DC GENERA

Roof top rain water harvesting system

BIET/2019 Page I
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TRANSFORMER

Submitted in

B.E. IN ELECTRICAL ENGINRRING

Submitted by

KANET ASHISH H. (191093109011)

Guided by

Mr.HIMESH NANDA

Lecturer

DEPARTMENT OF ELECRICAL
ENGINRRING BALAJI INSTITUTE OF
ENGINRRING & TECHNOLOGY,
JUNAGADH, GUJRAT, INDIA

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CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report entitled “ TRANSFORMER ” which is being

submitted by Mr. KANET ASHISH H. Enrollment No 191093109011, student of BALAJI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE (109) in partial fulfillment for the award of B.E. ELECTRICAL
ENGINERING during the year 2021 is record of students own work carried out under my/our
guidance. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the Report and one copy of it being deposited in the polytechnic library.

The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Project work prescribed for the said diploma.

It is further understood that by this certificate the undersigned do not endorse or

approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in but
approve the project only for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Guide Head of Department

Mr. Himesh Nanda Mr. Dharmesh Savsani

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CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I am KANET ASHISH H. a student of B.E. in Electrical Department of

hereby declare that I own full responsibility for the information, results and
conclusions provided in this project work titled “TRANSFORMER” submitted to
Gujarat Technological University for the award of B.E. in Electrical
ENGINEERING. To the best of my knowledge, this project work has not been
submitted in part or full elsewhere in any other institution/organization for the award
of any certificate/diploma/degree. I have completely taken care in acknowledging the
contribution of others in this academic work. I further declare that in case of any
violation of intellectual property rights and particulars declared, found at any stage, I,
as the candidate will be solely responsible for the same.

Date: -
Signature of candidate

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INDEX
Sr. No. Title page no.
1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 PRINCIPAL 2

3 CONSTRUCTION 3

4 THEORY & WORKING 4

5 EFFICIENCY 7

6 ENERGY LOSSES 8

7 USE OF TRANSFORMERS 9

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1.INTRODUCTION

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies
have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for highvoltage electric power transmission, which
makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits

(Close-up of single-phase pole mount transformer).

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2.PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit then
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce
varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

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3.CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core,
but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from
the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus
there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is
insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of
the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

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4.THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if E p and Es be
the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary and N p and Ns are
the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and, Dфь / d t = rate of change of
flux in each turn of the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np Dфь/dt (1)

Es = -Ns Dфь/dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p 1, so the

instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p ) in the

instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the resistance o, p1p2

coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by

I =E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = I p R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np

=K

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Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t And I s =value of sec. current at this

instant, then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the same instant

= Es I s

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power or

Ep Ip = Es Is Or

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we
gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.

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BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

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5. EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power
i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual

practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less
than one.

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6. ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained
below.

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils

is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil
is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy

currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small.
And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess

resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the
resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes

the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced.
It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming.

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7.USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations

In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.

In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON

advertisement. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of

a.c. over long distances.

Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc.

A Big Transformer

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