TRAFFIC

ENGINEERING
A PRESENTATION PREPARED BY GROUP 7
_______G _A_ ______
FLOATING CAR METHOD
_ _ A _ _ _ _ _ _ _U _ _
TRAFFIC VOLUME
_ _ _ _ E I _ _ _ _S _ _T_ _ _
GRADE INTERSECTION
_____ D_ _ _ _
FIXED DELAY
 TOPIC OUTLINE
TRAFFIC
01 ENGINEERING
TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC STUDIES 03 CHARACTERISTIC
SPEED, VOLUME, SPEED AND
DELAY, ORIGIN
DESTINATION, PARKING AND
ACCIDENTS STUDIES
02
TRAFFIC
DESIGN OF OPERATION, REGULATION
AND CONTROL
INTERSECTION 05
GRADE AND GRADE
04
CAPACITY OF
SEPARATED
URBAN ROADS
AND HIGHWAYS
01
TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING

MARK YSMAEL MANUEL ZABALA

 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
01 IMPORTANCE OF TRAFFIC
CHARACTERISTICS

Road Design Vehicle Design Tunnel Design

Traffic characteristics help in

determining speed limits,
Vehicle weight, height, and other
stopping sight distances,
features of vehicle design all need Traffic characteristics are also
overtaking sight distances, traffic
an understanding of traffic significant in tunnel design.
island design, vehicle speed,
conditions.
parking design, right of way, and
so on.
 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
01 TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Related to road users, i.e., all people who

Road User
01 Characteristics
use the road. We all use roads, whether we
are driving our cars or strolling.

Vehicular Vehicle size and weight are regulated by

02 Characteristics vehicular characteristics.
 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
01 ROAD USER CHARACTERISTICS
Road User
Characteristics

Internal Road User External Road User

Characteristics Characteristics

Temporary Road User Permanent Road User

Characteristics Characteristics
 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
01 INTERNAL ROAD USER CHARACTERISTICS
Internal road user characteristics are the qualities of road users (human beings)
that are connected to one another.
 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
01 EXTERNAL ROAD USER CHARACTERISTICS

External road user characteristics include environmental factors such

as:

● Facilities provided for traffic

● Atmospheric Conditions
● Locality
● Land Use
● Altitude
 TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
01 VEHICULAR CHARACTERISTICS

Speed of
Dimensions
Vehicle

STATIC DYNAMIC
Maximum Braking
Acceleration
Weight Turning System of
of Vehicle
Radius Vehicle
02
TRAFFIC
OPERATIONS,
REGULATION AND
CONTROL
ROSE SHELLY MARIE E. BARRAMEDA
 PRACTICE SAFETY,
PRACTICE SAFETY,
NOWING IS NOT
OWING IS NOT ENOUGH.
ENOUGH.
 DEFINITION

01 TRAFFIC
OPERATIONS

TRAFFIC
REGULATIONS 02
03 TRAFFIC
CONTROL
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

01 TRAFFIC OPERATIONS

Traffic operations involve planning for and controlling the

movements of vehicles and groups of vehicles over streets and
highways for the purpose of attaining maximum efficiency and safety.
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

WHICH AGENCIES MANAGE ROADS

AND ROAD USERS?
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL
WHICH AGENCIES MANAGE ROADS AND ROAD USERS?
LAND TRANSPORTATION (LTO) METROPOLITAN MANILA
DEVELOPMENT (MMDA)
In charge of the issuance of driver’s
Managing traffic
licenses and permits.
LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND
REGULATORY BOARD (LTFRB) PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE -
LTFRB’s jurisdiction covers vehicles used for HIGHWAY PATROL GROUP (PNP - HPG)
public conveyance. It is also in charge of
Effective in deterring traffic
regulating and adjusting fares for public
transport services, and prescribing the routes
violators.
or areas of operation for these services. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS COMMUNICATIONS
(DPWH) Primary government agency
Takes care of planning and
implementing infrastructure projects responsible for the development and
such as construction of national roads regulation of transportation and
and bridges communications systems.
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

02 TRAFFIC REGULATION

Traffic regulations are driving laws put in place by the

government to regulate or control the attitude of all road users to
achieve an orderly and free flow of traffic. It is a body of rules and
regulations made by the government to guide and keep safe the
road users. It is very important that government put in place
these laws with punitive measures for road users.
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

6 Traffic Laws in the Philippines

RA 4136 RA 10913 RA 10586
Land Anti-Distracted Anti-Drunk and
Transportation and Driving Act of Drugged Driving
Traffic Code 2016 Act of 2013

RA 8750 RA 10666 RA 1005

Children’s Safety on Motorcycle
Seat Belts Use
Motorcycles Act of Helmet Act of
Act of 1999
2015 2009
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 4136 Land Transportation and Traffic

Code
● the most important driving law ever enacted.
● lays the groundwork for all Philippine traffic laws and regulations. It also created the Land
Transportation Commission in the Philippines, currently known as the Land Transportation Office
(LTO).
● RA 4136 mandates all motor vehicles to be registered in a national registry. It also sets the
registration requirements and fees for every car owner. Aside from that, this law also requires
drivers to apply for a professional or non-professional license and sets the penalty fees for failing
to comply with the LTO's registration and licensing requirements.
● In terms of traffic regulations, RA 4136 sets the legal speed limits for every driver to follow.
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 4136 Land Transportation and Traffic

Code
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 4136 Land Transportation and Traffic

Code
RA 4136 Violations and Penalties The penalties range from ₱100 to ₱500 for RA 4136 violations,
which include the following:

● Overtaking and passing a vehicle

● Right of way and signaling
● Turning at intersections
● Reckless driving
● Right of way for police and other emergency vehicles
● Tampering with vehicles
● Hitching to a vehicle
● Driving or parking on the sidewalk
● Obstruction of traffic
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 10913 Anti-Distracted Driving Act of 2016

● Republic Act 10913 or the Anti-Distracted Driving Act of 2016 prohibits drivers from using
electronic and communication devices while their car is in motion or at a standstill at a
red light.

● This law is one of the most expensive traffic laws in the Philippines because of its
hefty penalty fees. Here are the fines for private vehicle violators:
a. First offense: ₱5,000
b. Second offense: ₱10,000
c. Third offense: ₱15,000 and a three-month suspension of driver's license
d. Fourth offense: ₱20,000 and revocation of license
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 10586 Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of

2013
● RA 10586 or the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act of 2013 is one of the most serious driving laws in
the Philippines. Aside from the penalty fees, driving under the influence could lead to injury and
even death of all parties involved—the driver, passengers, and pedestrians.

● Suspected drivers will undergo a series of tests to determine if they're driving under the influence of
alcohol, drugs, and other similar substances. These tests include breath analyzers, field sobriety
tests, and chemical tests.

● In case you're found guilty, you'll end up paying the following penalty fees:
A. If the violation didn't result in physical injuries or homicide: Between ₱50,000 to ₱100,000 and
a six-month prison sentence
B. If the violation resulted in physical injuries: Between ₱150,000 to ₱250,000 and imprisonment
C. If the violation resulted in homicide: Between ₱350,000 to ₱500,000 and imprisonment
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 8750 Seat Belts Use Act of 1999

● RA 8750 makes the use of seat belts mandatory for drivers, front seat, and back seat
passengers of public and private vehicles. This law prohibits infants, toddlers, and
children under six years old from sitting in front.

● Seat Belts Use Act of 1999 Violations and Penalties

Follow this traffic law to avoid the following penalty fees:

A. First offense: ₱100 to ₱1,000

B. Second offense: ₱200 to ₱2,000
C. Third and succeeding offenses: ₱500 to ₱5,000 and one-week suspension of license
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 10666 Children’s Safety on Motorcycles

Act of 2015
● The law prohibits children from boarding two-wheeled vehicles running faster
than 60 kph on public roads.
● RA 10666 Violations and Penalties

Endangering your children could end up costing you the following:

A. First offense: ₱3,000

B. Second offense: ₱5,000
C. Third offense: ₱10,000
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

RA 1005 Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009

● The Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009[7] or RA 10054 requires motorbike drivers and riders to wear
DTI-prescribed standard protective motorcycle helmets. According to the No Helmet Policy, a
helmet should bear the Philippine Standard (PS) mark or Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) of
the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS).
● Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009 Violations and Penalties

Breaking one of the most violated traffic laws in the Philippines will have you paying the
following penalty fees:

A. First offense: ₱1,500

B. Second offense: ₱3,000
C. Third offense: ₱5,000
D. Fourth and succeeding offenses: ₱10,000 and confiscation of license
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

03 TRAFFIC CONTROL

Traffic control, supervision of the movement of people, goods, or

vehicles to ensure efficiency and safety. One of the principal challenges
in traffic control is to accommodate the traffic in a safe and efficient
way. Efficiency can be thought of as a measure of movement levels
relative to the objectives for a particular transportation system and the
finances required for its operation.
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL

Traffic control is a critical element in the safe and

efficient operation of any transportation system.
Elaborate operational procedures, rules and laws, and
physical devices (e.g., signs, markings, and lights) are but
a few of the components of any traffic control system.
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL
TRAFFIC CONTROL MEASURES
DIRECT CONTROL MEASURES
using traffic lights, “smart” barriers and Variable Message Signs (VMS)
to allocate traffic priorities in time and space

ENFORCEMENT MEASURE
against violations of control measures and traffic laws – for
example speed enforcement cameras and red-light running
detection linked to ANPR cameras

INDIRECT CONTROL MEASURE

mainly information and recommendations to drivers that will affect the
behaviour of individual vehicles, for example radio broadcasts, pre-trip
information (via internet and mobile devices), in-vehicle routing and
on-board navigation systems
TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, REGULATION AND CONTROL
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
❏ Signs- Regulatory sign, warning sign, guiding or
informational sign, traffic signals
❏ Road markings and road construction
❏ Barriers and channelizers - Traffic delimiters and
cones, highway barriers, channelizers and road
barriers.
❏ Traffic control devices for private facilities
❏ Humps, bump, and stops
03
TRAFFIC STUDIES
SPEED, VOLUME, SPEED
AND DELAY, ORIGIN
DESTINATION, PARKING
AND ACCIDENTS
BARRAMEDA, DAVID, VILLAFLORES, ZABALA
03.1
TRAFFIC STUDIES
SPEED

MARK YSMAEL MANUEL L. ZABALA

 TRAFFIC SPEED

WHAT IS SPEED?

It is the rate of travel expressed in kmph or m/s.

Over a particular route, the actual speed of vehicle
may vary.
 TRAFFIC SPEED
TYPES OF SPEED

Spot Speed Average Speed Journey Speed Running Speed

Distance divided by
Instantaneous speed of Average speed of traffic Distance divided by total
running time, where
vehicle at particular calculate on the basic journey time, where total
running time is the time
instant of time or section spot speed of so many journey time includes all
that the vehicle is
of road. vehicle. delays due to traffic.
actually in motion.
 TRAFFIC SPEED

WHAT IS SPOT SPEED STUDY?

Used to determine the speed distribution of a traffic,

stream at a specific location. The data gathered in spot
speed studies are used to determine vehicle speed.
percentiles, which are useful in making many speed-related
decisions.
TRAFFIC SPEED
ENOSCOPE
 TRAFFIC SPEED
REPRESENTATION OF SPOT SPEED DATA

Speed
Distribution
Table
From the spot speed data of the
selected sample, frequency
distribution tables are prepared for
various speed of range and number
of vehicle in such range.
Frequency
Distribution
Curve
It is plotted with speed of vehicle or
average value of each speed group
of vehicle on the X-axis and the
percentages of vehicle in that group
on the Y-axis.
Cumulative
Speed of Vehicle
It is plotted between average value
of each speed group on X-axis and
cumulative percentage of vehicle
travelled at or below different
speeds on Y-axis.
 TRAFFIC SPEED
SPEED DISTRIBUTION TABLE
 TRAFFIC SPEED
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION CURVE
 TRAFFIC SPEED
CUMULATIVE SPEED OF VEHICLE
03.3
TRAFFIC STUDIES
VOLUME

JERIC DAVID
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

Defined as the quantity of vehicles that cross a

specific section of road in a given amount of time. It
is expressed in veh/day, veh/hr, veh/min.
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

➔ PCU (Passenger Car Unit)-

Under mixed traffic condition, It
is difficult to find traffic volume,
traffic density etc. hence all class of
vehicle are converted into a standard
vehicle unit which is called PCU
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

Where:
Vo & Lo = speed and
length of standard vehicle
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

Example:
The free speed of a car on a 6 lane road is 120 kph, while that of a
truck is 60 kph. The length of the car is 5m, where as the length of the truck is
10m. The PCU of the truck is……
 Measurement of Traffic Volume

Manual Method Mechanical Method

● In manual counts trained
persons are posted at each lag
of intersection to count and
record the number of trucks or
buses, cars etc.
● Radar (radio Detection &
Ranging)
● CCTV Cameras
● Magnetic Detector
● Pressure Sensitive Detectors
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

PRESENTATION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME

DATA
 TRAFFIC VOLUME
Traffic Volume data can be
01 expressed in different ways

SATURN
❏ Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)
❏ Annual Average Hourly Traffic (AAHT)
❏ Annual Average Week Day (AAWT)
❏ Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
02
❏ Trend Chart
❏ 30th Highest Hourly Volume
❏ Volume Flow Diagram at Intersection
❏ Variation Chart
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)

● AADT = total number of vehicles throughout a year/365

(veh/day)
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Annual Average Hourly Traffic (AAHT)

● AAHT = total number of vehicles throughout a year/365 *24

(veh/hr)
● AAHT = AADT/24 (veh/hr)
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Annual Average Week Day (AAWT)

● AAWT = total number of vehicles throughout a year/260

(veh/day)
● AAWT > AADT, as on weekends traffic volume is considerably
reduced
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Average Daily Traffic (ADT)

● ADT = total number of vehicles throughout a week/7

(veh/day)
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Trend Chart
● Traffic volume data can be represented over period of years,
which is useful in estimating the rate of growth of traffic that
can be used for planning future expansion, design and
regulation
● if from trend chart rate of growth of traffic volume is
computed to be r% (average rate of traffic is consider 5% -
7.5%) then future traffic in given by
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Trend Chart
A = P(1+r)^n

Where
A = Future Traffic Volume
P = Present traffic Volume
n = no. of years
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ 30th Highest Hourly Volume

● It has been observed that 30th highest hourly volume gives a
satisfactory results in terms of performance & it is
economical in nature.
● Is exceeded only 29 times in a year & all other traffic data
will lie lesser than that
● IRC consider this traffic volume as Design Hourly Volume
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Volume Flow Diagram at Intersection

● Its either drawn to a certain scale or indicating traffic volume

can be used find the details of crossing & turning traffic.
● These data are required for design of intersection.
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Volume Flow Diagram at Intersection

 TRAFFIC VOLUME

❏ Variation Chart

● It shows the hourly, daily and seasonal variation. It helps in

deciding the facilities and regulations needed during peak of
traffic hours.
 TRAFFIC VOLUME
01 Periodic Volume Count

SATURN
❏ In order to find certain traffic data, such as AADT, ADT etc.
It is necessary to count traffic for long duration of time
(may be for years or months)
❏ Counting traffic for long duration of time, involves cost &
02 effort which is not feasible practically.
❏ Hence to make reasonable estimate of certain traffic data
concept of expansion factor can be used in Periodic
Volume count
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

Periodic Volume Count

In periodic volume count, expansion factors are used as
follows

● Hourly Expansion Factor (HEF)

HEF = total traffic for a day / traffic for particular hour
● Daily Expansion Factor (DEF)
DEF = total traffic for a week / traffic for particular day
● Monthly Expansion Factor (MEF)
MEF = AAADT/ADT
 TRAFFIC VOLUME
01 Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

SATURN
❏ Defined as the ratio between the number of vehicles
counted during the peak hour and four times the number
of vehicles counted during the highest 15 consecutives
minutes. Peak hour factor is a measure of the variation in
02 demand during the peak hour.
 TRAFFIC VOLUME

Periodic Volume Count

03.3
TRAFFIC STUDIES
SPEED AND DELAY

ROSE SHELLY MARIE E. BARRAMEDA

 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES ARE USEFUL

IN IDENTIFYING THE LOCATIONS OF
CONGESTION.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

TRUE
SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES ARE USEFUL
IN IDENTIFYING THE LOCATIONS OF
CONGESTION.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDY

OPERATIONAL DELAYS ARE CAUSED AT

INTERSECTIONS DUE TO TRAFFIC
SIGNALS.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

FALSE
OPERATIONAL DELAYS ARE CAUSED AT
INTERSECTIONS DUE TO TRAFFIC
SIGNALS.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

FIXED DELAYS OCCURS PRIMARILY AT

INTERSECTIONS DUE TO TRAFFIC
SIGNALS AND AT LEVEL CROSSINGS.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

TRUE
FIXED DELAYS OCCURS PRIMARILY AT
INTERSECTIONS DUE TO TRAFFIC
SIGNALS AND AT LEVEL CROSSINGS.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

SPEED AND DELAY

Speed and Delay studies are carried out over a long

distance and hence it is possible to determine density of
traffic. This study gives the running speeds, overall
speeds,fluctuation in speed and delay between stations.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

APPLICATION SPEED AND DELAY

➔ Determination of the efficiency of a route with respect to its ability
to carry traffic.
➔ Identification of locations with relatively high delays and the causes
for those delays.
➔ Performance of before-and-after studies to evaluate the
effectiveness of traffic operation improvements.
➔ Determination of relative efficiency of a route by developing
sufficiency ratings or congestion indices.
➔ Compilation of travel time data that may be used in trend studies to
evaluate the changes in efficiency and level of service with time.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
Definition of terms

➔ OPERATIONAL DELAY- is that part of the delay

caused by the impedance of other traffic.
➔ FIXED DELAY - is that part of the delay caused by
control devices such as traffic signals. This occurs
regardless of the traffic volume or the impedance
that may exist.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

➔ OPERATIONAL DELAY ➔ FIXED DELAY

 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
There are various methods of carrying out speed and delay study.

FLOATING CAR LICENSE PLATE

METHOD METHOD

INTERVIEW ELEVATED
TECHNIQUE OBSERVATION
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

METHODS REQUIRING A TEST

VEHICLE
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
01 FLOATING CAR METHOD

SATURN
❏ This method is used only for two-lane two road. In this
method a test is driven over a given length of road.
❏ Speed of test vehicle should be approximately same as
speed of traffic.
02
❏ A group of four observers sitting in test vehicle records
various details.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
FLOATING CAR METHOD
01
❏ OBSERVER 1: 1st observer will be record
total journey time and total cumulative
delay time using two stop watches.
SATURN ❏ OBSERVER 2: location and Reasons for
congestion will be noted by the second
observer.
❏ OBSERVER 3: number of vehicle
overtaking as well as overtaken by test
vehicle will be noted by the third
02 observer.
❏ OBSERVER 4: fourth observer counts total
number of vehicles in opposite direction
adjacent length.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
FLOATING CAR METHOD
01

02
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
FLOATING CAR METHOD
01

02
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
FLOATING CAR METHOD
01

02
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
FLOATING CAR METHOD
01
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
The consolidate data collected from speed and delay studies by floating car method
on a stretch urban road of length 3.5 km, running North-South are given below.
Determine the ave. value of volume and journey speed.

02
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
01

02
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
01

02
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES

METHODS NOT REQUIRING A TEST

VEHICLE
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
01 LICENCE PLATE METHOD

❏ It synchronized SATURN
stop watches or voice recording
equipment are used. Observers are stationed at the
entrance and exit of a test section where information of
travel time is required. The timings and vehicle numbers
02 are noted by the observers of the selected sample. From
the office computations, travel time of each vehicle could
be found. But this method does not give important detail
such as causes of delays and the duration and number of
delays within the test section.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
01 INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE

SATURN

❏ This work can be completed in a short time by

interviewing and collecting details from the road user
02 spot. However the data collected may not be possible
with all the details correctly.
 SPEED AND DELAY STUDIES
01 ELEVATED OBSERVATION

SATURN

❏ This is useful for studying short test section like

intersection.
02
03.4
TRAFFIC STUDIES
ORIGIN DESTINATION

MARK YSMAEL MANUEL ZABALA

 ORIGIN DESTINATION STUDIES
01 ORIGIN DESTINATION

SATURN
❏ Origin-Destination
(OD) studies are used to determine
travel patterns of traffic in an area of interest for a
period of time. While OD data are useful in different
02 traffic planning projects, traditional data collection
methods such as road-surveys or license plate
matching are expensive and inefficient.
 ORIGIN DESTINATION STUDIES
01 ORIGIN DESTINATION

SATURN

02
 ORIGIN DESTINATION STUDIES
01 ORIGIN DESTINATION

SATURN

What is origin and destination study in traffic engineering?

Origin-Destination (OD) studies are an important tool for transportation

Professionals. OD studies are conducted to understand the pattern of the
02
movement of Persons and goods in a particular area of interest during a
particular period of time (Wang, 1997).
03.5
TRAFFIC STUDIES
PARKING AND
ACCIDENTS STUDY

JOHN KYLE VILLAFLORES

 PARKING STUDY

2 TYPES OF PARKING FACILITIES:

1. Off Street Parking

1. On Street/Kerb Parking
 PARKING STUDY

OFF STREET PARKING

● Provided in places where kerb parking is not allowed.

● In this form of parking, vehicles must park away from

the kerb.

● Main benefit is that there is no traffic interruption

while parking.
 PARKING STUDY

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF OFF STREET PARKING:

1. Surface Parking

1. Multi Floor Parking/Garage

PARKING STUDY
SURFACE PARKING
 PARKING STUDY
MULTI FLOOR PARKING
 PARKING STUDY

ON STREET PARKING

● Vehicles are parked along the kerb, which may be

specifically intended for parking.
PARKING STUDY

Trucks & busses : P100 (First 2 hours and P20 for every
succeeding hour)

Light vehicles : P20 (First 2 hours and P10 for every

succeeding hour)

Motorcycles : P5 (First 2 hours and P1 for every

succeeding hour)

Bicycles : P2 (First 2 hours and P1 for every succeeding

hour)
 PARKING STUDY

2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ON STREET PARKING:

1. Parallel Parking

1. Angle Parking
 PARKING STUDY

PARALLEL PARKING

● Requires less road width but allows for the fewest

vehicles to be parked on each unit length of road.
● Preferred when kerb parking space and road width is
limited.
● Parking and unparking are more complicated and time
consuming.
PARKING STUDY
Parallel Parking
 PARKING STUDY

ANGLE PARKING

● Vehicles are parked at an angle. (30°, 45°, 60°, and

90°)
● Suitable in places where more road width is provided.
● Accommodates more vehicle compared to parallel
parking, maximum vehicles can be parked with an
angle of 90°.
● 45° parking is considered the best.
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING ACCUMULATION

- Defined as the number of vehicles parked at a specific

time.
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING ACCUMULATION

Time Interval
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING VOLUME

- Total number of parked vehicles at a particular time

wherein repetition of vehicle is not considered. Actual
volume of vehicles that entered the area is recorded.
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING LOAD

- Obtained by multiplying the number of vehicles occupying

the parking area at each time interval with the time
interval. (Expressed in vehicle-hours/vehicle-minutes)
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING LOAD
 PARKING STUDY

AVERAGE PARKING DURATION

- Ratio of total vehicle hours/ vehicle minutes to the

number of vehicles parked.

Parking volume = 29 vehicles

Parking duration = Parking load/parking volume

Parking duration = 885 veh-min/29 veh

= 30.5 min
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING TURNOVER

- Ratio of number of vehicles parked in a duration to the

number of parking bays available.

Parking volume = 29 vehicles

Parking bays = 40
Parking Turnover =Parking volume/No. of bays available

Parking Turnover = [(29 vehicles/30 mins)(60 mins/1 hr)]/40 bays

= 1.45 veh/hr/bay
 PARKING STUDY

PARKING INDEX

- Also called occupancy or efficiency. Defined as the ratio of

number of bays occupied in a time duration to the total
space available.
Parking Index = (Parking load/Parking capacity) x 100

Parking Index =

Parking Index = 36.875%

 ACCIDENT STUDY

● Due to complex vehicular traffic patterns, mixed traffic,

and the presence of pedestrians, the problem of
accidents is common in highway transportation.

● Road accidents cannot be entirely avoided, although

they can be somewhat reduced by effective traffic
engineering and management.
 ACCIDENT STUDY

Accident study is necessary to:

● Evaluate causes of accidents from past reports of

accidents
● Evaluate causes of accidents from existing road
condition which can cause accidents
● Correction/Improvement
● Estimate/compensate losses due to accidents
 ACCIDENT STUDY

Basic elements in a traffic accident:

● Road Users
● Vehicles
● Road Condition
● Environmental Factors
 ACCIDENT STUDY

Causes of accident:

● Drivers, pedestrians, and passengers

● Vehicle defects
● Road Condition
● Road design
● Weather condition
 ACCIDENT STUDY

Common types of poor highway designs:

● Blind curves
● Poor guardrail placement or broken guardrails
● Damaged or missing signs
● Median barrier flaws
 ACCIDENT STUDY

Common types accident:

● When a moving car collides with a parked vehicle

● Two vehicles from different directions collide at an
intersection
● Head-on collision of two vehicles approaching from opposite
direction
● When a moving vehicle collides with a stationary item
 ACCIDENT STUDY

Measures for reducing accidents:

04
CAPACITY OF
URBAN ROADS
AND HIGHWAY
JERIC L. DAVID
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
01 DEFINITIONS

● Highway capacity is associated with traffic volume and

traffic density.
● Capacity is the maximum traffic flow that can be
accommodated in a highway facility during a given time
period under prevailing roadway, traffic and control
condition
● It is the ability of a road to accommodate traffic volume. It
is the maximum hourly rate at which vehicles can
reasonably be expected to cross a point on a roadway
during a given time period under prevailing traffic roadway
and control condition
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
01 Importance of the Concept of Highway
Capacity:
● The capacity of a highway should be adequate to serve the needs
of the projected traffic.
● The class of highway, lane width, number of lanes and
intersections are dependent on capacity.
● Improvements on geometric elements, traffic control devices and
traffic management measures can be effectively planned based on
the studies of highway capacity.
● The adequacy of the existing highway network for the existing
traffic volume can be assessed by capacity studies; transportation
planning can be done effectively using this information.
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
01 Factors Affecting Capacity and Level of
Service:
● Roadway Conditions:

Restrictive physical and geometric elements such as lane-width, lateral

clearance, and horizontal alignment of road shoulders, gradients and pavement
surface condition are some factors which affect capacity and level of service. Even
road intersections affect the capacity.

● Traffic Conditions:

The capacity and level of service are affected by the composition of different
types of vehicles in the stream, variation of traffic flow, traffic interruption, and
lane distribution. The number of traffic lanes, vehicular and driver characteristics,
and one- or two-way traffic movements have a direct bearing on the lane or
highway capacity.
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
01 Factors Affecting Capacity and Level of
Service:
● Control Conditions:

Refer primarily to interrupted flow facilities, where such controls as

STOP and YIELD signs and traffic signals have a significant impact on
capacity.
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
REPRESENTATIONTYPES
OF SPOT SPEED DATA

Possible Practical /
Basic Capacity: > Capacity: > Design Capacity:

Basic capacity is the maximum
number of vehicles that can pass a
given point on a lane or a roadway
during one hour, under the ideal
roadway and traffic conditions that
can possibly be attained.
Possible capacity is the maximum
number of vehicles that can pass a
given point on a lane or roadway
during one hour, under the
prevailing roadway and traffic
conditions.
Capacity without the traffic density
being so great as to cause
unreasonable delays, hazard or
restriction to the drivers freedom
under the prevailing condition of
road way, traffic and control.
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
01 Calculation of Theoretical Maximum
Capacity
 HIGHWAY CAPACITY
Capacity values for urban roads (between
The latest IRC recommendations for
intersections suggested by the IRC are given
design service volumes are given below:
below:

➔ Capacity of Rural ➔ Capacity of Urban

Roads: Roads:
05
DESIGN OF
INTERSECTION

JOHN KYLE VILLAFLORES

DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

2 TYPES OF ROAD INTERSECTIONS:

1. At-grade intersection

1. Grade separated intersection

At-grade Intersection
Grade separated Intersection
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION
Different forms of Intersection:
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

Traffic movements for intersection at grade:

● Diverging
● Merging
● Weaving
● Crossing
At-grade Intersection
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

Basic requirements intersection at grade:

● Area of conflict should be as small as possible at the
intersection.
● Relative speed and angle of approach of vehicle should be
small.
● Adequate visibility should be available for vehicles
approaching the intersection.
● Sudden change of path should be avoided.
● Proper sign should be installed.
● Good lighting at night is desired.
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

Types of intersection at grade:

● Unchannelized intersections
● Channelized intersections
● Rotary Intersection

Design speed:
● Rural area - 40 kph
● Urban area - 30 kph
At-grade Intersection

Unchannelized Intersection
At-grade Intersection

Channelized Intersection
At-grade Intersection

Rotary Intersection
Grade separated Intersection

Types of Interchange
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

Classification of interchange:
● Diamond interchange
● Trumpet interchange
● Partial cloverleaf interchange
● Full cloverleaf interchange
Grade separated Intersection
Grade separated Intersection
Grade separated Intersection
Grade separated Intersection
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

Advantages of Grade Separation

● There is increased safety for turning traffic and by indirect
interchange ramp even right turn movement is quite easy
and safe.
● There is overall increase in comfort and convenience to
the road users.
● Stage constructions of additional ramps are possible after
the grade separation structure between main roads are
constructed.
DESIGN OF INTERSECTION

Disadvantages of Grade Separation

● It is very costly to provide complete grade separation and
interchange facilities.
● Construction of grade separation is difficult and
undesirable in the area where there is limited right of way.
● In flat or terrain, grade separation may introduce
undesirable sags in the vertical alignment.