BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (07BPEN): POWER ENGINEERING

PWP711S Power Systems Protection 414 (PWP711S) – LAB 1

STUDENT’S FULL NAME: ______________________ STUDENT’S NUMBER: ______________________

BENCH NO: ______________ LECTURER: ______________ DATE: _______________

Modelling of an Instantaneous Over Current Relay

Objectives:

At the end of this experiment you will be able to:

1. Use "SimPowerSystems" for modelling the power system.
2. Implement "Over Current Relay" by using MATLAB Simulink Libraries.
3. Set the "Current Setting" of Over Current Relay.
4. Learn how to create an electrical subsystem.

EQUIPMENT:

 Laptop/Desktop Computer
 MATLAB/Simulink Software

Marks Obtained

Pre-Lab 15

Lab. Session 40

Report 16

Total Marks 71

PWP71S LAB 1 Penti Paulus

 Introduction

Utilities are responsible for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity to
customers. Part of this responsibility is ensuring a safe but yet reliable power supply to
customers. For the purpose of safety and protecting the transmission and distribution
network from faults, utilities worldwide have sophisticated protective equipment.
Collectively, these are known as secondary equipment and include the current
transformers (CT), potential transformer (PT) and protective relays.

Protective Relays

A protective relay is a device which monitors the impedance, current, voltage, frequency,
or any other type of electric power measurement either from a generating source or to
a load for the purpose of triggering a circuit breaker to open in the event of an abnormal
condition. These relays are referred to in the electrical power System as protective relays.

The function of protective relaying is to cause the quick isolation from service of the
section of a power system under fault conditions or when operating under any abnormal
condition that might cause damage to equipment or otherwise cause interference with
system stability.

Part 1: Pre-Lab Exercise (15)

1. Use figure 1 to depict and describe how correct co-ordination of distance relays can
be achieved for three zone distance protection of the two line sections AB and CD.

Figure 1

Part 2: Lab Exercise (40)

In this simulation experiment, you are required to implement an instantaneous over

current relay in Matlab Simulink that protect the network from a short circuit fault as shown
in figure 2. After sensing the fault, the relay RA should give a trip signal to the circuit
breaker CBA to isolate the faulty section of the power system.

PWP71S LAB 1 Penti Paulus

Figure 2 Radial Feeder of Network to be protected

Procedure

1. Draw the power system having a 3-φ source, three single phase circuit breakers,
3-φ VI measurement unit, 3-φ RLC series load and block of 3-φ fault to
implement different types of faults in system. Connect the blocks as shown below.

Figure 3 Radial Network Matlab model

2. Set the parameters of each block as follows. Accept default values for all other
parameters.
a) Total Simulation Time: 0.25s.
b) Solver: Ode23tb (stiff/TR-BDF2). Also set following solver options. Relative
tolerance: 1e-3 (default), Solver reset Method: Robust
c) System Frequency: 50Hz.
d) Three phase source: Voltage (Phase to Phase): 0.4kV, Internal connection: Y
grounded, Specify impedance using short-circuit level: Check/select box.
(This option is selected to specify internal impedance using the inductive short-
circuit level and XIR ratio, set X/R ratio to 10), 3 phase short circuit level: 1020e6
VA.

PWP71S LAB 1 Penti Paulus

 e. Three-Phase Breaker: Initial status of breakers: closed; Enable switching of all
Phases; External control of switching times: C h e c k / Select box; Measurements:
None; Breakers resistance Ron: 0.001; Snubbers resistance Rp: 1e6; Snubbers
capacitance Cp: inf

f. Three-Phase V-1 Measurement: Voltage measurement: phase-to-phase; Current

measurement: Yes (Uncheck labels and per-unit measurements).

g. Three-Phase Series RLC Load: The load is considered to be a motor, rated 110kW,
400V, 0.9 power factor. Configuration: connection: Y grounded; Inductive reactive
power: Calculate; capacitive reactive Power: 0 VAR.
h. Three Phase Fault: Ground fault; External control of fault timing; Initial status of
fault: [0 0 0].
i. Step Sources: There are two step sources used in this model to control circuit the
breaker and fault blocks. The step time and initial values are set in such a way that
the breaker remains closed up to 0.1s and a fault does not occur during simulation
time. Because simulation time is 0.25s and step-time of "Fault Control (Step
source)" is 1s, it means the output of this step source will remain "0" during
simulation time.
Step:
Step time: 0.1
Initial value: 1
Final value: 0
Fault Control:
Step time: 1
Initial value: 0
Final value: 1
3. Run the simulation and observe the current and voltage waveforms on the
Scope. Find the peak value of current and voltage in each phase when the circuit
breaker close and record them in the table below.

Table 1 Voltage & Current Observations:

la lb le
Va Vb Ve

4. Connect the RMS block in each phase of output current and find rms value of
current in each phase. Different RMS bocks are available in Matlab Simulink
libraries. Select appropriate RMS block that has constant output.

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Table 2 RMS Current Values

la lb le

5. Copy/save the Voltage and Current graphs

6. The RMS value observed in Step 4 is the rated load current of the system. The
System can be overloaded up to 40%. So, the over current relay must not
consider this over load condition as a faulty condition. But as soon as the
current exceed this over load current value, the over current relay must trip
the circuit breakers. To model this condition in Simulink, you compare the RMS
value of currents with a constant. The value of the constant will be 1.4 times
the RMS value of rated load current.

Insert a subsystem in the model. Rename this subsystem as "Over Current

Relay". Open this Over Current Relay (Subsystem). By default it has one input
and one output port that is directly connected with each other. Add another
input port and rename all the I/O ports as shown in figure 4. Add different block
in this subsystem and connect with each other as shown in the figure.

Figure 4 OCR Model

PWP71S LAB 1 Penti Paulus

 In the figure above, the RMS value of current is compared with a reference value.
If the current is greater than the reference value then it is a faulty condition
and the output of the "Relational operator" will be logic ‘1’. Logical inverse of this
output can be fed directly to the control input of the circuit breaker.

To avoid operation for normal events such as motor starting surges, an S-R Flip-
Flop is used between breaker and relational operator. These flip-flops will retain
the state of the output. Initial condition (state of Q) is set to 'O', so '!Q’ will
be ‘1’.

Mismatch data-type:
The default data-type of output of relational operators, flip-flops and logic
operators is "boolean". To connect the blocks with each other the output data-
type of first block must be consistent with the input data-type of second block.

Input data-type of the breaker is 'double' and in this system, the breaker is
connected at the output of logic AND gate. So to avoid this data-type mismatch
the output data-type of logic AND gate must be 'double'. This can be done either
by connecting "data-type conversion" block at the output of Logic AND gate or
by setting the output data-type of logic AND gate ('double').

NB: You can use the Matlab help function if you don’t know how to do something.

7. Now connect the relay to the system as shown in figure 5. Set the "Step-Time" to
0.1s of fault control (step source). By setting this timing, the fault will occur at 0.1s.

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Figure 5 Complete simulation set-up

Simulate the following unsymmetrical faults and obtain the graphs at the output of the Over
Current Relay:
1) Single Line to Ground fault
2) Double Line to Ground fault
3) 3-φ Grounded fault

LABORATORY REPORTING
Write a lab report which should include at least the following: (16)
• Objective(s) of the experiment
• Introduction/ Brief Theoretical Background
• Experimental Set-up
• Procedure
• Findings/Results
• Analysis of Results
• Conclusion

NB: Make the cover page of this lab manual your report‘s cover page
(Mandatory).

END

PWP71S LAB 1 Penti Paulus