Instituto politecnico inslamico de Macambique

Curso de: SMI

Brigida Hortencio Francisco Sidane

Doenças
-Tuberculose
-HIV/AIDS
-Malaria
-Cholera
-Diareia
-AVC
-Dor de cabeca

Quelimane
Março de 2021
 Instituto politecnico inslamico de Macambique

Brigida Hortencio Francisco Sidane

Doenças
-Tuberculose
-HIV/AIDS
-Malaria
-Cholera
-Diareia
-AVC
-Dor de cabeca

Docente:

Quelimane
Março de 2021

Índiex
1. Introduction..............................................................................................................................4
2. Bibliographical Review............................................................................................................5
2.1. Tuberculosis......................................................................................................................5

2.2. Tuberculosis - symptoms..................................................................................................5

2.3. Malaria..............................................................................................................................7

2.4. Cholera definition.............................................................................................................8

Diarrhoea Definition..................................................................................................................10

2.5. HIV..................................................................................................................................12

2.6. STROKE.........................................................................................................................14

2.7. Headache.........................................................................................................................16

3. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................18
4. Bibliography...........................................................................................................................19
 5

1. Introduction
Our country is witnessing an exponential increase in the prevalence of Cardiovascular
Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Cancer and Chronic Respiratory Diseases as a result of increased
exposure to several risk factors among them: excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco
consumption, sedentary lifestyle, consumption
Premature death from Non Communicable Diseases remains a major development
challenge in the 21st century. Every year, worldwide, Non Communicable Diseases are
responsible for the deaths of 41 million people, equivalent to three quarters of all deaths
worldwide, with 16 million people dying prematurely, and over 85% of these "premature" deaths
occurring in low and middle income countries.
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2. Bibliographical Review
2.1. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects mainly the lungs. This lung infection
causes symptoms such as fever, cough, sputum, weight loss, chest pain, among others, as we will
see below in more detail.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a serious disease caused by a bacterium (Koch's bacillus) and
can be fatal. Besides the respiratory system, tuberculosis can also affect other organs (see the
main ones below).

2.2. Tuberculosis - symptoms

The signs and symptoms of active tuberculosis are:
- Cough lasting three or more weeks;
- Bloody sputum;
- Chest pain or pain with breathing or coughing, commonly defined as "twinge" and "back pain";
- Unintentional weight loss
- Fatigue (tiredness)
- Fever, although the tuberculosis patient does not always have an associated fever;
- Night sweats (sweating at night)
- Chills
- loss of appetite
- Hoarseness or sore throat (laryngeal tuberculosis).

Tuberculosis - causes
The etiologic agent (causative agent) of tuberculosis is Koch's bacillus (scientific name
for the bacteria - mycobacterium tuberculosis), which is spread from person to person through
microscopic droplets released into the air. These microscopic droplets can be released into the air
when someone with the active form of untreated tuberculosis speaks, sneezes, laughs or sings.
Although tuberculosis is contagious, its spread (contagion from other people) is not easy
to happen. TB is transmitted by people you have daily contact with (someone you live or work
with) more easily. Less likely is that tuberculosis is transmitted from a stranger with whom you
have sporadic contact.
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Tuberculosis - treatment
The treatment of tuberculosis is a slow process. On average, the duration of treatment is
considerably longer than with other bacterial infections or viral infections. Antibiotic treatment
should be administered for at least six to nine months. The selection of the drugs to be used, the
treatment time and possible procedures depend on age, comorbidities, possible drug resistance,
the form of tuberculosis (latent or active) and the location of the infection in the body.
If the diagnosis is latent tuberculosis, it may be necessary to take only one type of anti-
TB drug. In active tuberculosis, particularly if a resistant strain is involved, the patient will have
to take several types of drugs (medication) at the same time. The most commonly used drugs (or
medicines) to treat tuberculosis are:
- Isoniazid;
- Rifampicin
- Ethambutol;
- Pyrazinamide.

In order to simplify the treatment, there is coxcip 4 , a tablet containing a fixed combined
dose of these 4 drugs. However, this drug is not available in Portugal.
There are cases where tuberculosis is multidrug resistant to the "usual antibiotics". In
these cases, tuberculosis is a serious disease, because the bacteria have developed resistance to
the "usual antibiotics", requiring a combination of antibiotics called fluoroquinolones and
injectable drugs (injection), such as amikacin, kanamycin or capromycin. Generally, this drug
treatment is carried out for 20 to 30 months. A number of new drugs are being analysed in the
treatment of human tuberculosis: Bedaquiline, Linezolide,

Tuberculosis prevention, screening

The ministry of health over the years has implemented tuberculosis screening and
treatment programmes, essentially in PDCs (Centres for Pneumological Diagnosis). The aim was
to screen the population in order to diagnose the disease early and provide timely treatment. This
national tuberculosis control programme succeeded in preventing tuberculosis from becoming a
serious public health problem, significantly reducing new cases of infection in Portugal.
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Active tuberculosis is contagious, so the patient with pulmonary tuberculosis must take
some measures to avoid infecting other individuals. In the first weeks of treatment it can be
contagious, so you should:
- Stay at home. Do not go to work or school. You should sleep in a room alone during the first
weeks of treatment for active TB;

- Ventilate spaces. Tuberculosis germs spread more easily in small closed spaces where air is not
circulating. If it is not too cold, open the windows;

- Wear a surgical mask when in the presence of other people, especially in the first three weeks
of treatment.

2.3. Malaria
Malaria is a disease caused by four different types of protozoan parasites of the genus
Plasmodium

Causes
The malaria mosquito is always female and is of the genus Anopheles, quite common at
dawn and dusk. Malaria is considered a tropical disease, common in warm climates, precisely
because it is transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes, which reproduce more easily in hot
weather. The malaria protozoa settle in the liver of the human body and there reproduce and start
affecting the red blood cells that are part of the human blood.

Malaria symptoms
Generally speaking, all malaria starts quite similarly to a common cold, and sometimes
the illnesses can be confused and the patient may have an initial misdiagnosis.
In order to effectively diagnose malaria, rapid blood tests or complementary tests are required to
help eliminate the chance of other diseases and conditions.

Some of the most common symptoms of malaria include:

- High fever;
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- Chills;
- Sweating;
- Severe muscle pain, more specifically, in the joints;
- headache
- tachycardia
- Increase in the spleen;
- Tiredness and prostration;
- vomiting and
- convulsions.
Malaria treatment
The treatment of malaria is done through the use of drugs that kill the protozoan causing
the disease and prevent it from reproducing, causing the symptoms to decrease more and more
before they cease for good.
Not all cases of malaria require hospital admission or constant medical monitoring, and the
patient should always follow the recommendations given by their doctor.

Prevention of malaria
The main form of malaria prevention is through the control of its mosquitoes, either
through the use of insecticides, or through the elimination of stagnant water and outbreaks that
can be used as breeding points for the mosquito. There is a vaccine for malaria, which is still in
the process of development and refinement to be applied to the general public. In the future, it
may be a solution to prevent people from developing malaria.
At the moment, there are anti-malarial drugs that can be used by individuals who are
going to travel to places where malaria is more common, such as endemic regions. These drugs
stop the protozoan from reproducing in the body before infection from the mosquitoes even
occurs.

2.4. Cholera definition

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium.

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Its main characteristic is related to problems associated with the small intestine, such as
diarrhoea. It is considered a dangerous disease, so if left untreated, it can lead to death because of
the intense dehydration it causes. All individuals of any age can contract the disease. Although, it
strikes children the hardest.

Cause
Cholera is caused by an infection in the intestine caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
The bacterium causes the cells lining the intestine to produce a large amount of fluid that causes
diarrhoea and vomiting.
Infection is spread when food or water contaminated with the faeces or vomit of a person
infected with the disease is ingested.

The supply of contaminated food or water can cause massive outbreaks in a short period of time,
especially in crowded areas such as slums or refugee camps.

Symptoms
Since contracting the bacteria, cholera symptoms can appear hours later or within a few
days. The main symptoms are:
- Intense diarrhoea
- Dehydration
- Dry mouth and skin
- Excessive thirst
- Weight loss
- Weakness
- Tachycardia
- Low blood pressure
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal cramps
- Muscle cramps
Diagnosis
Cholera can be diagnosed by examination of stool or rectal samples, but because of the
rapid course of the disease, the time for examination is usually short. In the midst of an epidemic,
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diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the patient's history and a brief examination. Treatment
is started even before the laboratory confirms the diagnosis

Treatment

Cholera can be treated simply and effectively by immediate replacement of fluids and
salts lost through vomiting and diarrhoea. With immediate rehydration, less than 1% of patients
die.
Cholera victims are always treated with oral rehydration solutions - pre-packaged
solutions of sugars and salts mixed with water and swallowed in large quantities. Fluid
replacement in severe cases must be done intravenously and sometimes in combination with
antibiotics.
Prevention

Prevention against cholera starts with improving sewage, water and food related hygiene
conditions. These factors are key to preventing against this disease. Experts recommend washing
hands and food thoroughly before eating them. In addition, people should avoid eating raw or
undercooked food and always consume drinking water.
There is also an oral cholera vaccine. Besides immunizing against this disease, it protects
against another bacterium that also causes diarrhoea: Escherichia coli (E. coli.). However, this
vaccine protects the individual for a short period of time, approximately six months.

Diarrhoea Definition
Diarrhoea is a disordered bowel movement with an increased number of bowel movements and
soft or liquid stools.

Types
Diarrhoea can be either acute or chronic. The determining factor for this classification is the
duration of the symptoms.

Acute diarrhoea
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Acute diarrhoea is characterised by diarrhoeal episodes up to 14 days. It is called persistent

diarrhoea when the illness lasts from 14 to 28 days. Most cases are of infectious origin such as
bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

Chronic diarrhoea
Chronic diarrhea persists for more than four weeks and may indicate anything from
irritable bowel syndrome to more serious conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative
rectocolitis and cancer

Causes
The most common cause of diarrhoea is infection with viruses, bacteria or other parasites
that enter the body, causing gastroenteritis (acute inflammation that compromises the organs of
the gastrointestinal system).
Diarrhoea can also be caused by food poisoning and some medications, such as antibiotics,
laxatives containing magnesium and chemotherapy. Some diseases can also lead to diarrhoea,
such as:

- Chron's disease
- Celiac disease
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Lactose intolerance
- Imbalanced gut flora

Symptoms of Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of other conditions and presents with other signs, which can vary
in intensity. The main sign of the condition is the presence of liquid faeces during bowel
movements.
The patient may also experience pain in the abdominal region and a constant urge to go to the
bathroom.

Prevention
 13

Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea can be prevented by the use of supplements containing beneficial

bacteria. To find out more about this, talk to your doctor.
Yogurt with live or active cultures are a good source of these beneficial bacteria and also help
prevent diarrhea.

The following health measures can help prevent illnesses that cause diarrhoea:

- Wash your hands frequently, especially after going to the bathroom and before eating
- Use alcohol gel to disinfect hands frequently
- Teach children not to put objects in their mouths
Treatment of Diarrhoea
Treatment for diarrhoea is usually done at home, by drinking fluids to avoid dehydration.
The doctor may also prescribe some medicines. These medicines usually do not need a
prescription, but you should only use them under medical advice.
For the treatment you can perform some simple techniques, such as:
- Start taking the homemade serum as soon as possible
- Observe for signs of dehydration

Cure
Recovery time may vary according to the type of diarrhoea. Generally, acute diarrhoea
takes about a few days to pass. Chronic diarrhoea, on the other hand, may have a slower
resolution depending on the cause.
For the first case, the treatment may, depending on the cause, consist only in avoiding
dehydration (as in the case of viral gastroenteritis). In the second, treatment may be required as
the diarrhoea may be a sign of some other problem.

2.5. HIV

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) belongs to the Retroviridae family and subfamily
Lentivirinae. Retroviruses, such as HIV, contain a simple RNA chain associated with the enzyme
reverse transcriptase, which produces DNA based on the viral RNA template. The DNA
produced synthesizes the RNA that will make up the genome of new viruses formed in the
infected cell.
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Symptoms of HIV
HIV is a virus with a long incubation period. This means that symptoms take a long time
to appear, which increases the risk of contamination. Right after the infection, the person will
have a mild viral illness, with fever and malaise, typical of a mild flu. However, after this slight
symptom, the disease goes into latency.
And it is during this incubation period that the destruction of immune system cells
occurs, drastically reducing their quantity and making the patient extremely susceptible to
opportunistic infections.
These infections are diseases that normally would not appear in healthy people with a
properly functioning immune system. But in the scenario of low immunity of HIV patients it is
very common for this to happen, just like in some types of cancer.

HIV treatment
HIV and AIDS have no cure. However, there are several medications available nowadays for the
treatment of the virus, seeking to avoid the evolution to AIDS and allow survival to the disease.
Generally, they combine three drugs. It is essential that the treatment is never interrupted without
reason and that schedules and dosages are strictly followed. Each medicine acts according to the
level of evolution and multiplication cycle of HIV, seeking to prevent the formation of new
viruses. In other words, while it is still impossible to eliminate the infectious presence of HIV in
the patient's organism, the treatment acts to prevent its dissemination.

HIV Transmission

HIV transmission occurs due to contact with body fluids

- in sexual intercourse (semen and vaginal secretions)
- in the sharing of perforating-cutting materials that come in contact with blood, such as needles,
nail pliers, among others;
- in blood transfusion, although currently the blood to be used in transfusions undergoes rigorous
tests to avoid this type of transmission;
- from mother to child (vertical transmission) through gestation, delivery or breast feeding;
- in the handling of contaminated materials and their possible contamination by health
professionals (occupational transmission)
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obs: It is important to know that contact with a person who has HIV, whether it is a hug or a
handshake, does not transmit the virus. Insect bites and the use of sanitary facilities also do not
transmit the disease.

Prevention against HIV

To prevent yourself from contracting HIV, you should take some precautions, such as:
- Use of condoms, male or female, in all sexual intercourse;
- Use of disposable syringes and needles;
- Do not share perforating-cutting materials;
- Control of blood and derivatives for use in transfusions;
- Carry out adequate prenatal care to prevent vertical transmission

2.6. STROKE
Stroke is the clogging or rupture of the vessels that carry blood to the brain, causing paralysis of
the affected region in the brain. It is also called cerebral vascular accident, stroke or
cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Causes
Causes of hemorrhagic stroke
When we talk about a hemorrhagic stroke, the bleeding can be caused by factors like:

- Hypertension
- Inflammation in the blood vessels, which can develop from diseases such as syphilis, Lyme
disease, vasculitis and tuberculosis
- Blood clotting disorders such as haemophilia
- Head or neck injuries that result in damage to blood vessels in the head or neck
- Radiation treatment for cancer of the neck or brain
- Amyloid angiopathy of the brain (a degenerative disease of the blood vessels)
- Atherosclerosis
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Heart valve disease, such as mitral valve prolapse or stenosis of a heart valve
- Endocarditis
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Causes of ischemic stroke

An ischaemia causing stroke can occur due to factors such as:
- Atherosclerosis: vascular condition where there is an accumulation of lipids (such as
cholesterol and triglycerides), platelets and other substances inside the vessels, leading to a
gradual thickening of their walls and generating their obstruction.

- Thrombus formation: small clotted blood lumps of various sizes, which when in circulation,
find a vessel smaller than its diameter, causing its obstruction.

- Inflammations: local responses that our body produces to combat some undesirable situation. In
stroke, the most common inflammations are those caused by antibodies (autoimmune diseases)
and infections that affect the interior of the arteries

Symptoms and warning signs:

Many symptoms are common to ischaemic and haemorrhagic strokes, such as:
- very severe headache, of sudden onset, especially if accompanied by vomiting
- weakness or numbness in the face, arms or legs, usually affecting one side of the body
- paralysis (difficulty or inability to move)
- sudden loss of speech or difficulty in communicating or understanding what is said
- loss of vision or difficulty seeing with one or both eyes.

Other symptoms of ischemic stroke are: dizziness, loss of balance or loss of coordination.
Ischemic attacks can also manifest themselves with alterations in memory and in the ability to
plan daily activities, as well as negligence. In this case, the patient ignores objects placed on the
affected side, tending to divert visual and auditory attention to the normal side to the detriment of
the affected one.
To the symptoms of intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke can be added nausea, vomiting, mental
confusion and even loss of consciousness. The hemorrhagic stroke, in turn, is commonly
accompanied by drowsiness, changes in heartbeat and respiratory rate, and eventually
convulsions.

Treatment/rehabilitation
 17

An important part of the treatment, the rehabilitation process often starts in the hospital itself, in
order for the patient to adapt more easily to their new situation and restore their mobility,
functional abilities and physical and psychological independence. This process occurs when the
blood pressure, pulse and breathing stabilise, often one or two days after the stroke episode and
is conducted by a multiprofessional team, formed by neurologists, nurses, physiotherapists and
occupational therapists.

2.7. Headache
Headache, or cephalea, can be a symptom of many different illnesses. It can be caused by a
sudden change in routine, a bad night's sleep, or even a genetic predisposition.

Causes
There are several triggers for headache to appear. Get to know the most common causes:

Stress
Stress is known to release hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, responsible for an increase in
heart rate. This can cause headaches because of a vasoconstriction of the vessels that irrigate the
head.

Too much heat

A study of 7,000 patients at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in the United States found
that the incidence of headaches caused by migraine, tension or other causes increases by 7.5%
for every 5°C increase in temperature.

Food
Certain foods can be triggers for headaches and should be avoided: chocolate, coffee and black
teas, sausages, yellow cheeses, alcohol, citrus fruits, shoyo sauce, onions, garlic and ice cream.

Skipping meals
 18

Going too long without eating can cause hypoglycemia, that is, a drop in blood sugar levels. This
drop may indirectly stimulate the release of adrenaline, which provokes vasoconstriction,
causing pain.

Incorrect posture
Bad posture can cause a pain known as tension headache. The nerves in the spine end up getting
compressed with the incorrect position and the pain is radiated to the head.

Headache Treatment
Here are some attitudes that can relieve the headache:
Keep a pain diary Keeping a pain diary helps you find the source or what triggers your
symptoms. This way, you will be able to find some habit or possible cause for the symptom and
then be able to avoid it.

When a headache occurs, write down

- Day and time the headache started
- How much sleep you got the night before

- What you were doing and thinking just before the headache started

- Any stresses in your life

- How long the headache lasted

- What you did to stop the headache

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3. Conclusion
Health situation in Mozambique Since 1990, more children in Mozambique are living to
celebrate their fifth birthday, following sustained progress in reducing under-five mortality, thus
achieving Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4. However, many challenges remain,
particularly with regard to the sharp disparities in child health outcomes between the poorest
provinces, such as Zambézia, as well as for the least educated and poorest, where progress has
lagged behind that of the rest of the country.
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4. Bibliography
Ministério de Saúde.Parceria Nacional para a promoção da Saúde Materna, Neonatal e Infantil,
(2009).
Ministério de Saúde. Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária. Plano Estratégico do Programa
de Controlo da Malária 2012 – 2016, (2011).
Ministério de Saúde. Programa Nacional de Controlo da Tuberculose. Plano Estratégico e
Operacional 2013 – 2017, (2012).
Ministério de Saúde. Programa Nacional de Medicina Desportiva. Plano de Medicina
Desportiva, (2005).
Ministério de Saúde. Programa Nacional de Saúde Oral. Plano Estratégico de Saúde Oral 2013 –
2017, (2012).
Ministério de Saúde. Programa Nacional de Saúde Oral/Direcção Nacional de Assistência
Médica. Plano Estratégico de Saúde Oral 2013-2016, (2012).
Ministério da Saúde Secção de Medicina Física e Reabilitação. Resumo do Plano Estratégico de
Medicina Física e Reabilitação, (2007)
Ministério de Saúde. Serra C, Cossa D. Colectânea de Legislacao de Saude, (2007). Ministerio
da Justica. WHO-AIMS Report On Mental Health Systems in Mozambique, (2009). World
Health Organization/Ministry of Health Mozambique.