
8. Writing the report 7. Original Work- requires its own
examination and procedures the data
Lesson 2 needed to complete the study
 Ethics of research
- Honesty: all forms Lesson 3
- Objectivity: avoid bias  Research Topic
- Integrity: maintain - Subject or issue that a
consistency research is interested in
- Carefulness: avoid errors when conducting a research
- Openness: open to criticism - The starting point of every
- Transparency: disclose all successful research project
the necessary information - Explore, define and refine
needed to evaluate your their ideas
research  Research title
- Accountability: be - Summarized the main ideas
responsible for concerns of your study
- Intellectual property: avoid - Fewest oissuvke wirds that
plagiarism adequately describe the
- Confidentiality: protect contents and/or purpose of
confidential information your paper
- Responsible monitoring: - According to Creswell
promote their welfare (2014, 26) a major road sign
- Respect for colleagues: treat a. Should predict the
everyone fairly content of research
- Social responsibility: aim to b. Should be interesting
promote social good for the reader
- Non discrimination: avoid
 c. Should reflect the tone
of writing
d. Should contain
important keywords
 Research Problem
- A statement about an area
of concern,m a condition to
be improved, a difficulty to
be eliminated etc.
- To introduce the reader the
importance of the topic
being studied
- To place the problem into a
particular context
- Provides framerwork for the
reporting of the result
- 4 types of research problem
a. relational (between two
or more variables)
b. casuist (determining
whats wrong and right)
c. descriptive (“what is”
kind of issue)
d. difference (distinction
of two or more groups,
compare and contrast)
- should be SMART
- specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic, timely
 Research question
- The question a study or
research project aims to
answer. Addresses an issue
of a problem, through which
analysis and interpretation
of data is answered in the
study’s conclusion
- It is written so that it
outlines various aspects of
the study
- (cress well 2014) narrow
down a broad topic of
interest to a specific area of
study.
- (doody and bailey 2016)
types of quantitative
research questions
a. Descriptive- aims to
measure responses.
Begin with “WHAT”
b. Comparative- discover
differences between two
or more groups.
c. Relationship- explore
and define trends and
interactions between
two of more variables.
- Qualitative research
questions may concern
broad areas of research or
more specific areas of
study.
Lesson 4
 Quantitative research
- Scientifically collected and
statistically analyzed data to
investigate observable
phenomena
- A phenomenon is any
existing or observable fact
or situation that we want to
unearth further or
understand
- Once data is collected it will
undergo statistical analysis
- Numerical data are easier to
collect
- Characteristics:
a. Large sample size
b. Objectivity
c. Concise visual
presentation
d. Faster data analysis
e. Generalized data
f. Fast and easy data
collection
g. Reliable data
h. High replicability
- Advantages
a. Very objective
b. Numerical and
quatifiable
 c. Findings are not negative, no values
generalized tot the between fixed points
population - Continuous variables: take
d. There is conclusive fractional values, can either
establishment of cause be positive or negative,
and effect height temperature|
e. Fast and easy data Intervals: numbers are
analysis using stats arbitrary| ratio: true zero
f. Fast and easy data value|
gathering  Qualitative variables
g. Can be replicated or - Dichotomous variables:
repeated only two distinct categories
h. Validity and reliability or values
can be established - Nominal variable: defines
 Types of quantitative research groups of subjects.
- Descriptive: describe| only - Ordinal variable: ranked in
to describe the person or certain order
object of the study
- Correlational: relationship
between variables
- Ex post facto design: used
to investigate possible
relationship between
previous events and present
conditions
- Quasi-experimental: cause
and effect relationship of
variables| lesser validity
than experimental
 Difference kinds of variables and their
uses
- A variable us sine feature
with the potential to change,
typically on that may
influence or reflect a
relationship or outcome
- Are any characteristics that
can take on different values,
such as height, age,
temperature, or test scores
a. dependent variables
- the effect
b. independent variables
- the cause
 Quantitative variables
- Discrete variables: are
countable whole numbers,