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Fractional Killowatt Motors/ Single Phase Motors  When the stator winding of the single-phase induction motor is energized by a
 Fractional kilowatt motors are built in smaller size and widely used in fans, air
conditioners, mixtures, vacuum cleaner, washing machines, other kitchen
equipment's, small farming appliances, tape recorder, shaping machines etc.
 In addition to this, single phase motors are reliable, cheap in cost, simple in
construction and easy to repair.
Construction and working of Single phase Induction motors:
 The Construction of a single phase induction motor is similar to
the construction of three phase induction motor having squirrel cage rotor,
except that the stator is wound for single phase supply.
 In fact, Stator is also provided with a 'starting winding' which is used only for
starting purpose. (will be discussed later in starting method)
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Double-field revolving theory:
 The double-field revolving theory states that, any pulsating or alternating
quantity (here, alternating flux) can be resolved into two components having
magnitude half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity, and
both these components rotating in opposite direction.
 The induction motor responds to each of the magnetic fields separately and
the net torque in the motor is equal to the sum of the torque due to each of
the two magnetic fields.
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single phase supply, a pulsating magnetic field is produced.
 The Pulsating field means that the field builds up in one direction falls to zero
and then builds up in the opposite direction.
 The alternating current flowing through stator winding causes induced current
in the rotor bars (of the squirrel cage rotor ) according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. This induced current in the rotor will also produce
alternating flux. Even after both alternating fluxes are set up, the motor fails to
start.
 i.e. Under these conditions, the motor does not develop any starting torque
and hence the rotor of an induction motor will not start to rotate.
 Hence, a single phase induction motor is not self-starting. It requires some
special starting means.
 However, if phase stator winding is excited and the rotor of the motor is
rotated by an auxiliary means and the starting device is then removed, the
motor continues to rotate in the direction in which it is started.
 This behavior of a single phase motor can be explained by double-field
revolving theory.
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 When the
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 Here,

 When the

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 Clearly, at starting both torque How To Make Single Phase Induction Motor Self Starting?
are equal and opposite but • As explained above, single phase induction motor is not self-starting. To make
it self-starting, it can be temporarily converted into a two-phase motor while
at any other speed one goes on
starting. This can be achieved by introducing an additional 'starting winding'
increasing and other goes also called as auxiliary winding.
on decreasing and hence • Hence, stator of a single phase motor has two windings: (i) Main winding and
net positive torque is obtained. (ii) Starting winding (auxiliary winding). These two windings are connected in
parallel across a single phase supply and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart.
Therefore, a single phase Phase difference of 90 degree can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in
induction motor has no starting series with the starting winding.
torque. • Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator produces
revolving magnetic field which causes rotor to run. Once motor gathers speed,
Hence, in say upto 80 or 90% of its normal speed,
the starting winding gets disconnected
form the circuit by means of a centrifugal
switch, and the motor runs only on main
winding.
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Single Phase Induction Motors are usually classified according to the auxiliary
means to start the motors:
1. Split Phase Induction Motor Fig. Split phase motor
The Split Phase Motor is also known as a Resistance Start Motor. It has a single
cage rotor, and its stator has two windings known as main winding and starting
winding and both the windings are displaced 90 degrees in space.
The main winding has very low resistance and a high inductive reactance
whereas the starting winding has high resistance and low inductive reactance.
The Connection Diagram of the motor is shown below.
This auxiliary winding has higher resistance to reactance (R/X ) ratio as compared
to that in the main winding, and is placed at a space angle of 90° from the main
winding.
The current (Ia ) in the auxiliary winding lags the voltage (V ) by an angle φa ,
which is small, whereas the current ( Im) in the main winding lags the voltage (V )
by an angle φm , which is nearly equal to 90.
The phase angle between the two currents is ( 90° −φ), which should be at least
30° . This results in a small amount of starting torque. The switch, S (centrifugal
switch) is in series with the auxiliary winding.
It automatically cuts out the auxiliary or starting winding, when the motor attains
a speed close to full load speed. The motor has a starting torque of 100−200% of
full load torque, with the starting current as 5-7 times the full load current.
The phasor diagram and torque
Speed characteristics is shown
In the figure.

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2. Capacitor start and Run Motor: 3. Capacitor start and Capacitor Run Motor:

This type of motor is quiet and smooth running.

They have higher efficiency than the motors that
run on the main windings only.
They are used for loads of higher inertia requiring
frequent starts where the maximum pull-out torque
and efficiency required are higher.
The Two Value Capacitor Motors are used in
pumping equipment, refrigeration, air compressors,
etc.

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Single phase series (Universal) motor:
The motors which can be used with a single phase AC source as well as a DC
source of supply and voltages are called as Universal Motor. It is also known
as Single Phase Series Motor. A universal motor is a commutation type motor.
DC Excitation:
If the polarity of the line terminals of a DC Series Motor is reversed, the motor
will continue to run in the same direction.
The direction of torque developed in dc series motor is determined by both field
polarity and the direction of current through the armature as torque is
proportional to the flux and the armature current.
AC Excitation:
• Let the DC series motor be connected across a single phase AC supply. Since the
same current flows through the field winding and the armature winding. The AC
reversal from positive to negative or vice versa will affect both field flux polarity as
well as the current direction through the armature.
• The direction of the developed torque will remain positive, and direction of the
rotation will be as it was before. The nature of the torque will be pulsating, and the
frequency will be twice that of line frequency as shown in the waveform below.
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Thus, a Universal motor can work on both AC and DC.
However, a series motor which is mainly designed for DC
operation if works on single phase AC supply suffers from the
following drawbacks.
• The efficiency becomes low because of hysteresis and eddy
current losses.
• The power factor is low due to the large reactance of the field
and the armature windings.
• The sparking at the brushes is in excess.
So some modification in construction is done:
A compensating winding is used for reducing the effect of the
armature reaction and improving the commutation process.
In order to minimize the problem of commutation, high
resistance brushes with increased brush area are used. To
reduce Eddy current losses the stator core and yoke are
laminated.
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The winding is put in the stator slot. The axis of compensating winding is 90 Special purpose motors: 1. Stepper motor, 2. Schrage motor, 3.Servo motor
degrees with the main field axis. The compensating winding is connected in 1.Stepper motor:
series with both the armature and the field, hence, it is called Conductively
compensated. If the compensating winding is short circuited, the motor is said to
be inductively compensated.
Applications:
The characteristic of Universal motor is similar to that of the DC series motor.
When operating from an AC supply, the series motor develops less torque. By
interchanging connections of the fields with respect to the armature, the
direction of rotation can be altered.
The Universal motor is simple and less costly and its size is smaller than other ac
motors for same horse power rating. It is used usually for rating not greater than
750 W. This motor is most suitable for applications requiring high speeds.
• Portable drill machine.
• Used in hair dryers, grinders and table fans.
• A universal motor is also used in blowers, polishers and kitchen appliances.

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1 Working:

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1.Stepper motor: 2.Schrage motor:

It is a variable speed
commutator type 3 —
phase shunt type, brush
shifting induction
motor, and was
invented in 1911 by
H.K. Schrage of the
Swedish Co. ASEA and,
therefore, called
the Schrage motor.
In Schrage motor,
speed is controlled by
inserting a voltage of
slip frequency in the
secondary circuit.

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1.Stepper motor: 1.Stepper motor:

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1.Stepper motor: 3.Servo motor:

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1.Stepper motor: 1.Stepper motor:

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Reluctance Start single phase motor: Construction and working principle:

A single phase synchronous Reluctance Motor is basically the same as the single
cage type induction motor.
The stator of the motor has the main and auxiliary winding. The stator of the
single phase reluctance and induction motor are same.
The rotor of a reluctance motor is a squirrel cage with some rotor teeth removed
in the certain places to provide the desired number of salient rotor poles.
The variable reluctance motor is based on the principle that an unrestrained
piece of iron will move to complete a magnetic flux path with
minimum reluctance,

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Construction and working principle: Construction and working principle:

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Construction and working principle:

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