AGR122

LAB REPORT 4
MORPHOLOGY OF SEED AND SEED
GERMINATION OF MONOCOT AND DICOT
PLANT.

Prepared by
Name Student ID
SITI NUR ATHIRAH BINTI HALIM 2021833554

Prepared for
DR NAZATUL ASIKIN BT MUDA
 Date of submission

Introduction:
In regards of a species' survival, the seed is a crucial stage in the higher plant life cycle. It is
the plant's dispersal unit that can survive the period between seed maturation and the
emergence of the following generation as a seedling after it has germinated. The seed,
which is mostly dry, is well adapted to withstand extended durations of unfavourable
conditions for this survival. The seed goes dormant in order to optimize germination over
time.
Seeds originate from ovules in the ovary and consist of an embryo and a reserve food supply
encased in a protective coating called the seed coat when they reach maturity. Flowering
plants have a diverse variety of seeds, however unlike fruits, which have many varieties,
seeds have a limited number of structural plans. When germination occurs, the reserve food
can be stored in or out of the embryo, and the cotyledon (seed leaves) either remain below
ground or be elevated above the surface. Seeds from dicots and monocots are not the
same. In the plant embryo, a dicot contains two seed leaves, whereas a monocot has only
one seed leaf.
A plant embryo's growth process begins with germination. In order for germination to take
place, a number of internal and external elements must be in place. Under the ideal
environmental conditions, a dormant seed begins to sprout and grow into a seedling, which
is known as germination. Several research have been conducted to better understand how
various environmental conditions and applied chemicals affect germination .

Objectives:
1. To observed and identify the monocot and dicot seed
2. To explain the germination types of seed growth

Experiment 1: Monocot vs dicot seed (video A, B, C, D )

Dicot seeds is the seeds those can be split into two equals half and have two cotyledon in
them. Example of dicot seed is walnut, ground nut and almond.

Monocotyledon seeds is those seed that cant split into two equals half and do not have two
cotyledon. Example of monocotyledon seed is rice, wheat, til seeds, and pear millet.
Embryo of dicot seed

A seed is a small embryonic plant structure which is capable of growing into a new plant. 
A typical seed has a three basic parts, which an embryo, storage of nutrients for the embryo,
and a seed coat.

All seeds are different in size, shape, and color. 

Under proper condition for germination, the embryo develops into a mature plant. It is
nourished by the food reserves in the storage structures called cotyledons.
The embryo has one cotyledon in monocotyledons and two cotyledons in almost all
dicotyledons. 

Materials required:
watch glass containing seeds of bean, gram, and peas, forceps, needle, three small beakers
containing distilled water and a dissecting microscope.
Procedure:
1. Put the seeds (pea, gram, and bean) into three different beakers containing distilled
water.
2. Soak the seeds overnight. The seeds imbibe water thought the micropyle when
soaked in in water.
3. Take one seed from each beaker and put it into a watch glass using forceps. 

We can see that the bean has a kidney shape; a gram and pea are round in shape. On each
seed we can easily identify a scar called hilum. The seed is attached to the inner margin of
the fruit by means of the hilum.

Taking a look at each seed carefully. We can observe a micropyle on the seeds of bean,
gram and pea. Water is absorbed via the micropyle during the germination of seed.
 4. Carefully remove seed coats of each seed, using forceps and a needle. 
5. Place seed onto the stage of dissection microscope using forceps.
6. Separate the two cotyledons of each seed using forceps and a needle to locate the
embryo between them.
7. Examine each part of the embryo of the seed through the lens of the dissection
microscope.

An embryo consists of an embryonal axis to which two thick fleshy cotyledons are attached.
The cotyledons are food storage organs.

On end of the embryonic axis line enclosed between the two cotyledons, and is called
plumule.
It develops into the shoot. The other end of the embryonic axis protrudes outside the
cotyledons, and is called radicle. This develops into the root. 

Since two cotyledons are seen in bean, gram and pea seeds, they are dicot seeds.

Precautions
Seeds should be soaked overnight in distilled water.
Be careful that the seed is not damaged when removing the seed coat.
Experiment 2 : Seeds germination (video F)

What is germination?
Germination is the growth of a seed into a young plant. A seed needs water, right
temperature, and oxygen in order to germinate.

Uptake of water
 Seeds are normally desiccated
 Desiccation allows seed to remain domant
 Water uptake starts process of germination

Temperature requirement
 Some seed require a minimum temperature to germinate, e.g. tomato will not
germinate below 10 ̊C

For this experiment, we need corn seeds and bean seeds.

Procedure
1. Soak the seeds in water overnight.
2. On the next day, prepare cups and cottons.
3. Plant the seeds.
4. Sprinkle some water.
5. Place them outside and observe for five days.

Result

Day-2
Tiny wood emerges out of the seed

Day-3
The roots keep growing downward in search of water 
For the corn plant, the spike or the caulioptil emerges from the seed kernel
For the bean plant, the hypocotyl emerges and the seed coat breaks completely 

Day-4
The cotyledon breaks apart and reveal the first two leaves 
For the corn seedling the young shoot grows upward 
Day-5
The two cotyledons get smaller and the plant stem grows upward 
First leaf appears in the corn seed 

Water it 2-3 times a day

It is recommended to use transparent cups to get clear hasil when observing the
germination process.