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Outline
• Traffic Characteristics
• Traffic Volume/Traffic Flow
• Speed
• Density
• Other traffic characteristics
• Relationship between Volume-Speed-Density
Traffic Characteristics
 FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Macroscopic Transportation
OF TRAFFIC FLOW
System

Traffic Characteristics Macroscopic Microscopic

Your text here
menti
(Groups of Units) (Individual Units)
Land use system Transport. network system
Flow Flow rates Time headways
Speed Average speeds Individual speeds
Density/Concentration Density rates Distance headways

Ref: Traffic Flow Fundamental, Adolf D. May Traffic system

L AW This course is focused on highway traffic system

Traffic Volume
 / Flow
the number of vehicles passing a reference point per unit of time

observer
(Flow Rate)

Some references use the term “flow” to define the “flow rate”
• From an observation at a • From an observation at a reference
reference point for 1 hour, there point for 15 minutes, there were 100
were 500 vehicles passing. vehicles passing.

• So : • So :
• Volume = 500 veh/hour • Volume = 100 veh/15 minutes
• Flow Rate = 500 veh/hour • Flow Rate = 100 x X veh/hour

X is depend on variation of traffic flow

 • 15-minute variation
• hourly variation
• daily variation
• seasonal variation
Venkatanarayana, Smith, and Demetsky (2008)
 Volume
Period
per 15’ 600

Traffic volume (veh/15 minutes)

06.00-06.15 188 vol at 06.00 – 07.00 500
06.15-06.30 218 vol at 06.15 – 07.15
400
06.30-06.45 321
06.45-07.00 429 300

07.00-07.15 449 200

07.15-07.30 545 Max vol (per hour)
100
07.30-07.45 553
at 06.00 – 09.00
Morning peak hour
07.45-08.00 569 0

07.15-07.30
06.00-06.15

06.15-06.30

06.30-06.45

06.45-07.00

07.00-07.15

07.30-07.45

07.45-08.00

08.00-08.15

08.15-08.30

08.30-08.45

08.45-09.00
08.00-08.15 525 vol at 08.00 – 09.00
08.15-08.30 449
08.30-08.45 425
Period
08.45-09.00 415
What do you think about the variation of traffic flow during peak hour in this data?
What about the variation at 06.00 – 07.00?
 Volume
Period
per 15’

07.15-07.30 545
07.30-07.45 553
07.45-08.00 569
08.00-08.15 525

Period
Volume What is the difference between the green table
0’ 60’ per 15’ and the blue one? – related to variation of
𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 07.15-07.30 200 traffic flow
𝑷𝑯𝑭 =
𝟒 𝒙 𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝟏𝟓′ 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 07.30-07.45 100 What do you think about the PHF value?
07.45-08.00 569
PHF < 1 Can PHF value equal to 1? At what condition?
08.00-08.15 131
What are your conclusions?
1000
𝑃𝐻𝐹 = = 0,44
2276
PHF – for the rural road
(Manual of Public Work Department no 038/TBM/1997)

ADT (pcu/day) F-factor

> 50.000 0,9 - 1,0
30.000 - 50.000 0,8 - 1,0
10.000 - 30.000 0,8 - 1,0
5.000 - 10.000 0,6 - 0,8
1.000 - 5.000 0,6 - 0,8
< 1.000 < 0,6

Lower factors are more typical for rural freeways or off-peak conditions.
Higher factors are typical of urban and suburban peak-hour conditions
(uidaho.edu)
 Volume
7000

6000
Highw ay Capacity
Flow in vehicles per hour

5000
Highly Congested
4000

3000

2000

1000

M AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM AM M M PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM M
:30 A :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 A :30 A :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 :30 A
12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Time of Day

Source: www.ecn.purdue.edu/~darcy

Traffic Typically Peaks twice per day Time

00 06 12 18 24
Directional Distribution Factor
(D-factor)

Morning Peak
70 30

Afternoon Peak
40 60
Directional Design Hourly Volume
If traffic is directionally split 60/40, what is the
Directional Design Hourly Volume (Design hourly
volume = 420 veh/hr)?

Directional Design Hourly Volume (DDHV) =

0.6 x 420 = 252 veh/hr
Notice we use D-factor 0.6 not 0.4!!

14
❖ ADT : Average Daily Traffic
(LHR = Lintas Harian Rata-rata)

❖ AADT : Annual Average Daily Traffic

(LHRT = Lintas Harian Rata-rata Tahunan)

❖ DHV : Design Hourly Volume

(VJP = Volume Jam Perencanaan)
→ at peak time
AADT observation:
• Counted for 365 days
• Use count station information
• Extrapolate to non-count locations
• Used to adjust ADT due to traffic variation

AADT helps to:

• Estimate highway revenues
• Establish overall volume trends
• Establish annual accident rates
• Analyze benefits of road improvements
Design Volume
• Usually hourly volume
• Which hour?
• Average hourly volume – inadequate design
• Maximum peak hour – not economical

• Hourly volume used for design should not be exceeded very often or by
very much
• Usually use 30th highest hourly volume of the year – k factor
• Percentage tends to be constant year to year
• DHV is a representation of peak hour traffic, usually for the
future, or horizon year
 Obtaining k-factor
• Use hourly volume data in 1 year Date
• 1 year : 365 days x 24 hours 1 Jan 2 Jan … 31 Dec
Jam
% % %
= 8760 data Vol Vol … ... Vol
AADT AADT AADT
• Turn hourly volume data into %AADT : 00 – 01 275 7,6 30 0,8 … … 22 0,6
% AADT = hourly vol/AADTx100% 01 – 02 300 8,3 49 1,3 … … 30 0,8
02 – 03 250 6,9 33 0,9 … … 50 1,4
… … … …
• % AADT is ranked from the highest to 22 - 23 30 0,8 40 1,1 … … 300 8,3
the lowest → plot a curve 23 – 24 22 0,6 30 0,8 … … 350 9,6

• k-factor value is “heel” of the curve Total 3725 3472 3800

 Obtaining k-factor % AADT

• % AADT is ranked from the highest to

the lowest
k-factor = 30th HHV x 100
Rank % AADT AADT

1 30%
30th HHV data
2 25% highest ‘normal’ hourly volume in a year
… …
30 15%
k
… …
8760 0.6%

rank
• Plot in a curve (x is rank, y is % AADT)
1 8760
• k-factor value is the “heel” of the
Usually, around 30th data
curve
 Design Hourly Volume
⚫ Design Hourly Volume (DHV) – future
hourly volume (both directions) used for
design - typically 30th HHV (highest hourly
volume) in the design year
⚫ Why 30th HHV?
⚫ Compromise: too high is wasteful,
too low poor operation
⚫ Approximately median weekly peak
hour volume – from previous study

Source: A Policy on
(30th HHV exceed 29 times in year) Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets (The
Green Book). Washington,
DC. American Association
of State Highway and
Transportation Officials,
2001 4th Ed.

22
 k-factor – for the rural road
(Manual of Public Work Department no 038/TBM/1997)
ADT k (%)
> 50.000 4–6
30.000 - 50.000 6–8 US-HCM:
10.000 - 30.000 6–8 K = 8 to 12% urban, 12 to 18% rural
5.000 - 10.000 8 – 10 IHCM:
1.000 - 5.000 10 – 12 K = 9% urban, 11% rural
< 1.000 12 – 16

Higher factors are more typical for rural roads

Lower factors are typical of urban roads
LHR >>> → k-factor <<<

Why ???
 Calculating DHV from secondary data
Given :
• ADT (veh/day or pcu/d) – sometimes written as vpd or pcupd
• k
• D
• PHF

Then :
• DHV (veh/hour or pcu/hour) = ADT x k / PHF for both direction (at peak hour)
Used for analysis at roads without median

• DHV (veh/hour or pcu/hour) = ADT x k / PHF x D for busiest direction (at peak hour)
Used for analysis at roads with median
Calculating DHV from primary data
Given:
• Traffic counting data (15-minutes data) in more than 1 hour of peak
time

Then:
• DHV = max volume in 1 hour
or
• DHV = max flow rate in 1 hour
passenger car unit (pcu)
satuan mobil penumpang (smp)
IHCM 1997 :

passenger car unit is unit for traffic flow of different vehicle types
that have been converted to the corresponding flow of light vehicles
(including passenger cars) using pce.
 Vehicle classification system
according to Bina Marga (Pd-T-19-2004-B)
Axle
Class Vehicle type Code
Configuration
1 Motorcycles (with 2 or 3 wheels)
2 Passenger car (sedan, jeep, station wagon) 1.1
3 Public transit (oplet) 1.1
4 Pick up, micro truck 1.1
5a Small bus 1.1

5b Big bus 1.2

 Vehicle classification system
according to Bina Marga (Pd-T-19-2004-B)
Axle
Class Vehicle type Code
Configuration

6a 2 axle-light truck 1.1

6b 2 axle-medium truck 1.2

7a 3 axle-truck 1.2.2

7b Articulated truck 1.2.2-2.2

7c Semi-trailer truck 1.2.2.2.2

8 Unmotorized vehicle

Reference for truck types in Indonesia: https://www.otoflik.com/jenis-truk/

Vehicle classification system
according to Bina Marga (IHCM, 1997)
Traffic element Object or pedestrian being part of traffic
MC Motorcycle Motorcycle s (with 2 or 3 wheels)
LV Light Vehicle motor vehicle with 2-axles on 4-wheels with an axle spacing
of 2 – 3 m, incl. passenger car, oplet, micro truck
HV Heavy Vehicle motor vehicle with an axle spacing of more than 3.5 m
normally with more than 4 wheels, incl. bus, 2-axle trucks, 3-
axle trucks, and truck combinations
UM* Unmotorized vehicle Man-powered or animal-powered vehicle on wheels, incl.
bicycle, tri-cycle, horse-carriage and pushcart
Note: not considered as a part of the traffic flow, but as an element
of side friction

Note: For urban roads, motorways and intersections. Inter-urban roads use different classification
Vehicle classification system – interurban roads
according to Bina Marga (IHCM, 1997)
Traffic element Object or pedestrian being part of traffic
MC Motorcycle Motorcycle s (with 2 or 3 wheels)
LV Light Vehicle motor vehicle with 2-axles on 4-wheels with an axle spacing of 2
– 3 m, incl. passenger car, oplet, micro truck
MHV Medium Heavy motor vehicle of 2-axles with an axle spacing of 3.5 – 5 m, incl.
Vehicle small bus, 2-axle truck with 6-wheels
LT Large Truck truck of 3-axles and truck combinations with axle spacing of <
3.5 m (first to second axle)
LB Large Bus bus of 2-axles or 3-axles with an axle spacing of 5 – 6 m
UM* Unmotorized vehicle Man-powered or animal-powered vehicle on wheels
Note: not considered as a part of the traffic flow, but as an element of
side friction
passenger car equivalent (pce)
ekivalensi mobil penumpang (emp)
IHCM 1997 :

passenger car equivalent is factor describing different vehicle types

compared to light vehicles with regard to their impact on the speed of
light vehicles in a mixed traffic flow.

For passenger cars and other light vehicles with similar chasis, pce = 1.0.
pce for urban roads (IHCM, 1997)
pce
Traffic flow
Road Type: Total both MC
Undevided roads directions HV Carriageway width Wc (m)
(veh/h)
<6 >6
0 1.3 0.50 0.40
Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)
> 1800 1.2 0.35 0.25
0 1.3 0.40
Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)
> 3700 1.2 0.25

Traffic flow pce

Road Type:
Per lane
One-way roads and Devided roads HV MC
(veh/h)
0 1.3 0.40
Two-lane one-way (2/1) and Four-lane divided (4/2 D)
> 1050 1.2 0.25
Note: for other road
0 1.3 0.40
Three-lane one-way (3/1) and Six-lane divided (6/2 D) systems, see IHCM
> 1100 1.2 0.25
 Unit Conversion
• Converted into pcu/day → x pce
veh/day • Converted into pcu/hour → x k x 1/PHF

• Converted into pcu/hour → x pce

veh/hour

• Converted into pcu/hour → x k x 1/PHF

pcu/day

Without Total 2
median directions

pcu/hour With Per direction

xD→D<1
median (the busiest)
Online References
• https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/niatt_labmanual/chapters/capaci
tyandlos/theoryandconcepts/PeakHourFactor.htm
• https://ktbfuso.co.id/ask-expert/245/mengenal-beberapa-istilah-
seputar-ukuran-atau-dimensi-kendaraan-truk
• https://www.otoflik.com/jenis-truk/
Speed … (next)