3.

0 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESIS

Theoretical framework is the ‘blueprint’ or guide for research (Grant & Osanloo,
2014). It is a framework based on an existing theory in a field of inquiry that is related or
reflects the hypothesis of a study and discusses the interrelationships among the variables that
are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated. From the
theoretical framework, then, testable hypotheses can be developed to examine whether the
theory formulated is valid or not. The hypothesized relationships can thereafter be tested
through appropriate statistical analysis. According to the literature on the previous section,
this study proposes a theoretical framework as illustrated in figure 1-1 below:

DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
VARIABLE

Stress/pressure
Digital literacy
and technical
issues

Anxiety
Changes in Non-conductive
education system learning
during covid-19 environment
can affect mental Insomnia
health issues
among the Financial
students Problem
Fear

Lack of
motivation
Depression

Abundant
Distractions, Lack
of Discipline Panic attacks

Figure 1-1: Theoretical Framework

 Based on the figure above, the paradigm illustrates the theoretical framework of how
the changes in education system during covid-19 can affect the mental health issues. There
are two variables used to conduct this study which are independent variable and also
dependent variable. As for the independent variable for this dissertation, the implementation
of changes in education systems consists of digital literacy and technical issues, non-
conductive learning environment, financial problem and many more. On the other hand,
dependent variable is more concerned with mental health issues which occurred in terms of
social issues such as anxiety, insomnia, depression, panic attacks and in particular.

Referring back to articles written by (Md. Golam Ramij et al,2020), he stated that
most students may feel burdened to study in new norms when it has been conducted through
online learning. This is because most students are scrambling to adapt with new learning
system. In addition, not all students are from wealth family since they come from different
backgrounds where some of them may experiencing financial difficulties to own gadgets,
facing internet network problems in the surrounding area and so on. According to that
statement, our study aims to prove the accuracy regarding the implementation of changes in
education systems during covid-19 can influence to the mental health issues among the
students. This is due the fact that the spread of this epidemic has brought many changes in the
lives of some people especially when it can lead to the mental health problems. Therefore, the
research paper we are doing is to achieve the objectives of this study. However, based on the
research problems, there are question arises in which, “does online learning affect student’s
mental health and what are the challenges that students may face when studying online?

To further strengthen the study that we have conducted, we can refer back to the
article written by (Octaberlina et al, 2020) emphasizes that many students experience barriers
during online learning. This is due to they have been educated with physical learning since
childhood as well as it can bring an affect to their physicality. The most notable example is
that it can damage the eyes because they are exposed to excess light through the use of
gadgets. In addition, there is also study conducted by (Munirah Salleh et al,2021) stated that
students will feel burdened when they are unable to attend and stay focus throughout the
online classes due to the poor internet connections in their surroundings.
3.1 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The main function of the conceptual framework is to lead to hypotheses relevant to

the research problem. Hypotheses result from the reasoning done in the conceptual
framework. The following are the hypotheses that can be concluded based on the results of
this study:

H1: The numerous of the tasks given, the more pressure on students to complete the

assignments.

H2: The higher the frequency of viewing gadgets, the higher students tend to sleep less

(insomnia).

H3: The more conducive learning environment, the higher enthusiasm for students to learn.

H4: The higher facilities provided to students, the easier for them to gain knowledge

effectively.

H5: The worse level of the internet speed, the higher for students to lose focus during online

classes

H6: