BUXI JAGABANDHU ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOOL – II

SATYABHAMAPUR

PHYSICS PROJET ON:

“STEP – DOWN TRANSFORMER”

ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION 2023-2024

NAME: SUBHASOURAV TRIPATHY

CLASS: XII ‘A’
ROLL NO. :
UNDER GUIDANCE OF:

MRS. PRAJNA LIPSA MOHARANA

SESSION – 2023-2024

Page | 1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:-

I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt gratitude to my

physics teacher “ Mrs. Prajna lipsa moharana ” who has helped me
in this Endeavour and has always been very cooperative and
without his help , cooperative , guidance and encouragement the
project could not have been what it evolved to be .
I would like to extend my gratitude to the principle
ma’am “_______________________________” for providing me
with all the facilities that were required.
Last but not the least; I am also thankful to my
parents and my friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the stipulated time.

NAME: SUBHASOURAV TRIPATHY

CLASS: XII ‘A’
ROLL NO. :

Page | 2
 DECLARATION:-

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “STEP – DOWN

TRANSFORMER SUBMITTED” to the department of the physics, B.J.E.M
School-II SATYABHAMAPUR under the guidance of “MRS. Prajna lipsa
moharana” All the coding is result of my personal efforts.

NAME: SUBHASOURAV TRIPATHY

CLASS: XII ‘A’
ROLL NO. :
B.J.E.M SCHOOL-II
SATYABHAMAPUR

Page | 3
 BONAFIED CERTIFICATE:-

This is to certify that Subhasourav Tripathy of class – XII’A’ has successfully

prepared the project on “STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER” of A.I.S.S.C.E under
my guidance in physics department of BUXI JAGABANDHU ENGLISH
MEDIUM SCHOOL – II , SATYABHAMAPUR for academic session 2023-2024,

Signature Signature

(External Examiner) (Physics Teacher)

Page | 4
 INDEX:-
SL NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 6-7

2. OBJECTIVE 8

3. CONSTRUCTION 9

4. PRINCIPLE 10

5. THEORY 11-13

6. EFFICIENCY 14

7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 15

8. ENERGY LOSSES IN 16
TRANSFORMER

9. USES OF TRANSFORMER 17

10. APPLICTION 18-19

11. PRECATION 20

12. CONCLUSION 21

13. BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

INTRODUCTION:-
Page | 5
 TRANSFORMER –
 The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage.

 A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is called a

“Step-up transformer.’

 A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is called a

“Step-down transformer”

STEP – DOWN TRANSFORMER –

Page | 6
 A transformer designed to reduce the voltage from primary
to secondary is called a step-down transformer. The
transformation ratio of a transformer will be equal to the
square root of its primary to secondary inductance (L) ratio.

 Why step-down transformer used in home?

 Ans. Step-down transformer used in home because, When

the voltage reaches the local power stations, step-down
transformers are used to reduce the voltage to safe levels.
The electricity is then provided to industrial, residential,
and commercial areas. Step up/ down transformers are
essential in the creation and maintenance of voltages to
provide electricity.

 For example: Power transmission lines, welding machines,

and inverters all employ step-down transformers. Voltage
stabilizers and inverters are examples of step down
transformers.

OBJECTIVE:-
Page | 7
To prepare project on “STEP – DOWN TRANSFORMER”

CONSTRUCTION:-
Page | 8
 The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with
each other by insulated material and wound on a common core. For
operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulated them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is
called primary and the output circuit is called secondary.

For the simple construction of a transformer we must need two

coils having mutual inductance and a laminated steel core. The device will
also need some suitable container for the assembled core and windings, a
medium with which the core and its winding from its container can be
insulated.

In order to insulate and to bring out the terminals of the

windings from the tank, apt bushing that are made from either porcelain or
capacitors type they must be used.

In all transformers that are used commercially, the core is

made out of transformer sheet steel lamination assembled to provide a
continuous magnetic path with minimum of air gap included. The steels
should be made of high silicon content and must also be heat treated by
effectively laminating the core plate varnish or lay an oxide layer on the
surface. For frequency of 50hertz, the thickness of the lamination varies
from 0.35mm to 0.5mm for frequency of 25hertz.

PRINCIPLE:-
Page | 9
 Transformer work on the principle of “Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction”. Mutual induction between the windings is
responsible for transmission action in a transformer.

Faraday’s law states that “when the magnetic flux linking a circuit
changes, an electromotive force is induced in the circuit proportional to the
rate of change of the flux linkage”.

The e.m.f (Electro Motive Force) induced between the two windings
is determined by the number of turns in primary and secondary winding
respectively. This ratio is called as Turns Ratio.

The voltage reduction capability of step down transformers

depends on the turn ratio of the primary and secondary coil. As the number
of windings in secondary coil is less as compared to the number of windings
in primary coil, so the amount of flux linkage to the secondary coil of the
transformer will also be less compared to the primary coil.

Accordingly, the e.m.f induced will be less in the secondary coil. Due
to this, the voltage reduces at the secondary winding compared to primary
winding.

THEORY:-
Page | 10
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P 1P2, an
alternating current starts flowing in it. The alternating current in the
primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces alternating
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary coil. In a good
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary coil is also
linked with the secondary coil, then the induced e.m.f. induced in each
turn of the secondary coil is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary coil and the secondary coil and Np and Ns are the
number of turns of the primary and secondary coils of the transformer
and

dфь / dt=rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil

At this instant, we have

Ep =-Npdфь/dt----------------------------------------------------------------------- (i)

Es =-Nsdфь/dt------------------------------------------------------------------------ (ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (ii) by (i),

We get

Page | 11
 Es / Ep = - Ns/ Np…………………………………………… (iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the primary coil

P1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E

– Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. Further if

Rpis the resistance of P1P2coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the

primary coil is given by

Ip = (E–Ep)/Rp

(E–Ep) = I p Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ipcan be neglected so

therefore

E–Ep =0orEp= E Thus back

e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Page | 12
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step down transformer:-

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant and

Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip

And Output power at the same instant = EsIs

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = Output power
EpIp = EsIs

Es/Ep = Ip/ Is = K

EFFICIENCY:-
Page | 13
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the

input power. i.e.

η = output power /input power = Es Is / EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in

actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Page | 14
ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER:-

Page | 15
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss - is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of
a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss - is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss - is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation - i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

Page | 16
 USES OF TRANSFORMER:-

A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:-

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.
2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

4. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

Page | 17
 APPLICATION:-

A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before

transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires. Wires
have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to
the square of the current through the wire. By transforming electrical
power to a high-voltage (and there for low- current) form for transmission
and back again afterward, transformers enable economical transmission
of power over long distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the
electrical supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely
from points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s electrical
power has passed through a series of transforms by the time it reaches
the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to step down

the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they
contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user from contact
with the supply voltage.

Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer

hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit weighing hundreds of tons
used in power stations, or to interconnect portions of power grids. All
operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is
Page | 18
wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers
in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all
electronic devices designed for household (“mains”) voltage. Transformer
is essential for high-voltage electrical power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformer are used to couple stages of amplifier and to
match devices such as microphones and record players to the input of the
amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone circuit to carry on a two-
way conservation over a single pair of wires.

PRECATION:-
Page | 19
1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2 R, where I is strength
of current and R is the resistance of wires. To reduce the power loss,
a.c. is transmitted over long distance at extremely high voltages. This

reduces I in the same ratio. Therefore, I2R becomes negligibly low.

2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must be high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of energy

due to eddy currents.

5. Safety from high voltage is maintained.

CONCLUSION:-
Page | 20
A transformer consists of two coils: a primary winding and a secondary
winding.

1. An AC voltage is put across the primary winding, including a

voltage in secondary winding.

2. Transformer allows an AC signal to be transferred from one circuit

to another.

3. Transformer allows stepping up, stepping down, or praising the

signal unchanged.

4. Transformer are designed to operate at certain frequencies.

5. The turn’s ratio determines whether a transformer is used to step

down, or pass voltage unchanged.

6. The ratio of secondary to primary voltage is equal to the

secondary to primary turns.

7. A transformer that produces a secondary voltage greater primary

voltage is a step-up transformer.

8. The turn’s ratio of a step-up transformer is always greater than 1.

9. A transformer that produces a secondary voltage less than its

primary voltage is called step-down transformer.

10. The turn’s ratio of a step-down transformer is always less than 1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
Page | 21
1. Physics textbook for class XII, 1st Edition NCERT (2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition, Bharti

Bhawan (1993).
3. Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl
walker, 7th Edition, Wiley-India (2004)
4. Practical physics for class XII, J.S.JaiswalandDr.Rajendra Singh, 3rd
Edition, Laxmi Publications (2009).

Page | 22