Test of Independence 3.

Place the expected values in the

corresponding cells along with the observed
 The goal is to find whether two observed
values.
characteristics of a member of a population
are independent. The general formula for obtaining the expected
frequency of any cell is given by:
 Contingency Table.

o a table for determining whether the

distribution according to one variable
is contingent on the distribution of
EXAMPLE:
the other.
A study us being conducted to determine whether
o is made up of R rows and C columns. -
there is a relationship between jigging and blood
is designated as an R x C table
pressure. A random sample of 210 subjects is
 Suppose we pick a sample size n and classify selected, and they are classified as shown in the table.
the data in a two-way table on the basis of the Use a=0.05.
two variables.

SOLUTION:

Step 1:
 The chi-square independence test can also be Ho: The blood pressure of a person does not depend
used to test the independence of two on whether he jogs or not.
variables. Ha: The blood pressure of a person depends on
whether he jogs or not.
 The hypothesis are stated as follows:

o Ho: The first variable is independent of Step 2:

the second variable. Determine the critical value.
V = (R-1) (C-1)
o H1: The first variable is dependent of = (2-1)(3-1)
the second variable. = (1) (2)
 The degrees of freedom for any contingency V=2
table are (no. of rows-1) x (no. of columns-1)
or v= (R-1) (C-1) C.V = 5.991

 If x²>x¸² with v-(r-1)(c-1) degrees of freedom, Step 3:

reject the null hypothesis of independence at
the level of significance; otherwise, accept the
null hypothesis.
 Computation of Expected
Frequencies
Decision rule: REJECT Ho if x2 > 5.991
Step 4:
Compute the test statistics, First compute the
Expected values

1. Find the sum of each row and each column,

and find the grand total.

2. For each cell, multiply the corresponding row

sum by the column sum and divide by the
grand total, to get the expected value.
The expected frequency for each cell is recorded in
parentheses beside the actual observed value. Not
that the expected frequencies in any row or column
add up to the appropriate marginal total. In our
example, we may compute only the three expected
frequencies in the top row of the table and then find
the others by subtraction.

Tabulate the summary of the results:

Step 5: Make the decision

Since 6.79 > 5.991, Reject Ho. hence, the blood

pressure of a person depends on whether he jogs or
not.