1
21ST CENTURY TUNA CATHARCIS- refers to purgation, purification, clarification, or
LITERARY CRITICISM AND LITERARY THEORY
CRITICISM- the expression of disapproval of someone or
something based on perceived faults or mistakes.
-the analysis and judgment of the merits and faults of a
literary or artistic work.
-The act of finding fault; censure; disapproval
-The act of criticizing, especially adversely
LITERARY CRITICISM- the comparison, analysis,
interpretation, and/or evaluation of works of literature.
Why criticize?
-That criticism is secondary to literature itself and dependent
on it and that critical interpretations or judgments seem to
assume that the literary text which they are addressing is
unquestionably literature
Two Primary Questions in Literary Criticism
-why does a piece of literature have the precise
characteristics that it has? (How does it work?)
-what is the value of literature?
TYPES OF LITERARY CRITICISM
1. PRACTICAL CRITICISM – I.A. Richards- one of the pioneers.
-Started in 1920
-Focuses on the examination of individual text.
-Isolation of the text from history and context.
2. THEORETICAL CRITICISM - Discusses the nature of
literature, and the relation between literature, critics and
society.
3. DESCRIPTIVE CRITICISM - tends to explain the piece of
literature as it is, in its original form.
4. PRESCRIPTIVE CRITICISM - argues on how the piece of
literature ought to be.
LITERARY THEORY AND APPROACHES
CLASSICAL LITERARY THEORY- This theory is premised on the
idea that literature is an imitation of life.
MIMESIS- Greek word for “imitation”
-Plato
-It talks about how literature imitates life.
FUNCTION- refers to whether a piece of literary work aims to
entertain (dulce) or to teach or to instruct (utile).
STYLE- refers to whether the literary work is written in a low,
middle, or high style. Longinus even suggested a fourth style
which he called the sublime.
5 Sources of Sublimity
-Great thoughts
-Strong emotion
-Certain figures of thought and speech
-Noble diction
-Dignified word arrangement
structural kind of emotional cleansing. Aristotle’s view of
catharsis involves purging of negative emotions, like pity and
fear.
CENSORSHIP- is an issue for Plato for literary works that
show bad mimesis.
HISTORICAL-BIOGRAPHICAL THEORY- Reflection of its
author’s life and times or the life and times of the characters
in the work.
MORAL-PHILOSOPHICAL
larger THEORY- Emphasizes that the
function of literature is to teach morality and to probe
philosophical issues.
ROMANTIC THEORY- William Wordsworth explained his idea
on romanticism in his Preface to the Second Edition of the
Lyrical Ballads.
He explained that poetry should:
-have a subject matter that is ordinary and commonplace.
-use simple language, even aspiring to the language of prose.
make use of the imagination.
-convey a primal (simple, uncomplicated) feeling.
-present similitude in dissimilitude (similarities in differences).
PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY- It encourages the
reader/critic
to be creative in speculating about the characters or author’s
motivations, drives, fears, or desires.
3 COMPONENT PARTS OF THE PSYCHE
ID: directly related to the instinctual drives
EGO: an agency which regulates and opposes the drives
SUPEREGO: another part of the ego with a critical judging
function
MYTHOLOGICAL/ARCHETYPAL APPROACH- Based on Carl
Jung’s collective unconsciousness.
-Repeated or dominant images or patterns of human
experience are identified in the text: the changing of seasons,
the cycle of birth, death and rebirth, the heroic quest, or
immortality.
RUSSIAN FORMALISM- Viktor Shklovsky- leader of the
Russian Formalists.
-Goal is to establish a Science of Literature.
-This theory stresses that art is artificial and that a great deal
of acquired skill goes into it as opposed to the old classical
maxim that true art conceals its art
MARXIST LITERARY THEORY- This theory aims to explain
literature in relation to society – that literature can only be
properly understood within a larger framework of social
reality.

FEMINIST THEORY- This is a specific kind of political
discourse; a critical and theoretical practice committed to the
struggle against patriarchy and sexism.
TWO KINDS OF FEMINIST CRITICISM
-concerned with unearthing, rediscovering or re-evaluating
women’s writing
-re-reading literature from the point of view of women.
POSTCOLONIAL CRITICISM- Post colonialism refers to a
historical phase undergone by Third World countries after the
decline of colonialism: for example, when countries in Asia,
Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean separated from the
European empires and were left to rebuild themselves.
AFRICAN LITERATURE
BACKGROUND OF AFRICAN LITERATURE
-African literature was main oral until the 20th century.
-Oral tradition of proverbs, myths and poetry influences
contemporary literatures.
-Folktales often includes; animal hero, trickster- heroes, etc.
1ST AFRICAN LITERATURE (2300- 2100) BC - It started
when
the ancient Egyptians began using burial text to accompany
their dead. Want to read all 22 pages?
Earliest written sub- Saharan literature is heavily influenced
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ABDUL -RAHMAN AL-SADI - The first writer of the first
African history of Sudan in Arabic style.
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alive.
DURING COLONIZATION
-Europeans tried to destroy primitive culture of Africans to
make them more flexible slaves.
-1789 first slave narrative was published, ex. The Interesting
Narrative of Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustava Vassa
-The Swahili poetry also threw off the dominating influence of
Islam and reverted back to Bantu forms.
UTENDI WA INKISHAH- (Souls awakening) was one example
of the reaction against the European attack to destroy African
culture.
DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN LITERATURE
-Europeans helped the development by bring journalism and
government schools in Africa.
-Local newspaper featured local African poetry and short
story section.
-Story of an African Farm (1883) by Oliver Schreiner-
considered the African classic analysis of radical and sexual
issues.
Aime Cesair- The negritude movement established itself as
one of the best literary movements of its time in the 1920s
and 1930s. It was a French speaking African search for
identity which took them back to their roots in Africa.
2
LEOPOLD SE’NGHER- One of the prime thinkers of Negritude
movement that starts in 1920s to 1930s.
-Became the president of Senegal.
KOFI OWOONOR- He collected and translated into English
much of African oral culture and art forms, preserving native
culture.
CHINUA ACHEBE- Provided a level deep cultural details
rarely found in European literature.
TYPES OF AFRICAN LITERATURE
PERIODS OF AFRICAN LITERATURE
PRE- COLONIAL
- “Epic Sundiata” composed in medieval Mali
-Trickster story
-Utendi Wa Tambuka or "The story of Tambuka“: earliest
piece of Swahili literature.
COLONIAL
-Joseph Ephram, Casely Hayford of the Golden Coast (Ghana)
in 1911 published the first novel written in English, Ethiopia
Unbound.
-Herbert Isaac, Ernest Dhlomo of South Africa published the
first English language African play, The Girl Who Killed to
Save:Noggawuse the Liberator in 1935.
POST-COLONIAL
There are seven conflict themes as used in African writings
the clash between Africa's past and present
between tradition and modernity, indigenous and foreign,
individualism and community, socialism and capitalism,
development and self-reliance; and between Africanity and
humanity.
COMMON CHARACTERISTICS AND THEMES OF AFRICAN
LITERATURE
EXPRESSION OF SOCIAL CHANGE - The effect of
colonization
in cultural, political and social life of the people.
TOOLS OF RESISTANCE AND LIBERATION - Liberation
challenges people to see the positive things about their
heritage.
AFRICAN
Thiongo HAS RICH HISTORY- In all his novels, Ayi wa
tries to uplift the cultural heritage of Africa by explaining the
colonial subjugation to the Kenyans.
-Africa is known for rich tradition
Place and experience of displacement are both important
features of african literature - Soyinka’s Season of Anomy is
basically about processes of displacement, elimination and
substitution
THE NEGRITUDE MOVEMENT
Negritude movement which was characterized by the
following features:
A rejection of white culture; A fresh and sympathetic look at
the African culture; A cultural unity of all the black people;
 3

EAST ASIAN LITERATURE -was one of the Buddha's closest disciples. Described as a

CHINESE CIVILIZATION - It is no surprise that China contemporary of disciples such as Subhuti, Śāriputra, and

Mahākāśyapa, he is considered the second of the Buddha's two

plays a large role in the cultural history of Asia, and this is
in no small measure due to the kinds of creativity that the
Chinese dedicated to ‘letters’, as we may call them.
- first dynasties ever recorded were in China, and the first dynasty
The
was called the Xia Dynasty. This was followed by the Shang Dynasty
of the Yellow River Valley.
-It is interesting to note that the Zhou Dynasty was the longest lasting
dynasty in Chinese history. During ‘his dynasty, bronze ware was
developed into mass production, and written script became the
modern Chinese characters that you are familiar with today.
foremost male disciples, together with Śāriputra.
-The originally Tibetan epic of King Gesar of Ling, recomposed in
Mongolian, Turkic, Manchu and other languages, is found in sung
and written form in all in the lands surrounding China on three
sides, but is unknown in Chinese tradition itself.
-Asian literary history before European influence is a series of world
orders, each hierarchical, each exalting some principle derived from
debates that perturbed the communities of the so-called ‘Axial Age’.

-The term WEN or WENZHANG in Chinese, it is generally known, ARABIAN LITERATURE

refers not only to ‘literature’ but to principles of organization applied A written Arabic Literature began to be known with the
to family life, political order, visual artefacts, morals, ideas about the collection of the Koran.
natural world and so forth. Koran: the sacred book of Islam
-The emergence of China was a process contemporaneous with the Arabs possessed a highly developed poetry, composed of
diffusion of Chinese writing. recitation and transmitted orally from generation to
-To look at the situation without retrospective wisdom, we should say generation.
rather that in the pre-imperial period, the languages and writing
systems covering the Chinese cultural zone were not uniform.
HISTORICAL PERIODS OF ARABIC LITERATURE
-The unification of script by the First Emperor just after 221 BCE 1. Umayyad Period
caused Chinese to ‘enjoy’, as Field and Qin put it, the benefits of 2. Abbasid Empire
standardization.
THE HISTORY OF ARABIC LITERATURE IS USUALLY DIVIDED
so regional modes of speech became ‘dialects’ of Chinese script.
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PERIODS MARKING THE DYNASTY CHANGES AND
DIVISION THAT TOOK PLACE WITHIN THE ISLAMIC WORLD.
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1. Umayyad Period (AD 661–750)
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Chinese literate elite.
-Through the establishment of monastic translation committees and
the work of a few exceptional polyglot interpreters compiling a
• Umayyad poets: alAkhtal and al–Farazdaq, favored new
corpus of tens of thousands of texts, Chinese became the dominant
poetic forms such as love lyrics (called ghazals), wine songs,
medium of Buddhist teaching in Asia.
SINOFICATION/SINIFICATION - is the process by which
non- Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese
culture, particularly the language, societal norms, culture, and
ethnic identity of the Han people.
-One international ‘literary world’ that has received recent
attention is the ‘Sinosphere’ of ‘Sinophone’ or ‘Sinographic’
communication, designating China and those of its
neighbouring states that adopted and adapted Chinese-
character writing: Korea, Vietnam, Japan.
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Arabic prose literature was limited primarily to grammatical
treatises, commentaries, on the Koran, and the compiling of
stories about Muhammad and his companions.
and hunting poems.
• Many forms were invented for Arabic Literature, which then
entered what is generally regarded its greatest period of
development and achievement.
2. Abbasid Empire (750–1258)
Ibn al–Muqaffa - The first masterpiece of Arabic Literary
prose.
Folk Literature — The Thousand and One Night (The Arabian
Nights)
• Rawis — Storytellers in Arabian Literatures

CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND LITERATURE Modern Periods of Arabic Literature

-Ji Xianlin has observed that the animal fables of the
Panchatantra are found migrating in the company of Buddhist
texts from India to China, where they encounter another line
of animal stories collected in the Zhuangzi (c. 340 BCE).
VICTOR MAIR - has described how the Mahāmaudgalyāyana
narrative – multiply adapted, from sutra to story to ritual
opera – uses the Buddhist tale of a descent into hell in order
to propose a reconciliation between monastic and familial-
piety systems of value.
During the centuries of Ottoman Turksish domination, Arabic
literature fell into decline.
• Intellectual Movement — nahdah (” reawakening”)
NOT UNTIL THE MID 19TH CENTURY WAS IT REVIVED IN THE
INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT KNOWN AS NAHDAH WHICH
ORIGINATED IN SYRIA AND SPREAD TO EGYPT.

• Prose and poetry have gradually freed itself from centuries
which left people feeling like foreigners in the world, but
of neglect and has assumed its former place among the
world's great literatures.
Tawfig al–Hakim - Outstanding among recent Arabic
novelists, dramatists, and essayists
INDIAN LITERATURE
Sanskrit literature has'its origins in an oral tradition that
produced the Vedic holy texts, sometime after 1500 BC.
These homilies and hymns gave rise to many commentaries,
the most famous of which are the Upanishads.
Oral history, legend, and moral tales were later fused into
the two great books of Hindu tradition, the Mahabharata and
the Ramayana, which have since been used as the sources for
countless literary works. Other major additions to Sankskrit
literature are the Pumnas (400 B.C-A.D. 1400) and the
Panchatantra (c. AD. 450).
1. Sanskrit
— the oldest extant Aryan Language
2. Prakrit
— a small portion of literature
— a vernacular form of Sanskrit.
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HISTORICAL PERIODS OF INDIAN LITERATURE
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-It was preserved, transformed, and spread
1. The Vedic Period (1500 B.C – 200 B.C)
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poetry and some prose attempts to establish.
2. Sanskrit Period (200 B.C – Present Day)
• many types of literature achieved distinction-epic, lyric,
and didactic poetry; drama, fairy tales; fables; romances; and
philosophy.
AN INTRODUCTION TO MARXISM AND ALIENATION
MARXISM
Founder: Karl Marx— concerns itself with class differences,
economic and otherwise, as well as the implications and
complications of the capitalist system
Theories of Karl Marx and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1. The Material Dialectic (process of thinking, the cycle of
contradiction, tension, and revolution in a society)
2. The Revolution (conflict between the classes led by the
working class)
3. The Division (struggle of the two social classes)
ALIENATION
• concept of alienation is deeply embedded in all the great
religions and social and political theories of the civilised
epoch, namely, the idea that sometime in the past people
lived in harmony, and then there was some kind of rupture
4
sometime in the future this alienation would be overcome
and humanity would again live in harmony with itself and
Nature.
• is the process whereby people become foreign to the world
they are living in.
TYPES OF ALIENATION
1. Worker is alienated from the productive process itself.
2. Worker is alienated from the product itself.
3. Worker is alienated from society and other humans.
4. Worker is alienated from the need of the human being for
creativity and community.
Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth.
Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost
peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia.
European literature has been known for its significant
contribution to world literature. Many standards and
techniques that the rest of the world is using or innovating
right now started or developed in Europe.
Western Literature / European Literature
by Christianity and thus transmitted to the vernacular
languages of the European Continent, the Western
Hemisphere, and other regions that were settled by
Europeans.
-To the present day, this body of writing displays a unity in its
main features that sets it apart from the literature of the rest
of the world.
-The languages may be varied due to geographical distances
but they share a common sense of identity bound by a
common sense of ancestry.
Greek Celtic
Latin Romance languages are all members of the
Indo-European family
Germanic Finnish
Baltic Hungarian
Slavic Semitic languages of the eastern
Mediterranean, such as Hebrew, are not Indo-European.
The common literary heritage is essentially that originating in
ancient Greece and Rome.
The Divisions of European Literature: Ancient Literature
-The use of clay tablets and papyrus paper scrolls paved the
way for the writing of the Holy Scriptures which is very much
influential in European literature.

-Likewise, songs, poems, fables, anecdotes,
and parables were all invented during this period.
The Epic of Gilgamesh – the world’s oldest epic
The Code of Hammurabi – the world’s first codified law
The Book of the Dead – the compilation of the Egyptian
pantheon, rituals
The Holy Bible – the sacred scriptures of Jews
Iliad and Odyssey – the epics of Greece
Metamorphoses – the compilation of Roman mythology and
culture
Aeneid – the Epic of Rome
Medieval Literature
The use of vellum (goat skin paper), parchment (sheep skin
paper), and wooden tables covered in green or black wax to
fashion books which are more durable than scrolls became
widespread.
The greatest number of books published during this era were
bound with plain wooden boards, or with simple tooled
leather for more expensive volumes.
King Arthur – Geoffrey of Monmouth
Beowulf – Anglo-Saxon tradition
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Canterbury Tales – Geoffrey Chaucer
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-The cultivation of the feelings stimulated philanthropy,
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History of British People – Venerable Bede
City of God – St. Augustine of Hippo
exaltation to
of personal relationships, religious fervor, and the
cult of sentiment, or sensibility.
Divine Comedy – Alighieri Dante
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Medieval or Middle Ages. Also known as Dark Ages, due to
the prevailing conditions during this period, barbarian
invasion and Muslim conquests marked this era. Wars,
famine, plagues and decline in culture and learning.
Renaissance Literature
-The term Renaissance (rebirth or revival) is given to the
historical period in Europe that succeeded the Middle Ages. -
This period marked the reawakening of a new spirit of
intellectual and artistic inquiry, which was the dominant
feature of this political, religious, and philosophical
phenomenon, was essentially a revival of the spirit of ancient
Greece and Rome.
In literature this meant a new interest in and analysis of the
great classical writers. Scholars searched for and
translated lost ancient texts, whose dissemination was much
helped by developments in printing in Europe from about
1450. Written short stories, novellas and tales were born in
this period.
Johannes Gutenberg – invented the movable type printing
press
Desiderius Erasmus – initiated the Humanism Movement
5
Martin Luther – initiated the Reformation in Europe
Christopher Columbus – discovered the New World (the
Americas)
Christopher Marlowe – wrote Doctor Faustus
17th Century Literature
The great question of the century, which confronted serious
writers from John Donne to John Dryden, was Michel de
Montaigne’s What do I know?
This includes the ascertainment of the grounds and relations
of knowledge, faith, reason, and authority in religion,
metaphysics, ethics, politics, economics, and natural science.
Hence, this period is also known as Age of Reason.
Discourse on Methods – Rene Descartes
Absalom – John Dryden
Pensees – Blaise Pascal
The Tragedies – William Shakespeare
Complete Essays – Francis Bacon
Don Quixote – Miguel De Cervantes
Leviathan – Thomas Hobbes
Life is a Dream – Pedro Calderon
Iphigenie – Jean Racine
Paradise Lost – John Milton
18th Century Literature
09277858023
-In literature the rational impulse fostered satire, argument,
wit, plain prose. The other inspired the psychological novel
and the poetry of the sublime. Novel and satire were born in
this period.
Robinson Crusoe – Daniel Defoe
Candide – Voltaire
A Tale of the Tub – Jonathan Swift
Social Contract Theory – Jean Jacques Rousseau
An Essay on Understanding – Alexander Pope
Poems of Scottish Dialect – Robert Burns
Encyclopedie – Denis Diderot
The Sorrows of Young Werther – Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe
19th Century Literature
The 19th century was one of the most vital and interesting
periods of all. This period has special interest as the formative
era from which many modern literary conditions and
tendencies derived.
Influences that had their origins or were in development in
this period – Romanticism, Symbolism, Realism.
These literary movements are reflected in the current of
modern literature, and many social and economic
 6

characteristics of the 20th century were determined in the

19th.

20th Century Literature

In the 1930s these qualities of 20th-century thought were not
abandoned but, rather, were expanded into a political
context, as writers divided into those supporting political
commitment in their writing and those reacting
conservatively against such a domination of art by politics.

The 20th century features an interest in the unconscious and

the irrational was reflected in their work and that of others of
about this time. This period marked an increasing sense of
crisis and urgency, doubts as to the 19th century’s faith in
the psychological stability of the individual personality, and
a deep questioning of all philosophical or religious solutions
to human problems.

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WRITING A CONCEPT PAPER: TYPES OF DEFINITIONS
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 7

CONCEPT PAPER- is a brief paper outlining the key aspects of Ex. Unemployment leads to absence of income and deprive
a study before undertaking the study. It is meant to provide
economy.
an idea of the study. 8.HISTORICAL REFERENCES- showing how a word has
been defines throughout history.
TYPES OF DEFINITIONS Ex. To our colonial forefathers, freedom meant having a voice in
their government.
1.FORMAL DEFINITIONS- consists of three parts: the term,
class and distinguishing features.
PRESENTING CONCEPT PAPER
o 1.TERM- a word or phrase to be defined
EXPLICATION- It is a method of explanation in which
o 2.CLASS- the group where the term belongs
sentences, verses, quotes or passages are taken from a
o 3.DISTINGUISHING FEATURES- the qualities or
different characteristics that distinguish it from its literary or academic work and then interpreted and explained
class. in a detailed way.
Ex. CLARIFICATION- is a method of explanation in which the
Term: freedom points are organized from a general abstract idea and
Part of speech: noun concrete examples.
Definition: The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants Signaling words- after all, as an example, consider the ff, for
without hindrance or restraint. example, for instance
Term: Bicycle BODY- is the main section of the concept paper. In this part,
Class: is a mode of transportation
you will elaborate on the specific claims made in your thesis
Distinguishing Features: That has two wheels and is powered
through the pedaling effort of the rider statement.

1.Formal sentence definitions include the term, class, and

2.INFORMAL DEFINITIONS- we only have the term and class. distinguishing features.
In an informal definition, the writer uses known words or
2.Informal definitions, on the other hand, do not include the
examples to explain an unknown term. These definitions may
distinguishing features.
3.Extended definition are essay length texts that use different
or like.
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be synonyms or antonyms introduces by or, in other words,

rhetorical patters how to show meaning of a particular term or

concept.
Ex.
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1.A chair is a piece of furniture.
WRITING A POSITION PAPER
3.EXTENDED DEFINITIONS- generally have componentsView of
POSITION PAPER - presents one side of an arguable opinion
full document
both informal and formal definitions. However, as the name
about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the
suggests, the author uses a number of other techniques to
audience that your opinion is valid and defensible.
define a word, concept, or phrase, including the following:
-The position paper has essential parts such as the issue, the
TECHNIQUES OF EXTENDED DEFINITIONS argumentative thesis, the claims, and the evidence.
1.LISTING AND DESCRIBING THE PARTS- identifying smaller, -The issue of the position paper is similar to the topic
more familiar pieces of an idea to point to the definition of
sentence. It is the central concept up for contention.
the bigger concept. Ex. Topic- Dress code
Ex. Memory is today defined in psychology as the faculty of Issue- Implementing a dress code in school
encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
2.ETYMOLOGY- sharing a word’s origin. Claims- These are statements that support the author’s

Ex. The word philosophy is derived from the Greek words; philo stand.
meaning love and Sophia meaning wisdom Evidence- These are proofs to strengthen the author’s claim
3.EXAMPLES OR ANECDOTES- telling a story or example that 1. Evidence from surveys, library research, and experiments.

2. Evidence from informant interviews (those who have direct

illustrates the term.

experience related to the problem/issue)
4.NEGATION- defining a term by explaining what the concept 3. Evidence from expert interviews.
is not.
Ex. Family isn’t always blood, it’s the people in your life who want
you in theirs. In developing a position paper, remember that there are four
5.EVOKING THE SENSES- using a word that creates a picture essential parts; introduction, summary of counterclaims,
in the reader’s mind so that the reader might relate through
arguments, and conclusion.
memory of sound, sight, touch, hearing, or smell.

6.ENVIRONMENT OR SECTOR- pointing out how and where

The introduction contains background information
something is used.
Ex. Face masks are one tool utilized for preventing the spread of
disease.
7.RAMIFICATIONS- showing how the term or concept
affects people or objects.
concerning the issue -WH (who, what, where, and why), a yes
or no question containing the issue, and the argumentative
thesis.
-The yes or no question is the issue posed as an interrogative
statement. This allows readers to see both sides of the issue.
 8

It also allows you to weigh the evidence to support your claims for
your essay.
-The argumentative thesis is the sentence that takes a
stand on the issue and includes the claims to support your
stand.
The summary of counterclaims will constitute the second paragraph
of your position paper and is devoted to an enumeration of
arguments opposing a stand. The summary counterclaims are a
unique feature of argumentations as it highlights the author's
opposite claims. This will allow you to refute these claims in the
body of your argument. In writing this, you need to be brief.
The conclusion contains a restatement of your thesis and
summarizes your main claims. Similar to the introduction, the
conclusion holds a powerful position as it contains the thesis
statement and gives readers a strong sense of the author’s position.
PRESENTING A POSITION PAPER
-Remember that an important dimension to a position paper is a
Ex. Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F. (1982). Kaufman, J. R.,
& Wong, D. F. (1978)
4) References with the same authors in the same order are arranged
by year of publication, the earliest first:
Ex. Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K. (1977).
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K. (1980).
5) The order of several works by different authors with the same
surname is arranged alphabetically by the first initial:
Ex. Eliot, A. L. (1983).
Eliot, G. E. (1980).
EXAMPLES OF ITEMS IN A REFERENCE LIST
Although the format for books, journal articles, magazine
articles and other media is similar, there are some slight
differences. Items in a reference list should be double-spaced.
Also, use hanging indents: entries should begin flush left with
subsequent lines indented.

1.BOOKS
clear thesis, which is your stand concerning an issue. The claims

should be clearly stated as this will guide you in preparing your

General Format: SINGLE-AUTHORED BOOKS
outline. -Author’s surname, Initials (year of publication). Title of work.
Place of Publication: Publisher.
THE BASICS OF APA REFERENCING
REFERENCING - is a standardized way of acknowledging the
sources of information and ideas that you have used in your General Format: TWO-AUTHORED BOOKS
assignments and which allows the sources to be identified. -Author’s 1 surname, Initials & Author’s 2 surname, Initials
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(year22
-It is a method used to demonstrate to your readers that you pages?
of publication). Title of work. Place of Publication:
have conducted a thorough and appropriate literature search,
Publisher
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and carried out appropriate reading.

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APA REFERENCING
View full document
APA STYLE - uses the author/date method of citation in which
the author's last name and the year of the publication are General Format: BOOKS WITH AN EDITOR
inserted in the actual text of the paper.
-Author’s surname, Initials. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of
THE REFERENCE LIST work. Place of Publication: Publisher
APA style suggests using a reference list for references cited in the
text of a paper rather than a bibliography.
A REFERENCE LIST includes only those references which General Format: BOOKS WITH NO AUTHOR
were actually cited in the text of one's paper.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY includes all literature consulted which was -Title of work. (Year of publication). Place of Publication:
"immediately relevant" to the research process, even though Publisher
the material was not cited in the text of one's paper.
When
compiling a reference list, one needs to pay particular attention to

the following: 1) sequence; 2) punctuation and spacing; 3)

capitalization; and 4) underlining.

ORDER OF REFERENCES IN THE REFERENCE LIST 2. PERIODICALS

1) Arrange entries in alphabetical order by surname of the first General Format: JOURNAL
author. -Author’s surname, Initials (year of publication). Title of
2) Single-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning
article. Title of journal., volume (issue numbers), page
with the same surname:
Ex. Kaufman, J. R. (1981).
numbers.
Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. C. (1978).

3) References with the same first author and different second or

third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the
second author, and so on:
 9

1.DIAGRAMS/FIGURES- illustrates concepts or processes.

General Format: MAGAZINES 2.TABLES- are used to present numerical information

-Author’s surname, Initials. (Year, month date). Title of article. 3.LINE GRAPHS- are used to present trends over time.
Title of magazine., volume (issue numbers), page numbers. 4.PIE CHART- are used to illustrate proportions
5.BAR GRAPH- are used compare two or more values with

certain variables

INFERENCES are made when two or more facts are combined

to come up with ideas.
3. ONLINE SOURCES (INTERNET) The CONCLUSION section presents the answers to the
-Author, Initials or Institution. (Date of retrieval). Title of research questions. An important aspect of this section is the
work. Retrieved from website/ link generalization made from the work.

PREPARING THE TECHNICAL REPORT

A TECHNICAL REPORT is a document that needs different
approaches of data collection and treatment.

1.BACKGROUND STUDY- this section delves into the nature

of the problem, the circumstances that led to the problem,
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and the reasons why the writer is addressing the problem
through research.
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2.RELEVANT LITERATURE (REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE)- this section synthesizes studies that support
the investigation.
3. METHODS, MATERIALS, AND PARTICIPANTS- this section View full document
describes the different ways of collecting data and the
strategies to answer the research questions.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION- this section expounds on the
answers to the research questions.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS- this section
presents the generalizations drawn from the research results
and discussion.

Essential parts of introduction:

1.DEFINE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS- Examining your title,
outline, and thesis statements are good reference points to
determine which concepts need to be defined at the outset.
CODE SWITCHING- is the juxtaposition within the same
speech exchange of passages belonging to two different
grammatical systems or subsystems (As cited in Valdez, 2008)

2. Describe problems observed by the researcher or those cited in

the students reviewed.
3. Present the research gap in previous studies
4. See a strong claim or end your background of the study by
restating the thesis statement of your work.

The presentation and interpretation of data may employ non-prose

texts (tables, charts, figure) to manage the data well. Inferences in the
discussion section is devoted to relating the findings to previous EMPTECH
studies on the investigation.

WEB DESIGN AND ICT
WEB PAGE- A web page is a document which is designed for
hosting and design services.
the World Wide Web and is accessible using a web browser
-is a pure WYSIWYG, free cloud-based web development platform
such as Firefox, Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer,
that allows users to create HTML5 websites and mobile sites.
or Apple Safari. A web page may content text, graphics,
2. Weebly - a website for building websites. The online
sound, video, and animation.
-Basic Web Design Principles and Elements A web design is a concept
the process with an intuitive drag-and-drop interface.
of planning, creating, updating, and maintaining websites. A good
-is a free website builder, blog, and web-hosting service.
design allows the user to understand the message, contents, and
3. Drupal - Drupal represents an English rendering of the
ideas in the most convenient way.
WEB DESIGN ELEMENTS
1. TEXT – font family and type must be chosen well, clear, and
in readable size.
2. GRAPHICS/ ILLUSTRATION – must be with good quality
and
well arranged with the text and other elements.
3. SHAPES – can be used to denote an enclosed boundary in
the overall design.
4. BACKGROUND – or texture can help provide your website
with a feeling of a surface underneath.
5. COLOR – must blend well and complement the elements
on the page.
6. VIDEO/AUDIO – will help viewers easily understand what
you are teaching or selling.
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7. LINKS – will allow users to connect to another site or page
that is related to the content of your page or site.
MULTIMEDIA AND ICT
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RICH CONTENT IN THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT AND THE
WEB DESIGN PRINCIPLES
1. PORTABLE DESIGN – web design must be portable and
accessible by users who have different browsers, operating View full document
systems, and computer platforms.
2. DESIGN FOR LOW BANDWIDTH - website design must be
accessible at a variety speeds.
3. DIRECTION – Identify the order of importance of the
various elements and place them in a sequence where the
eye moves and perceives the things it sees.
4. ACCESSIBILITY – when a visitor enters the website, he/she
must be able to easily access the information.
5. WHITE SPACES – use white space deliberately in your
design and as a breathing space.
6. SIMPLIFY – the more options you place in your site, the
more difficult it is for a visitor to make a decision more time is
required to browse through them.
7. CONVENIENCE – to allow a visitor to make an action, the
click buttons should be conveniently located and accessible.
8. REGULAR TESTING – the website should be regularly
upgraded, updated, and tested so that problems will be
quickly resolved.
WYSIWYG is an acronym for “what you see is what you get”
A WYSIWYG editor is a system in which content (text and
graphics) can be edited in a form closely resembling its
appearance when printed or displayed as a finished product,
such as a printed document, web page, or slide presentation.
Example of WYSIWYG platforms HTML editor:
10
1. Wix - a cloud-based website builder that includes web
platform strips away the need for manual coding and replaces
Dutch word druppel, which means "drop" (as in a water
droplet).
4. Wordpress -WordPress is the easiest and most powerful
blogging and website builder in existence today.
Other Ways to Create Website
HTML (Hypertext MarkUp Language) – is the most basic
building block of the Web. It defines the meaning and
structure of web content.
– is a set of symbols codes inserted in a file intended for display on a
World Wide Web browser page
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) – is a style sheet language used
for describing the presentation of a document written in a
markup language such as HTML
-is a Web page derived from multiple resources with a defined order
of precedence where the definitions of any style element conflict.
USER EXPERIENCE - Rich user experiences are typically a
combination of GUI -style (Graphical User Interface)
applications and multimedia content. The value of creating a
web-based software that works and gives the user a similar
experience to a computer-based software program is growing
in the Web 2.0 paradigm.
MULTIMEDIA AND ICT -ICT has impacted multimedia learning
of language with its attractive and interactive strengths to
provide easy to reach multimedia language materials
MULTIMEDIA AND ICONS
USES OF MULTIMEDIA
EDUCATION media is used to create and produced computer-
based training (CBT) materials and courses, including online
and CD based encyclopedia.
Edutainment is a term that pertains to the combination of
education and entertainment which also find acceptance to
children of today who are exposed to games and
entertainment.
ENTERTAINMENT - multimedia use is very much present in
many modern movies and animation to develop special
effects and virtual worlds.
Interactive multimedia is a term applied to multimedia
applications that allows users to take part, contribute and
participate in online games
BUSINESS -PowerPoint presentation, that uses all kinds of all
media, are able to effectively convey information to clients,
superiors, co-workers, owners, and the general public

MEDICINE - multimedia is very important in medicine to train future
doctors and medical practitioners, for example, in micro and virtual
surgery.
MATHEMATICS AND RESEARCH - multimedia is used to simulate
and model various situations that would otherwise be difficult to
grasp in real time, as in the case of an erupting volcano or a tornado,
wherein after effects can be presented to colleagues or to the
learning public.
GOVERNMENT - multimedia is used by governments around the
world to covey information, procedures, and regulations for their
citizens and visitors.
MULTIMEDIA AND INTERACTIVITY
INTERACTIVE MEDIA- also called interactive multimedia, any
used for television and film production.
computer-delivered electronic system that allows the user to
CAMCORDER - is a portable video camera and video recorder
control, combine, and manipulate different types of media,
in one that is why it is called a camcorder.
such as text, sound, video, computer graphics, and animation.
TYPES OF RICH AND MULTIMEDIA CONTENT
1. TEXT – content express specific information.
2. IMAGES – make the content more visually appealing.
Common image file format used are JPEG, PNG, GIF, and TIFF.
Image can also be interactive like buttons, navigational
menus, and backgrounds.
3. VIDEO – adds more attraction to users. Common digital
video formats are Flash, MPEG, AVI, WMV, and QuickTime.
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4. AUDIO – aids interaction with the user, it can also be
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added as a background. Common audio formats are MP3,
WMA, Wave, MIDI, and RealAudio.
5. ANIMATION – can include interactives effects which allow
users to interact with the use of mouse or keyboard.
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6. ONLINE GAMES – are universal on modern gaming
platforms, including PCs, consoles, and mobile devices.
7. ONLINE TESTS AND COURSEWARE – are designed for
teachers and students. Courseware can include can include
materials for computer-based training, interactive tutorials,
distance learning, or home schooling.
8. WEB-, GAME-, POD-, AND VOD-CASTING – a podcast is an
episode of digital media files which users can set up. A
webcast is a media presentation distributed over the internet
using streaming media technology. Vodcasting is the same
principle as Podcasting with the addition of video
DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA
DIGITAL MEDIA - is any form of media that uses electronic
devices for distribution. This form of media can be created,
viewed, modified and distributed via electronic devices.
Digital media is commonly used software, video games,
videos, websites, social media, and online advertising.
-is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of
text, graphics, still and moving images, animation, sounds, and any
other medium where every type of information can be presented,
stored, transmitted, and processed digitally.
DIGITAL CAMERA
Modern digital cameras have the capability to take both
pictures and videos.
11
The two common types of digital cameras are:
COMPACT DIGITAL CAMERA- is called “point and shoot”
camera. It is lightweight, simple and easy to use. Mobile
phones with camera are included in this category.
DIGITAL SINGLE-LENS REFLEX (DSLR) CAMERA - is a preferred
by professional photographers because of its high-quality
photographs and interchangeable lenses.
VIDEO CAMERAS
The three common types of video cameras are:
PROFESSIONAL VIDEO CAMERA - is a high-end video
recording device that records high quality videos. It is usually
DIGITAL CAMERA - can record video including those found on
mobile phones, PDAs, wen camera, and digital camera.
SOURCES OF VIDEO
1. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL VIDEOS are created using
your home video.
2. ONLINE VIDEO CLIPS are videos available for purchase
from the internet.
3. COMPUTER-GENERATED VIDEOS are videos made with the
use of computers.
AUDIO FILES - A codec is a computer program or device used
to encode and decode any digital data such as an audio file to
its specific file format.
VIDEO FILES - A video codec is used to contain the video for
later playback and editing.
INFOGRAPHICS AND ICT PROJECTS
DEVELOPING AN ICT PROJECT FOR SOCIAL CHANGE
To be able to succeed in implementation of your ICT project, it is the team
head or project manager’s responsibility to define the work and assign the
person responsible for the work of the problem to run smoothly, be finished
on time, and within the said budget.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT is the discipline of planning,
organizing, securing and managing resources for the
successful completion of a task or project to meet specific
goals and objective.
PRINCIPLES OF VISUAL MESSAGE DESIGN USING
INFOGRAPHICS
Infographics are visual presentations of information that use
the elements of design to quickly communicate an idea.
Infographics can deliver a message more easily than long text
articles.
Ways that infographics can be used:
1. PRESENTING SURVEY DATA – Survey infographics are a
great way to summarize and visualize data.
2. SIMPLIFYING A COMPLICATED CONCEPT – Infographics can
help people understand complex concepts by using visual aids
such as charts, graphs, or diagrams. They can use both images
 12

and text in a visual format to explain concepts.

3. EXPLAINING HOW THINGS WORK – Process infographics
COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ICT CONTENT -
usually make use of flowcharts, diagrams and even timelines
enables students to work and learn together to study and
to guide readers through a series of steps or to help simplify
explore a subject, to solve a problem, to complete a task or an
the decision-making process. assignment, or to create a project. Using ICT to support such
4. COMPARISON – Creating a comparison infographic can collaborative work has a number of advantages.
help you in your quest for several goals. It uses text and TEAM STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS FOR ICT CONTENT
images to convey information, highlighting differences and
Team structure refers to the composition of an individual
similarities between two or more items. team or of a multi-team system. Team structure is an integral
part of the teamwork process.
PRINCIPLES IN CREATING AN INFOGRAPHIC:

BE CREATIVE – you can use the combination of text, shapes, HOW TO DEVELOP ICT PROJECT CONTENTS
and images to present your message in a creative way. 1. PLANNING AND CONCEPTUALIZING THE CONTENT –
BE UNIQUE – your message must be something people can generate content ideas and identify content opportunities
relate to, but it must be presented in a unique way to attract based on the target audience. Have a clear plan of action,
the viewers’ attention. persons responsible, work required, timeframe and budget.
BE SIMPLE – presenting a simple, yet elegant design will 2. RESOURCES – find the online collaborative tools that you
attract more attention that cluttered elements that may bore will need for the development of the ICT content, especially if
the audience. the team is working from different places.
USE GRAPHICS AND VISUALS – you can illustrate your point 3. RESEARCH FOR CONTENT – identify the current trends,
with pictures, typography, and color. what competitors are doing, what formats are working,
USE THE FORWARDING TOOL – it is important that the popular authors, and popular topics.
viewer will be able to easily click “share” after reading your 4. AUDIENCE PROFILING – consider the demographics and
infographic so that your message can be forwarded and read psychographics of your intended audience.
as many people as possible. 5. COPYWRITING FOR ICT PROJECTS – to write the web
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of your website, you should be able to express yourself, write
INFOGRAPHICS ELEMENTS AND TOOLS
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creatively and with passion to promote the advocacy you are
promoting.
data visualizations like pie charts and bar graphs, and minimal 6. DESIGNING THE LAYOUT – layout is the arrangement of
text that gives an easy-to-understand overview of a topic. elements (type, art, and graphics). The layout should be easy
PIES AND ICONS -Each piece of text is highlighted by a
View full document
to read, functional, and organized.
corresponding icon, helping this infographic to become more 7. DEVELOPING AND CONSTRUCTING THE ICT PROJECT –
visually appealing and digestible. learn the skill of search engine optimization on how to rank
HUMAN INFOGRAPHICS - A people infographic is one in highly with search engines.
which human figures drive the storytelling. This is done 8. CURATING CONTENTS – Process of gathering information
through the use of photographs, icons, pictograms, relevant to a particular topic or area of interest.
illustrations or avatars.
TIMELINE INFOGRAPHICS - A timeline infographic is a type of SOCIAL MEDIA - another way of collaborating with the team
graphic that visually displays information in a time is by the use of social media.
progression context. 1. FACEBOOK – allows users to have access to messaging,
The idea is to highlight pieces of information
by associating them with periods but addressing the data to be
connect with different pages and groups within the site,
illustrated in detail. Timeline infographic is a very popular format,
respond to discussion, polls, and interactive presentations.
especially in presentations. 2. BLOG – allows user to produce daily information quickly or
PUZZLE PIECES - connection developed as content management system.
3. MICROBLOG – allows users to make short frequent posts,
link videos, photographs, leave comments and share post.
COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT
PLATFORMS TO HOST NEWSLETTERS AND SIMILAR ICT
CLOUD-BASED COLLABORATIVE TOOLS
CONTENTS
A NEWSLETTER is a regularly distributed publication that is
1. GOOGLE DRIVE – that allows you to create and edit
generally about a main topic off interest to its subscriber. A
documents, spreadsheet, presentation online while
newsletter may be hosted in different online platforms as
collaborating with other users in real-time.
2. ZOHO – a tool containing word processing, spreadsheets,
follows:
1. Presentation/visualization (e.g. Prezi, Mindmeister) presentations, databases, note-taking, wikis, web
2. Cloud computing (e.g. Google Drive, Dropbox) conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM),
3. Social Media (e.g. Facebook Pages, Tumblr) project managing, invoicing, and others.
4. Web Page (e.g. Wix, Weebly) 3. PREZI – the product employs a zooming user interface
5. Blog sites (e.g. Blogger, Wordpress)

(ZUI), which allows users to zoom in and out of their
presentation media.
4. MICROSOFT OFFICE ONLINE – presents a suite of
applications that allows it to collaborate with others in Word,
Excel, or PowerPoint, as well as sharing files through
SkyDrive, video chatting in Skype.
5. ADOBE CREATIVE CLOUD – where all the Adobe products
like Photoshop, Dreamweaver, InDesign are available.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR ICT CONTENT
CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (CMS) - CMS is a
computer application that supports the creation and
modification of digital content using a common interface,
thus usually supporting multiple users working in a
collaborative environment.
Examples of CSM are:
1. WORDPRESS – is a free and open-source content
management system (CMS) base on PHP and MySQL.
2. DRUPAL – a free and open-source content-management
framework written PHP and distributed under the GNU
General Public License, provides a back-end framework for at
least 2.2% of all Web sites worldwide.
3. JOOMLA – is a free and open-source content management
system (CMS) for publishing web content.
CURATING EXISTING CONTENT FOR USE ON THE WEBWant to read all
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images, audio, or videos,
to a particular topic or area of interest from different sources.
Examples of Tools to Curate Content for social media or
Newsletters
1. PINTEREST – is a web and mobile application company that
operates a photo sharing website. Uses pins to curate images,
items, moments, or quote.
2. TRAPIT – is a comprehensive content curation service for
business that offers content discovery, curation, and
publishing to web, iPad, and social channels through its web
application.
3. FEEDLY – is a news aggregator application for various web
browser and mobile devices. It compiles news feeds from a
variety of online sources for the user to customize and share
it with others.
ICT PLATFORMS
1.ICTS AS PLATFORM FOR CHANGE -ICT is a tool, medium,
and force in bringing about action and mobilize change in a
population, society, or culture.
-It is the fastest way to spread, share, and access information
anywhere in the world.
2. ICT AS MEDIUM FOR ADVOCACY AND DEVELOPMENTAL
COMMUNICATION -Advocacy is the process of supporting
and enabling people to express, defend, and promote their
rights, concerns and views.
3. ICT is a helpful tool for human development and country.
13
THE SOCIAL POWER OF SOCIAL MEDIA -social media is
relatively a newer technology; hence, it is a little difficult to
establish its long-term good and bad consequences.
Digital Citizenship and the Filipino People
Digital Citizenship is a very big help in every people that
works, and visit online.
Digital citizens are “those who use the Internet regularly and
effectively” as defined by K. Mossberger, et al. digital citizen are
generally skillful and knowledgeable about the use of the internet
through mobile phones, web ready devices, an computers to
intermingle with the government, private, and public groups.
T.H Marshall’s online citizenship traditions:
1. LIBERALISM – is a political and moral philosophy based
on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the
governed, political equality and equality before the law
-a political philosophy founded on the ideas of liberty and
equality.
2. REPUBLICAN – Republicanism is a political ideology
centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic. -
ideology of being citizen and the people are the sovereign
power
3. ASCRIPTIVE HIERARCHY – in society is one based on the
ascribed characteristics that define a social group.
22person
-no one pages?
or organization is in control over the internet.
Race, sex, age, class at birth, religion, ethnicity, species, and
residence are all good examples of these qualities.
Internet access in the Philippines began in August 1986 when
View full document
the first Philippine based public-access BBS (bulletin board
system) went online operated by Dan Angeles and Ed
Castaneda.
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP:
DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP can be defined as the norms of
appropriate, responsible behavior with regard to technology
use.
According to digitalcitizen.net, the nine elements of digital
citizenship are:
1. DIGITAL ACCESS – is the ability to fully participate in
digital society. This includes access to tools and technologies,
such
as the Internet and computers, that allow for full
participation
2. DIGITAL COMMERCE - is the process of buying things
online without human intervention.
3. Digital communication involves an organization's online
communication efforts.
4. DIGITAL LITERACY - refers to an individual's ability to
find, evaluate, and communicate information through typing
and other media on various digital platforms.
5. DIGITAL ETIQUETTE - It is the electronic standards of
conduct or procedure. The proper. rules of behavior while
using technology devices and interacting with others.
6.DIGITAL LAW - is the electronic responsibility for actions,
deeds which is either ethical or unethical.
 14

7. DIGITAL RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES - having the right USER FEEDBACK allows you to hear and see how many
and freedom to use all types of digital technology while using people are visiting your site, what they are saying and doing.
the technology in an acceptable and appropriate manner.
8. DIGITAL HEALTH & WELLNESS - also known as digital
wellbeing or digital health) is the pursuit of an intentional and
healthy relationship with technology, both in the workplace
and in personal life.
9.DIGITAL SECURITY (SELF-PROTECTION) - Electronic
precautions to guarantee safety. In any society, there are
individuals who steal, deface, or disrupt other people. The
same is true for the digital community.

PUBLISHING ICT PROJECTS

UPLOADING AND PUBLISHING AN ICT PROJECT
You can upload your files using the different platform like:
WORDPRESS –is an open-source Content Management
System (CMS), which allows the users to build dynamic
websites and blogs.
MICROSOFT OFFICE PROJECT SERVER – It uses Microsoft
SharePoint as its foundation, and supports interface from
either Microsoft Project as a client application or by web
browser connecting to its Project Web App component.
FILE MANAGER – is a system software responsible for the
creation, deletion, modification of the files and
managing their access, security and the resources used by
them. Want to read all 22 pages?
A WEBSITE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM is about building on
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and maintaining your online web presence. We continuously
work with your organization one on one to maintain your
website. View full document
PROMOTION, TRACTION, AND TRAFFIC MONITORING

PROMOTION
• Use multimedia
• Use various online tools
• Use images
• Use Blog
• Collaborate
• Update.
TRACTION TOOLS
Tools for collecting validation and feedback for business to
business/enterprise products and ideas.
• LinkedIn
• Google Adwords
• Reddit.
• Facebook Ads
EVALUATION THROUGH USER FEEDBACK/INTERACTION
USER
that PARTICIPATION in evaluation reflects a realization
exclusive participation of politicians, management, and
street-level bureaucrats in evaluations is insufficient, and that
users by a long way have something to contribute.

PAGFIL
PAGSULAT NG BIONOTE
Ang BIONOTE ay tala sa buhay ng isang tao na naglalaman ng
buod ng kaniyang academic career na madalas ay makikita o
mababasa sa mga journal, aklat, abstrak ng mga sulating
papel, websites, at iba pa. (Duenas at Sanz (2012))
-Kung ihahambing sa isang talambuhay o awtobiyograpiya,
mas maiksi ang BIONOTE dahil sa mga pili at tiyak na
impormasyong inilalahad.
-Kadalasan, ito ay ginagamit sa paggawa ng bio-data, resume,
o anumang kagaya ng mga ito upang IPAKILALA ang sarili
para sa isang propesyonal na layunin.
ALITUNTUNIN SA PAGSULAT NG BIONOTE
1.Sikaping maisulat lamang ito nang MAIKLI. Kung ito ay
gagamitin sa resume, kailangang maisulat ito gamit ang 200
salita. Kung ito naman ay gagamitin para sa networking site,
sikaping maisulat ito sa loob ng lima (5) hanggang anim (6) na
pangungusap.
2. Maglagay ng mga detalye tungkol sa iyong:
PERSONAL NA IMPORMASYON
INTERES
TAGUMPAY NA NAKAMIT
gayunman, kung ito ay marami, piliin lamang ang mas
mahalaga at kailangan.
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3.Isulat ito gamit ang IKATLONG PANAUHAN upang maging
litaw na obhetibo ang pagkakasulat nito.
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4. Gumamit ng mga PAYAK NA SALITA upang madali itong
maunawaan at makamit ang totoong layunin nitong
maipakilala ang iyong sarili sa iba sa maikli at tuwirang
paraan. View full document
5.May ibang gumagamit ng kaunting pagpapatawa para higit
na maging kawiliwili ito sa mga babasa, gayunman IWASANG
MAGING LABIS sa paggamit nito. Tandaan na ito ang
mismong maglalarawan kung ano at sino ka.
6.Basahing muli at muling isulat ang pinal na sipi ng iyong
bionote. Maaring ipabasa muna ito sa iba bago tuluyan itong
gamitin upang matiyak ang katumpakan at kaayusan nito.
KATANGIAN NG BIONOTE
-Maikli ang nilalaman
-Gu
magamit ng Ikatlong Panauhang Pananaw
Hal.Si Juan dela Cruz ay nagtapos ng BA at MA Economics sa UP-
Diliman. Siya ay kasalukuyang nagtuturo ng Macroeconomic Theory
dapat angkop ang pambungad sa katawan ng talumpati.
sa parehong pamantasan .
-Kinikilala ang mga mambabasa o ang target market. Kung
ang target na mambabasa ay mga administrador ng paaralan ,
mapukaw ang kaisipan at damdamin ng mga makikinig.
kailangang hulmahin ang bionote ayon sa kung ano ang
-maihanda ang mga tagapakinig sa gaganaping pagtalakay sa paksa.
hinahanap nila.
-Gumagamit ito ng baligtad na tatsulok
Pinakamahalagang Impormasyon
Mahalagang Impormasyon
Di-gaanong mahalagang Impormasyon
15
-Binabanggit ang degree o tinapos kung kinakailangan
-Nakatuon lamang sa mga angkop na kasanayan o katangian
“Si Pedro ay guro, manunulat, negosyante, environmentalist
at chef.” Kung ibig pumasok bilang guro sa panitikan, hindi na
kailangan banggitin sa bionote ang pagiging negosyante at
chef.
-Maging matapat sa pagbabahagi ng impormasyon. Siguruhin
lamang na lahat ng impormasyong ilalahad sa Bionote ay
tama o totoo
ANG AKADEMIKONG PAGSULAT: PAGSULAT NG TALUMPATI
Ang PAGTATALUMPATI ay isang proseso o paraan ng
pagpapahayag ng ideya o kaisipan sa paraang pasalitang
tumatalakay sa isang partikular na paksa. Ang isang
talumpating isinulat ay hindi magiging ganap na talumpati
kung ito ay hindi mabibigkas sa harap ng madla.
MGA URI NG TALUMPATI
BIGLAANG TALUMPATI -Ito ay ibinibigay nang biglaan o
walang paghahanda, kaagad na ibinibigay ang paksa sa oras
ng pagsasalita
MALUWAG NA TALUMPATI – Isinasagawa nang biglaan o
walang paghahanda. Nagbibigay ng ilang minuto para sa
pagbuo ng ipahahayag na kaisipan
MANUSKRITO- Ang talumpating ito ay ginagamit sa mga
kumbesyon seminar o programa sa pagsasaliksik kaya pinag-
aaralan itong mabuti at dapat na nakasulat.
ISINAULONG TALUMPATI- Ito ay kagaya rin ng manuskrito
sapagkat ito ay mahusay ding pinag-aralan at hinabi nang
maayos bago bigkasin sa harap ng mga tagapakinig.
HUWARAN SA PAGBUO NG TALUMPATI
1.KRONOLOHIKAL NA HUWARAN - ng pangyayari o panahon.
ang mga detalye o nilalaman ng talumpati ay nakasalalay sa
pagkakasunod-sunod
2.TOPIKAL NA HUWARAN - ang paghahanay ng mga
materyales ng talumpati ay nakabatay sa panguanhing paksa.
3.HUWARANG PROBLEMA-SOLUSYON - kalimitang nahahati
sa dalawang bahagi ang pagkakahabi ng talumpat gamit ang
huwarang ito.
KASANAYAN SA PAGHABI NG MGA BAHAGI NG TALUMPATI
INTRODUKSYON - ito ang pinakapanimula. Ito ay naghahanda
sa mga nakikinig para sa nilalaman ng talumpati kaya naman
Ang mga sumusunod na katangian sa isang mahusay na panimula: -
-maipaliwanag ang paksa
DISKUSYON- dito makikita ang pinakamahalagang bahagi ng
talumpati sapagkat dito tinatalakay ang mahahalgang punto o
kaisipang nais ibahagi sa mga nakikinig. Ito ang
pinakakaluluwa ng talumpati.
 16

MGA KATANGIANG TAGLAYIN NG KATAWAN SA TALUMPATI PABALITA O PATALASTAS- Hindi ito laging makikita sa
KAWASTUHAN - tiyaking wasto at maayos ang nilalaman ng
katitikan ng pulong ngunit kung mayroon mang pabalita o

talumpati. Dapat na totoo at maliwanag nang mabisa ang patalastas mula sa mga dumalo ay tulad halimbawa ng mga

lahat ng detalye. suhestiyong agenda para sa susunod na pulong ay maaaring

KALINAWAN -kailangang maliwanag ang pagkakasulat at

ilagay sa bahaging ito .
pagkakabigkas ng talumpati upang maunawaan ng mga
ISKEDYUL NG SUSUNOD NA PAGPUPULONG- Itinatala sa

nakikinig. bahaging ito kung kailan at saan gaganapin ang susunod na

KAAKIT-AKIT - gawing kawili-wili ang paglalahad ng mga

pulong.
katwiran o paliwanag para sa paksa. PAGTATAPOS- Inilalagay sa bahaging ito kung anong oras

nagwakas ang pulong

KONKLUSYON - dito nakasaad ang pinaka kongklusyon mg
LAGDA- Mahalagang ilagay sa bahaging ito ang pangalan ng

talumpati. Dito kalimitang nilalagom ang mga patunay at

taong kumuha ng katitikan ng pulong at kung kailan ito
argumentong inilahad sa katawan ng talumpati. isinumite.

HABA NG TALUMPATI- nakasalalay kung ilang minuto o oras

MGA DAPAT GAWIN NG TAONG NAATASANG KUMUHA
ang inilaan para sa pagbigkas. Malaking tulong sa pagbuo ng
NG KATITIKAN NG PULONG
nilalaman nito ang pagtiyak sa nilaang oras. -Ayon kay Bargo (2014) dapat tandaan ng sinumang kumuha
ng katitikan ng pulong na hindi niya trabahong ipaliwanag o
PAGSULAT NG KATITIKAN NG PULONG bigyang -interpretasyon ang mga napag-usapan sa pulong. Sa
Ang PULONG ay mababalewala kung hindi maitala ang mga
halip, ang kanyang tanging gawain ay itala at iulat lamang ito.
napag-usapan o napagkasunduan . Ang opisyal na tala ng Napakahalaga na siya ay maging obhetibo at organisado sa
isang pulong ay tinatawag na katitikan ng pulong. Ito ay
pagsasagawa nito.
kalimitang isinasagawa nang pormal, obhetibo, organisado,
Ayon kay Sudaprasert sa kanyang aklat ng English for the
sistematiko at komprehensibo o nagtataglay ng lahat ng

mahahalagang detalyeng tinalakay sa pulong. Workplace 3 (2014), ang kumukuha ng katitikan ng pulong
Want to read all
-Matapos itong maisulat at mapagtibay sa susunod na pagpupulong
22 pages?
ay kinakailangang :
1.Hangga’t maaari ay hindi participant sa nasabing pulong
,ito ay nagsisilbing opisyal at legal na kasulatan ng samahan
,kompanya , o organisasyon naSend any bilang
maaaring magamit amount
prima of GCash to 09277858023
2.Umupo malapit sa tagapanguna o presider ng pulong
facie evidence sa mga legal na usapin o sanggunian para sa susunod 3. May sipi ng mga pangalan ng mga taong dadalo sa pulong
na pagpaplano at pagkilos. 4.Handa sa mga sipi ng adyenda at katitikan ng nakaraang
pulong
View full document
5.Nakapokus o natuon lamang sa nakatalang adyenda ng
KAHALAGAHAN NG KATITIKAN NG PULONG
pangkat.
-Naipapaalam sa mga sangkot ang mga nangyari sa pulong -
6.Tiyaking ang katitikang ng pulong na ginagawa ay
Nagsisilbing gabay upang matandaan ang lahat ng detalye ng
nagtataglay ng tumpak at kompletong heading
pinag-usapan o nangyari sa pulong
7.Gumamit ng recorder kung kinakailangan
8. Itala ang mga mosyon o pormal na suhestiyon nang
MAHAHALAGANG BAHAGI SA PAGSULAT NG KATITIKAN maayos
NG PULONG 9.Itala ang lahat ng paksa at isyung napagdesisyunan ng
HEADING -Ito ay naglalaman ng pangalan ng koponan
kompanya,samahan, organisasyon,o kagawaran. Makikita ang 10. Isulat o isaayos agad ang mga datos ng katitikan ng pulong
petsa ,lokasyon , at maging ang oras ng pagsisimula ng pagkatapos ng pulong
pulong.
MGA KALAHOK O DUMALO- Dito nakalagay kung sino ang TATLONG URI/ ESTILO NG PAGSULAT NG KATITIKAN NG
nanguna sa tagapagdaloy ng pulong gayundin ang pangalan ng
PULONG
lahat ng mga dumalo kasama ang mga panauhin. Maging ang
ULAT NG KATITIKAN - ang lahat ng detalyeng napag-usapan
pangalan ng mga liban o hindi nakadalo ay nakatala rin dito.
sa pulong ay nakatala. Maging ang pangalan ng mga taong
PAGBASA AT PAGPAPATIBAY- Dito makikita kung ang
nagsalita o tumalakay sa paksa kasama ang pangalan ng mga
nakalipas na katitikan ng pulong ay napagtibay o may
taong sumang-ayon sa mosyong isinagawa.
pagbabagong isinagawa sa mga ito.
SALAYSAY NG KATITIKAN - isinalaysay lamang ang
ACTION ITEMS- Dito makikita ang mahahalagang tala hinggil
mahahalagang ng detalye ng pulong.Ang ganitong uri ay
sa mga paksang tinalakay . Inilalagay rin sa bahaging ito kung maituturing na isang legal na dokumento.
sino ang taong manguna sa pagtalakay ng isyu at maging ang RESOLUSYON NG KATITIKAN - Nakasaad lamang sa katitikan
desisyong nabuo ukol dito. na ito ang lahat ng isyung napagkasunduan ng samahan.Hindi
na itinatala ang pangalan ng mga taong tumalakay nito at
 17

maging ang mga sumang-ayon dito .Kadalasan mababasa ang ng pagdalo sa isang pulong at pagsasagawa o pagsunod sa

mga katagang “ Napagkasunduan na … Napagtibay na..” bagong sistema ng produksyon ng kompanya.)

> Ito rin ay maaaring maglahad ng isang impormasyon

MGA DAPAT TANDAAN SA PAGSULAT NG KATITIKAN NG tungkol sa isang mahalagang balita o pangyayari at

PULONG pagbabago sa mga polisiya.

Ayon kay Dawn Rosenberg McKay, isang editor at may-akda ng “The
Everything Practice Interview Book at The Everything Get-a-job
Book,” sa pagkuha ng katitikan ng pulong mahalagang maunawaan
ang mga bagay na dapat gawin bago ang pulong, habang isinagawa
ang pulong at pagkatapos ng pulong .
BAGO ANG PULONG
>Tiyaking handa ang lahat ng mga kagamitan bago magsimula
ang pagpupulong tulad notbuk, papel,bolpen,laptop,recorder
>Gamitin ang adyenda para gawin nang mas maaga ang
outline o balangkas ng katitikan ng pulong. Maglaan ng sapat
na espasyo para sa bawat paksa.
HABANG ISINASAGAWA ANG PULONG
>Ipaikot ang listahan ng mga taong kasama sa pulong at
hayaang lagdaan ito ng bawat isa.
>Kilalanin ang bawat isa upang madaling matukoy kung sino
ang magsasalita sa pulong.
>Itala kung anong oras nagsimula ang pulong.
Dr. Darwin Bargo sa kaniyang aklat na Writing in The
Discipline (2014), kalimitang gumagamit ng mga colored
stationery ang mga organisasyon para sa kanilang mga memo
Ø Puti - ginagamit sa mga pangkalahatang kautusan,
direktiba, o impormasyon
Ø Rosas – ginagamit naman para sa request o order na
nanggagaling sa purchasing department
Ø Dilaw o Luntian – ginagamit naman para sa mga memo na
nanggagaling sa marketing at accounting department
Ayon kay Bargo (2014) may tatlong uri ng memorandum ayon
sa layunin nito.
a. Memorandum para sa kahilingan
b. Memorandum para sa kabatiran
c. Memorandum para sa pagtugon
1.Makikita sa letterhead ang logo at pangalan ng kompanya,

>Itala ang mahalagang ideya o puntos. institusyon o organisasyon gayundin ang lugar kung saan

>Itala ang mga mosyon o suhestiyon, maging ang pangalan ng matatagpuan ito at minsan maging ang bilang numero ng telepono.

Want to read all 22 pages?

taong nagbanggit nito, gayundin ang mga sumang-ayon, at 2.Ang bahaging ‘Para sa/Para kay/Kina ay naglalaman ng pangalan

ang naging resulta ng botohan. ng tao o mga tao, o kaya naman ay grupong pinag-uukulan ng

Send any amount of GCash to 09277858023

>Itala at bigyang-pansin ang mga mosyon na pagbobotohan memo.
3.Ang bahaging ‘Mula kay’ ay naglalaman ng pangalan ng gumawa

at pagdedesisyunan pa sa susunod na pulong.

>Itala kung anong oras natapos ang pulong. ng memo. Isulat ang buong pangalan kung pormal. Gayundin,

mahalagang ilagay ang pangalan ng departamento kung ang memo

PAGKATAPOS NG PULONG View full document

ay galing sa ibang sekyon at tanggapan.
>Gawin kaagad ang katitikan ng pulong pagkatapos na 4.Sa bahaging Petsa, iwasan ang paggamit ng numero gaya ng

pagkatapos habang sariwa pa sa isip ang lahat ng mga 11/25/15 o 30/09/15. Sa halip, isulat ang buong pangalan ng buwan

tinalakay. o ang dinaglat na salita nito. (Nobyembre – Nob.)

>Huwag kalimutang itala ang pangalan ng samahan o 5. Ang bahaging Paksa ay mahalagang maisulat nang payak,
organisasyon, pangalan ng kometi , uri ng pulong (buwanan , malinaw at tuw
lingguhan), at maging ang layunin nito. 6. iran upang agad maunawaan ang nais ipabatid nito. Kadalasan ang Mensahe a
isang detalyadong memo maaari itong maglaman ng: sitwasyon,

>Itala kung anong oras ito nagsimula at natapos .

problema, solu
>Isama ang listahan ng mga dumalo at maging ang pangalan 7. syon, paggalang o pasasalamat Ang huling bahagi ay ang ‘Lagda’ ng nagpad
ng nanguna sa pagpapadaloy ng pulong. Lagyan ng “Isinumite inilalagay ito sa ibabaw ng kaniyang pangalan sa bahaging Mula kay

ni” kasunod ng iyong pangalan. …

>Basahing muli ang katitikan ng pulong bago tuluyang ipasa
sa kinauukulan pasa sa huling pagwawasto nito,
>Ipasa ang sipi ng katitikan ng pulong sa kinauukulan o sa
taong nanguna sa pagpapadaloy nito.

PAGSULAT NG MEMORANDUM
“Ang memorandum o memo ay isang kasulatang nagbibigay
kabatiran tungkol sa gagawing pulong o paalala tungkol sa
isang mahalagang impormasyon, gawain, tungkulin, o utos.”
“Ang pagsulat ng memo ay maituturing ding isang sining.
Dapat tandaan na ang memo ay hindi isang liham.”
Bakit kailangan ng Memorandum?
>Sa pamamagitan nito,nagiging malinaw sa mga dadalo ng
pulong kung ano ang inaasahan mula sa kanila. (halimbawa
 18

WORLD RELIGION
ISLAM AND THE MUSLIMS
The word Islam literally means “surrender” or “submission.”
In the context of the religious tradition of Islam, the word
specifically means “surrender or submission to God.” The
word Muslim or Moslem, on the other hand, means “one who
submits to God.” Thus, the followers of Islam are the Muslims
(or Moslems).
FOUNDER: MUHAMMAD - Islam began and developed in the
region of Arabia, particularly in the cities of Mecca and
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Yathrib (Medina-meaning,” the city of the Prophet”) in the
early seventh century CE. Muslims believe that the teachings
Send any amount of GCash to 09277858023
of Islam all come from God or Allah through the revelations
Muhammad (also spelled as “Mohammad” or “Mohammed.”
SACRED TEXTS: QUR’AN AND HADITH - The Qur’an which
literally means “the recitation” is the central religious text of
View full document
Islam.
-Muslims revere the Qur’an as Allah’s revelations. It is written
in Arabic wherein chapters are called suras and the verses are
called aryas.
- The Qur’an consists of 114 suras, which cover a wide variety
of topics which include origins of Islam in the persons of the
different prophets, values, and specific instructions on how to
live an ethical life.
The SURA AL-FATIHA is the first chapter of the Qur’an. Its
verses constitute the prayer for God’s guidance and stress the
Lordship and Mercy of Allah.

The Sura Al-Fatiha has a special role in a Muslim’s salat or
SHIA MUSLIMS - constitute around 10-20% of the believers
daily prayers since it is recited at the start of every rak’ah
(unit of prayer).
DOCTRINES- Islam has five pillars which serve as the bastion
of their faith. They are Shahadah, Salat, Sawm, Zakat, and
Hajj. These five pillars are acts that are mandatory among all
Muslims. They are summarized in the hadith of Gabriel as
narrated by the successor to Muhammad.
FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
SHAHADAH: FAITH - The Shahadah or the Islamic testimony
of faith is the most important among the pillars for it serves
as the foundation for other pillars.
-The Shahadah is a Muslim’s declaration of faith. A Muslim
professes that “there is only one God (Allah) and that the
prophet Muhammad is God’s messenger.” The Shahadah is
essential to be uttered by a person who wants to be a Muslim
and convert to Islam.
SALAT: PRAYER - Salat is an Islamic prayer which consists of
five daily prayers.
-Muslims pray at Fajr (dawn), Dhuhr (noon), Asr (afternoon),
Maghrib (evening), and Isha (night)
ZAKAT: ALMS-GIVING - Muslims are obligated to give alms
and pay religious tax.
- The act of alms-giving or Zakat is based on income and the
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value of a Muslim’s possessions. The practice of Zakat is also
BUMBAY - Indians in the Philippines are commonly referred
an act of purification and growth for Muslims because it
to as "Bumbay". Ajit Singh Rye (1981) in his paper entitled
Send any amount of GCash
allows a believer to achieve balance.
"The Indian Community in the Philippines.
SAWM: FASTING -Muslims are also required to perform a
ritual fasting called Sawm. On the month of Ramadan,
Muslims must abstain from food and drink starting from
dawn to dusk during this month, and are to be especially
mindful of their sins.
HAJJ: PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA -The Hajj is a pilgrimage that
occurs during Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah to the city of
Mecca.
Every able-bodied Muslim (and those who can afford it) is
obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once. Upon
completion of the pilgrimage, Muslim is called a hajji (male pilgrim)
or hajjiyah (a female pilgrim).
God: Allah - “Allah” is the Arabic word for “God.” Muslims
believe that there is only One God and that is Allah. In Islam,
Allah is the creator of the universe and the judge of the
humankind.
PRACTITIONERS: SUNNI MUSLIMS, SHIA MUSLIMS, AND
SUFI MUSLIMS
SUNNI MUSLIMS - who are also known as “Ahl as-Sunnah” or
“people of the tradition of Muhammad” are the largest
denomination among the three. Sunni Muslims follows the
Qur’an as well as the hadith which are preserved in traditions
known as Al-Kutub Al-Sittah (six major books).
-Sunni Muslims believe that the first four caliphs namely:
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali were the rightful
successors to Muhammad.
19
of Islam and are considered as the second largest
As opposed to the Sunni Muslims who believe that a caliph should
denomination.
be elected by the Ummah, Shia Muslims believe that the prophet
Muhammad appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor.
SUFI MUSLIMS - Adherents to Sufism believe in the
“spiritual” aspect of Islam, Sufis dive love and knowledge
through a
direct personal experience of Allah. By focusing on the more
spiritual aspects of Islam, Sufi Muslims strive to experience
the divine.
SOME MAJOR ISSUES
GENDER INEQUALITY - refers to the unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals based on their gender. There are
critics of Islam who argue that Islamic law and its societal
norms discriminate against women.
MILITANT
believer ISLAM - If Islam is a religion that compels a
to totally submit himself or herself to Allah, and Muslims
revere Allah as the “Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful,’
why is it that there are violent acts as murder, genocide, child
molestation and modern-day slavery are committed in the
name of Islam?”
HINDUISM
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GLOBAL CULTURE: RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND
ACCEPTANCE
BIGOTRY is defined as "intolerance toward those who hold
different opinions from oneself” while BIAS is the "prejudice
in favor of or against one thing. person. or group compared
with another usually in a way considered to be unfair”.
Despite our increasingly global culture, there are still
incidents of bigotry and bias specially on people of different
race or groups who have different beliefs or religion.
THE SALT MARCH AND MAHATMA GANDHI
SALT is indispensable to human life. It is used as seasoning,
preservative and cleaning agent. An appropriate amount of
salt is needed by the body for its proper function, water
retention, muscle contraction, proper nutrients for our
stomach.
-Salt is so important that NELSON MANDELA, the Nobel
Peace Prize laureate and the first president of South Africa
once said, "Let there be work, bread, water, and salt for all!”
-As a result, the SALT ACTS burdened the poor Indians who
needed salt in their diets. It is in this socio-political context
that Mahatma Gandhi, an Indian lawyer and a devout Hindu
launched his theme of “satyagraha” or “insistence on truth”.
ROOTS OF HINDUISM
-At around 1500 BCE, the ARYANS moved to the northwest of
the Indian subcontinent and brought with them their culture
and religious beliefs, The Aryans have priestly caste called

Brahmans who presided over prayers and sacrificial rites. As
• "KAMA" (pleasure, sensual gratification), and,
part of their worship service, the Aryans chanted ritual hymns
• "MOKSHA" (the pursuit of liberation).
from their religious text called Rig-Veda.
-The Aryans have various gods but the chief among them was
posts that lead us to a successful unifying and balanced
INDRA, the war god and slayer of demons’ animals. The two
existence in the world)
other main gods of the Roots of Hinduism Aryans were AGNI
DHARMA, in essence, is the fulfillment of a person duties or
(god of fire) and SOMA (a god associated with certain drink).
However, two other gods mentioned in the Rigveda emerged
as the main Hindu gods:
Vishnu (god of creation) and Shiva (god of destruction). By
the first century, the god Brahma emerged as the central and
senior figure in the Hindu trinity For Hindus, Vishnu is "the
preserver’ Shiva is ‘the destroyer’ while Brahma is considered
a "the creator”. Brahma has no popular cult in India since he
is the godhead behind all the other gods. Vishnu and Shiva on
the other hand, have been established as the two main
deities of popular Hinduism.
THE SACRED TEXTS: VEDAS, UPANISHADS, AND BHAGAVAD-
GITA
The VEDAS are considered as the oldest sacred texts of
Hinduism. Believed to be composed at around 1500 to 1000
BCE, the Vedas include hymns, religious texts, mythological
accounts, poems, and prayers. Hindus believe the Vedas to be
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"apaurusheyatva" or directly revealed by god since they were
written by the sage Vyasa, the avatar of the god Vishnu.
There are four Vedas tamely:Send any amount of GCash to 09277858023
• RIG-VEDA- "Knowledge of the Hymns of Praise for recitation
• SAMA VEDA - "Knowledge of the Melodies for chanting
• YAJUR VEDA - "Knowledge of the Sacrificial formulas" for
View full document
liturgy.
• ATHARVA VEDA - "Knowledge of the Magic formulas
named after a kind of group of priests.
The UPANISHAD is a collection of texts which contain some of
the central philosophical concepts of Hinduism Unlike the
Vedas which are directly revealed by God. The Upanishads
are considered as “smriti” or "that which is remembered by
an author and committed to writing.
The BHAGAVAD-GITA (also called Gita) is a 700 verse Hindi
scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu epic
MAHABARATA. The Gita in a dialogue between a prince
named Arjuna and his guide/charioteer Krishna (who was
actually the incarnation or avatar of Vishnu. The
Gita scripture speaks of the prince receiving counsel from
Krishna regarding the fulfillment of his duty as a warrior and
his mission of establishing the “path of righteousness” or
“dharma”.
DOCTRINES
Hindus believe that there are four aims of life or "
purusharthas “namely:
• "DHARMA" (duty, ethics),
• “ARTHA" (prosperity or wealth),
20
(These four aims serve as the blueprint for hum fulfillment of
responsibilities or living one's purpose in life. A devout Hindu,
conscious of his or her dharma asks the following questions:
▪
What is my role in the world?
Hindu believe that MOKSHA or "liberation from the cycle of
death and rebirth" is the pinnacle of the purusharthas
because it is also a PARAMARTHA or transcendental aim.
Hillan Dowdle (2010) in Aim High mention the yogini Sally
Kempton who said, “You can be a good person who is living a
dharmic life, taking care of yourself and your family, enjoying
your family life and your career, but all of that will be
ultimately unsatisfying unless you are also doing the practices
that can lead to moksha."
ATMAN AND BRAHMAN
Hindus believe in man or the "eternal self." It is man's spirit
which refers to his or her nonmaterial self that never change.
On the other hand, bar refers to a transcendent power that
behind the diversity in all that exists in the universe Brahman
is the origin and end of all things and it as the consciousness
that pervades everything and everyone.
THE FOUR YOGAS
YOGA in Hindu belief and religion, is a path that leads to the
union of a person's atman with the Brahman. There are four
main paths of Yoga, tamely: KARMA YOGA, BHAKTI YOGA,
RAJA YOGA, AND JNANA YOGA.
KARMA YOGA - is the Yoga of Action or Work. It is the path
chosen primarily by people who have an outgoing nature.
BHAKTI YOGA or the Yoga of Love - is a path chosen by
people who are emotional in nature, The Bhakti Yogi for
yogini) is motivated chiefly by the power of love and sees God
as the embodiment of love
RAJA YOGA or the Yoga of Psychological Exercises - offers a
comprehensive method for controlling the waves of thought
by turning a person's mental and physical energy into
spiritual energy.
The most challenging yoga is JNANA YOGA or the Yoga of
Knowledge - This path requires tremendous strength of will
and intellect. The yogi or yogini aims to dissolve the veils of
ignorance in order to search for realization and be one with
brahman.
HINDU GODS
Hindus revere MAHADEVAS, or “great angels” who were
created by the Supreme Lord and who serve and adore Him.
Each denomination worships the Supreme God arid sun
pantheon of divine beings.

GANAPATI "the Remover of Obstacles”
RAMA “hera of the Hindu epic Ramayana”
KRISHNA “the teacher of the sacred scripture Bhagavad
Gita” SARASWATI “Goddess of Learning”
LAKSHMI “the goddess of good for wealth, and well-being”
DURGA DEVI “restorer of moral order”
INDRA “King of Heaven and lord of the gods”
SURYA “the Sun”
AGNI “Fire God”
HANUMAN “monkey king”
A CASTE SYSTEM is hierarchical social system that assigns
different privileges and value to human being on the basis of
exclusive notions of purity and impurity" (Rambachan, 2008).
There are four principal classes or castes in Hindu namely.
4.MAGGA- the truth of the path that frees us from suffering
BRAHMINS, the KSHATRIYAS, the VAISHYAS, and the SHUDRAS.
THERAVADA BUDDHISM (TEACHINGS OF THE ELDERS)
THE STORY OF KISA GAUTAMI
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The lore of Kisa Gautami began with her happy marriage with
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a successful merchant. Kisa was blest with wealth and a son.
However, her son suddenly died upon reaching the age of
one. Kisa was stricken with grief and went to everyone she
knew for help to bring her dead son back to life. A Buddhist
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told her to seek the Buddha and so Kisa brought her dead son
to the Buddha and told her story.
The FOUNDER OF BUDDHISM is SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA
who is also known as the “BUDDHA.” Siddhartha Gautama
was a prince who was born in the sixth century B.C. in Nepal.
Despite the command of his father King Yasodhara not to
leave the kingdom, Siddhartha decided to venture out into
the world and experienced the reality of man’s suffering. At
the age of 29, he left his kingdom to lead an ascetic life.
Siddhartha was determined to find the answer to the
universal suffering of man.
SACRED TEXTS: TRIPITAKA
The sacred texts of Theravada Buddhists are called
“Tripitaka” or “Three baskets.” The first part of the Buddhist
scriptures consists of three sections.
1.“SUTTA PITAKA” OR CONVENTIONAL TEACHING. The First
section that contains the discourses (i.e. sermons, dialogues,
21
poetry, and stories) of the Buddha and his enlightened
followers.
2.“VINATA PITAKA” OR DISCIPLINARY CODE. The second
section that contains the rules for monks and nuns, advice on
monastic administration and procedure, and the early history
the monastic order.
3.“ABHIDHAMMA PITAKA” OR MORAL PSYCHOLOGY. The
last section that is an attempt to analyze and classify all the
constituents that makes up the individual person.
THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
1.DUKKHA- The truth of suffering
2.SAMUDAYA- The truth of cause of suffering
3.NIRHODHA- The truth of the end of suffering
The four noble truths are the foundation of Buddhism and
essential teachings to a person who is “walking the path to
enlightenment.”
-The First Noble Truth is often translated as “Life is suffering.”
Buddhist believes that life is temporary and conditional.
-The Second Noble Truth teaches that the cause of suffering
is craving of thirst (tanha).
-The Third Noble Truth provides hope for the human person
and prescribes an answer to suffering. The Buddha taught
that through diligent practice, human person can end their
“craving” and attain enlightenment or “nirvana.”
THE EIGHT-FOLD PATH
Buddhists believe that the Buddha is like a physician who
discovered and prescribes the treatment for “man’s illness.” If
human parsons will live according to the Eight-fold Path, the
“illness of the human race” will be cured. Buddhists also
believe that more aside from being faithful to the doctrine,
human person should also “walk the path” of the Right View,
Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood,
Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.
THE IMPERMANENCE OF THINGS
Buddhist believes that impermanence is an undeniable and
inescapable fact of the human existence. Thus, nothing that
belongs to this earth is ever free. No human being can control
and ever change the process of growing old, of not falling
sick, of dying, of decay of things that perishable and of the
passing away of that which is liable to pass. Buddhism
however, suggests the escape from these (i.e. freedom) is
possible through nirvana.
MAHAYANA BUDDHISM (THE GREAT VEHICLE)
The 14th Dalai Lama - According to the Buddhist faith, every
being is reborn over and over again in a cycle, in which most
people cannot remember their past lives. However, it is
possible that through meditative training, one's past life (i.e.
memories) can be accessed. The Dalai Lama is one of those
“special people” who was able to access his past life.” He is a
 22

Bodhisattva or a person who was able to achieve

enlightenment but postponed it so as to teach other people
SACRED TEXTS: TAO TE CHING
how to attain nirvana. Lao Tzu's book Tao Te Ching describes the nature of life, the

way to peace and how a ruler should lead his life.

MAHAYANA AND THERAVADA BUDDHISM BOOK OF CHUANG TZE - Chuang Tze is a Chinese Taoist
-From the teachings of the Buddha arose two major Buddhist writer who lived at around 369-286 B.C.While very little is

schools, the THERAVADA AND MAHAYANA. The two schools known about his personal life, the book attributed to him as

share the same founder (SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA OR popular and revered among Taoists. The Book of Chuang Tze

BUDDHA) and accept the basic Buddhist teachings of Four consists of a large collection of humorous and irreverent

Noble Truths and Eight-fold Path. However, the two schools
are also distinct in various ways.
While THERAVADA is considered as the "Teaching of the
Elders” since it is closer to the original Indian form of
Buddhism, MAHAYANA BUDDHISM is known as "The Great
Vehicle” because through it the teachings of the Buddha
spread, took root, and flourished in Tibet, China, Taiwan,
Japan, Korea, Mongolia, and some parts of Southeast Asia.
DANA PARAMITA: PERFECTION OF GENEROSITY - Generosity
is the entry way to the dharma. It is a virtue wherein the
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person aspires for the enlightenment of all beings.
-Thus, Dana paramita is the "generosity of
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spirit“characterized by the sincere desire to benefit others,
without expectation of reward or recognition. There must be
no selfishness attached.
KSANTI PARAMITA: PERFECTION OF PATIENCE - KSANTI View full document
literally means "able to withstand." Thus, a Mahayana
Buddhist is patient and tolerant to other people. Also, he or
she has the ability to endure personal hardship and gladly
accepts the truth.
DHYANA PARAMITA: PERFECTION OF MEDITATION -
Buddhist meditation is a discipline intended to cultivate the
mind. Thus, Dhyana entails great concentration to achieve
clarity and insight which are the foundations of wisdom.
SILA PARAMITA: PERFECTION OF MORALITY - Mahayan
Buddhists believe that an enlightened being can respond
correctly to all situations without having to consult a list of
rules.
VIRYA PARAMITA: PERFECTION OF ENERGY - Virya is energy
or zeal. It comes from an ancient Indian-Iranian word that
means
"hero," and it is also the root of the English word "virile."
Hence, virya paramita is about making a courageous, heroic
effort to realize enlightenment,
PRAJNA PARAMITA: PERFECTION OF WISDOM - In Mahayana
Buddhism, wisdom is the direct and intimate realization of
sunyata, or emptiness.
anecdotes, parables, and fables.
Tao as the Origin of all Beings, Unnamable and Eternal
Central to the Taoist religion is the TAO. Cheng (2011) in his
research entitled "Confucianism
Versus Taoism" tells us that, "Tao can be roughly translated
into English as 'path' or 'the way. It is the power that
envelops, surrounds and flows through all things, living and
nonliving. It is the oneness of everything"
-The most explicit theory of practice, or praxiology, within
Taoist thought is the WU WEI which, when translated
literally, means "nonaction."
The scholar Denver Nale Nixo (2006) in his paper entitled The
Environmental Resonance of Daoist Moving Meditations
explains that wu wei "possesses a cluster of meanings, but
may be best thought of as actions that appear or are felt as
almost nothing”. He added that "practicing wu wei means
minimizing force, interference and discordant intervention,
and within the context of the Tao, harmonizing oneself with
the patterns and pulses of the cosmos”.
LAW OF REVERSION
According to Chinese beliefs, there are two forces in the
universe: the YIN AND THE YANG.
YIN is the passive, negative force, and YANG the active,
positive force.
FOLLOWING NATURE
From the concepts of Tao, wu wei and law of reversion, we
can see that Taoism is intimately Linked with nature.

TAOISM
FOUNDER: LAO TZU
In the ancient historical book Shih chi (Records of the
Historian), the "Father of Chinese History" Ssu ma Ch'ien says
that Lao Tzu (the reputed founder of Taoism) was a
contemporary of Confucius who served as curator of the
dynastic archives until retiring to the mythical K'un-lun
mountains.