‘’Causes and Effects of Absenteeism in Academic Performances Among ICI

Students Particularly in Grade-12 S.Y. 2019-2020’’

A Research Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of

Iligan Computer Institute

In partial fulfilment of the Requirement for the subject

Practical Research II

Senior High School Department

Technical Vocational Track

Emee Jean Jickan

Bea Buendia
CristyMae Jorquia
Clint Sumile
 Chapter I

Introduction

One of the significant steps to success and aspirations in life is education.

Being and becoming educated is important to people nowadays. In order to think
critically in every situation a person is in. A person is able perceive accurately and act
effectively to achieve self-selected goals and dreams.
Students are the hope of a nation. The most anticipated issue related with
academic is absenteeism. The current generation is blinded by the continuous rise of
trends which is most likely influenced by peers. The word absenteeism means the
absence of the student from class when he is scheduled to be present at school. Thus,
absence may authorized or unauthorized, wilful or caused by circumstances is beyond
the teacher’s control. The student is left behind on the discussions taught on the day
he is absent. Student absenteeism is define by Teasley (2004) as a period of time when
a student does not attend school, has become a major continuous problems among
high schools.
Absenteeism is a habitual pattern of absence from a duty or obligation without
good reason. Generally, absenteeism is unplanned absences. Absenteeism has been
viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance, as well as a breach of an
implicit contract between teacher and student. It is seen as an academic problem, and
framed in economic or quasi-economic terms. More recent scholarship seeks to
understand absenteeism as an indicator of psychological, medical, or social
adjustment to work.
Research evidence suggests that early interventions are six times more likely
to be successful than those after students' non-attendance has reached the persistent
stage .Equally, there is normally one initial reason, referred to as "the trigger point",
for the students' non-attendance. By the time students' absences have reached the
persistent stage, there are at least several more reasons used to justify the action.
There are positive and negative reinforcements regarding student absenteeism.
A positive reinforcement meaning that the student will receive either more attention
from their parent or guardian, or receive tangible benefits from not going to school. A
negative reinforcement meaning that the student is avoiding school.
In Iligan Computer Institute, there is a reported increase in the number of
absences among grade 12 students s.y. 2019-2020. According to Teasly (2004), there
are numerous factors that contribute to student absenteeism. This includes family
problems, low income, poor school climate, illegal drugs, and sociological factors.
Also includes bullying, which has many branches such as physical attack, mental and
cyber. This factors indeed lead the students to academic failure. Therefore, the
researchers had come up to an idea on how important to study the causes of
absenteeism. This give the researches the aspirations in which they seek to find an
answer to the said problem, to prevent the effects of absenteeism.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study was conducted to investigate the causes and effects of absenteeism in
academic performances among ICI students particularly in Grade – 12 S.Y. 2019-
2020.
Specifically, It seek to answer the following questions :
1.1 What are the possible reasons of the students who commits absences rather
than being present in the school?
1.2 What is the academic performance of the student in terms of the average grade
and the attendance?
1.3 What is academic performance?
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Output
Process
Input Factors that causes
Analysis of data absenteeism issues and its
Academics gathered through effects on grade 12 students
Grades providing in Iligan Computer Institute.
Reasons questionnaires.

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the ‘’Causes and Effects of Absenteeism Issues

towards ICI Grade 11 Students S.Y. 2019-2020’’

First, the researchers will cope information by knowing the respondents profile in terms of
their academic and grades. Second, the researchers will provide questionnaires enable for the
researchers to gather data. And the output is, to know the factors that causes and effects of
absenteeism.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored on the Educational Theory and Practice: Student
Absenteeism
byLauren Hynicka (2009)
According to the theory of Educational Theory and Practice: Student
Absenteeism stated by Lauren Hynicka (2009) that it has a two major consequences
of student absenteeism and also the study consisted of a two step process - the first
step was to develop a survey instrument. All students were invited to participate in a
discussion on student absenteeism. They were asked to identify reasons to attend and
not to attend classes.
The theory is used in the study because it is so much related to our topic. It
tackles about the causes and effects of the students absences.
This study is anchored on the Theory of Absence: Student Absenteeism
byPatrick Fuery (1995)
According to the Theory of Absence: Student Absenteeismby Patrick Fuery
(1995) an absence can be explained by the parents but not justified by the education
authority when the reason is an abusive one which shows a will of not taking part in
the planned activities.

The theory of absence was used because it has a point of being absent in
school as what as said it’s not justified by the education authority when the reason is
an abusive.

This study is anchored on the Theory of Lack of motivation. By De Leonibus (1978)

suggest that student absenteeism and lack of motivation are intertwined.

Educators have begun to investigate the theories of motivation in order to apply

them to create policies in an attempt to reduce the problem of student absenteeism (De
Leonibus, 1978). Motivation is usually considered as being related to human needs, which in
turn motivates behavior.

The Theory of Lack of motivation was used because it has a point of being
absent and lazy in school. As what as the theory of lack of motivation has been said.
SCOPES AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study focused on Causes and Effects of Absenteeism among ICI students
in Academic Performances particularly in Grade 12 school year 2019-2020.
In this study the variables used are the input and output process. The
respondents will answer a limited questionnaire which is carefully prepared by the
researchers. A total of 15-20 respondents will answer the questionnaire.
This study is limited only to the grade 12 students of Iligan Computer Institute
course HRM block 2. This study only focuses on the factors of absenteeism including
the respondent’s profile and other circumstances

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following will benefit the study:
Students they will be benefited by the study for they will now know the effects
of absenteeism to their academic status. Future generationwill be the most benefited.
They will be enlightened on how important education really is. Parents they will know
how to deal with absenteeism in which their child is involved. Future researchersthe
next batch of researchers will now take the study as their basis to use it for further
research about absenteeism.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ABSENTEEISM- the practice of regularly staying away from work or school
without good reason.
ACADEMIC- relating to education and scholarship.
ANALYSIS- detailed examination of the elements or structure of something.
INCOME- money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through
investments.
ISSUES- an important topic or problem for debate or discussion.
PERFORMANCES- an act of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of
entertainment.
QUESTIONNAIRES- a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers,
devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study.
 CHAPTER ll

Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis , generalization or
conclusions, methodologies and others. Those that were included in this chapter
helps in familiarizing information that are relevant are similar to the present
study.

Review of Related Literature

Galiher (2006) and Darling (2005), used GPA to measure student
performance because the main focus in the student performance for the
particular semester. Some other researchers used test results or previous year
result since they are studying performance for the specific subject or year
(Hijazi and Naqvi, 2006 and Hake, 1918). Many researchers have discussed
The different factors that affect the student academic performance in their
research.

Excessive student absenteeism can lead to an increasing disinterest in school

and academics in general. According to author Jason A. Schoeneberger’s
“Longitudinal Attendance Patterns” study, excessive absenteeism increases the
chances of a student eventually dropping out of school, which can lead to long term
consequences for these students, such as lower average incomes, higher incidences of
unemployment, and a higher likelihood of incarceration. Schoeneberger asserts that
students who drop out of school face a higher risk of poverty because of their inability
to secure quality paying employment due to their lack of education and resources.
Dropouts who lack education and resources are more likely to commit criminal
activity leading to incarceration.
Successful schools cannot survive without physically present students.
According to the “Excessive Absences Intervention” research study by author Linda
L. Williams, excessive absenteeism by students may result in unlearned course
material from fewer hours of instruction, and a disruption of class instruction for
teachers who have to administer remediation for the absent student when he returns to
school. Excessive absenteeism by students may additionally result in poor academic
achievement because students are not receiving instruction on a consecutive basis.
This problem also causes low standardized test scores because absent students are not
present to learn key concepts and skills that are assessed on standardized exams.
According to Steven G. (2003) and K. Angeleque (2003), a major problem
faced by schools across the country is student absenteeism. Although the problem is
pervasive in American schools, the attention focused on this issue has been
inadequate. Poor student attendance has far reaching effects on the individual, the
school, and society in general. The intent of this paper is to document the problem,
summarize existing research on mediating factors, provide a summary of
interventions for improving student attendance rates in schools, and to offer specific
suggestions for school psychologists. In addition, specific attention is given to
suggestions for future research to help expand the current understanding of the causes
and remediation of poor student attendance
 According to the Center for Comprehensive School Reform and Improvement,
attendance rates effectively predicted whether a student would fail a course or not,
and surprisingly, attendance rate trumped grade point averages in predicting whether a
student would fail a class or not. In other words, a student could perform very highly
academically, but would likely still fail if he missed too much class. Additionally, the
more a student missed school over the course of several subsequent years of school,
the more his GPA declined and the further behind he became in all subjects.

Review of Related Studies

According to Eastwold (1989), the truant is likely to be a boy and to
be in the eleventh or twelfth grade. The student is truant more often as
the year progresses, and skip some classes more often than others. He says he
skips because he dislikes the classes or considers them to be too boring to
attend. However, he does not necessarily intend to drop out of school. This
student may have a job, or may have been asked by parents to work at home
or care for children.

Student absenteeism is defined by Teasley (2004) as a period of time when a

student does not attend school, has become major and continuous problem among
high school students in many countries. Indeed, numerous studies conducted to
answer a question that is why high school students miss classes. In this notion,
Teasley have noted numerous risk factors that contribute to student absenteeism such
as family health, low income, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use,
transportation problems, and community attitudes towards education.

Importance of attendance. Government officials, teachers' groups, and

individual parents all have voiced their concerns over the need to develop policies
and practices to counteract the problems facing our nation's schools today such as the
dropout rate, drug abuse, and declining education performance (Bernstein, 1990).
Poor school attendance arouses strong feelings in teachers, parents, members of the
educational support services, educational administrators, politicians, and pupils.
These strong feelings are expressed in different and often 13 contradictory ways,
depending on the individual's own perspective (Galloway, 1985).

According to (Henry, 2007) social learning theory may also be applied to the
way parents pass on their values and expectations relatives to schooling and
education. The attitude a student’s parents have toward truancy plays an important
role in the extent to which truant behavior persists.
Student’s perceptions of the classroom or teachers as chaotic, uncaring or
boring were associated with student absenteeism and truancy (Duckworth and
Dejong. 1989, Redericket, 1997) found that several family and community enrollment
practices were associated with student attendance, providing families with
information about people to contact at school or intuitions, conducting worships on
attendance, and providing after-school programs for students (Epstein and Sheldon,
2002).
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part of the research/study presents research methods and procedures

follows in the gathering data needed to answer the problems and to test the various

hypothesis. Particularly, the discussion was focus on the following: a) Research

Design, b) Research Environment, c) The Respondents, d) Research Instruments

used, and the e) Data Gathering Procedure.

Research Design

The descriptive method of research will be used in this study in as much as it

involved analysis of the existing conditions. A scientific method which involves

observing and describing without influencing it in any way.

Research Respondents

The respondents of the study were Grade 11 Senior High School Students in ICI who

were currently enrolled the first semester of school year 2018-2019. The seniors are
not considered since they were about to graduate in April 2019. It would be quiet

difficult to interview them.

Research Environment

The setting of the study was in Iligan Computer Institute. It was located at

Diocesan Centrum Bldg., Salvador Lluch St., Brgy.Poblacion, Iligan City 9200.A

technical school in the Philippines which has 3 branches/campuses; ICI - Iligan, ICI -

CDO, and ICI – Kapatagan.Iligan Computer Institute is founded on April 15, 1997 by

its President, Mr. Ladislao C. Tabanao Jr.

Research Instrument Used

There will be one instrument to be use in the data gathering of this study.It is

the qualitative which happens to be an open ended data analysis. The researchers will

provide interviews. This type of data doesn’t have limits in getting answers to the

respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

First, the researchers will ask approval to their research adviser for their practical

research. Next, they will going to write a formal letter to Mr. Nabil Laguindab, the

Senior High School Principal in ICI. Afterwards, they will provide questionnaires to

the Grade 12 students regarding to the said problem.