Indian Council Act (1909)

 Also known as MM Reforms.

 Separate electorate system for Muslims.
 60 members in imperial council.
 60 more members in executive council.
 30 members in small provincial councils and 50 members in large provincial council.
Silk letter conspiracy (1913)
 A movement started by Deoband Ulumas.
 Aim was to get independence from British.
 Supported by Ottoman Empire.
 Messages were conveyed on silk cloth.
 Punjab CID discovered this.
Moplah uprising (1921)
 Moplah Muslims started revolt against British Govt in Southern India.
 Due to crackdown of British Govt against the followers of Khilafat Movement.
 These Mappilas got control on police stations, Govt offices, courts and Govt treasuries.
 British Govt imposed martial law and started a military operation.
 An estimated 4000 mapillas lost their lives during this military operation.
Chauri Chaura (1922)
 A dispute originated between police & demonstrating people.
 The agitated people killed 21 policemen and set fire to police station.
 This greatly shocked Gandhi So he called off the non-cooperation movement.
 Gandhi was arrested because of Chauri Chaura incident.
 Muslim left alone and they were not in position to pressurize British Govt.
G-I Pact (1931)
 It was signed b/w Gandhi & Lord Irwin.
 Gandhi agreed to stop the non- cooperation movement.
 & to attend the 2nd RTC.
 On the other hand British govt released political workers.
 And gave back their confiscated properties.
Great Calcutta Killings (1946)
 Also known as Direct Action Day.
 Jinnah approved a protest just to show Muslim strength.
 Peaceful protest and became violent at calcatta.
 4000 people were killed.

7 Marks
Why was Simla Deputation an important turning point for Muslims of south Asia?
Improvement of Relations
 It improved relations between Muslim community and British.
 After the War of Independence, relations were not good.
 Both did not trust each other.
 This meeting encouraged both communities to enhance good relation.

AIML
 All India Muslim League was founded.
 Lord Minto responded positively towards Muslim delegation.
 which encouraged Muslims to set up their own political organization.
 Thus Indian Muslims got a platform to negotiate with British.

Separate Electorate System

 Muslim demanded separate electorate system.
 Muslims realized that they are separate community
 so they should be treated separately from Hindus.
 Muslims also realized that this system will ensure Muslim members in all legislative
councils to play an effective role in legislation.

Explain why was Lucknow Pact came about?

Unsatisfactory M-M Reforms:

 Initially M-M reforms were looking very ideal for Indians
 But these reforms could not come up to the expectations of Indians.
 This forced both of these parties to set together.
 Both communities wanted more favor from in the upcoming reforms.

Loss of Muslim trust:

 Muslim felt betray as British reversed the partition of Bengal in 1911.
 Moreover British govt: assisted Balkan states against Ottoman Empire.
 Muslims realized that British govt: is not sincere with them
 So they turn towards Congress and signed this agreement.

Demand of Self Rule:

 Congress wanted self-rule.
 But after reversal of Bengal partition & Balkan’s war Muslim League also demanded
self-rule.
 This policy pleased Congress too much.
 Both were demanding self-rule so they signed this agreement.
Why did Indians oppose MF reforms?

Separate Electorate System:

 These reforms proposed 32 seats for Muslims.
 Other communities such as Brahmins, Sikhs and Eurasians objected.
 They demanded for separate electorate system.

Powers of Viceroy:
 Too much powers were given toGovernor General (G.G).
 He could appoint P.Gs and ministers and could dismiss as well.
 He could also pass any law and could suspend the constitution as well.
 He was the person to declare the state of emergency.

Demands of Self Rule:

 Indians provided too much support for British during WWI.
 they were expecting self-rule by these constitutional reforms which was not granted.
 This disappointed Indians too much so they condemned these reforms in strong terms.

Why was Nehru Report objected by M.L?

Strong Central Govt:

 Nehru report wanted a strong central govt.
 They wanted to establish Hindu raj within India.
 Nehru Report wanted a domination of all govt machinery by Congress.

Official Language:
 It proposed Hindi as an official language.
 This was not acceptable for Muslims.
 Muslims realized that this will promote Hindus culture.
 Urdu was linked with Muslim League formation.
 It was considered a language of Indian Muslims.

Separate Electorate System:

 Nehru report objected separate electorate for Muslim.
 It proposed joint electorate system.
 M.L thought that by joint system Congress would win every possible election.
 Muslims would remain at mercy of Hindus.
Why was second RTC unsuccessful?

Gandhi as Sole spokesman:

 Gandhi tried to pretend himself sole spokesman for all India.
 Objected by Jinnah.
 Jinnah reminded him tha he is the leader of congress and Hindus only.

Refusal of Minority Rights

 Gandhi refused the rights of minorities.
 He claimed that we are all Indians and belonging to same cast.
 Jinnah objected and reminded him two nation theory.
 Gandhi adopted rude behavior.

New Coalition Govt

 Govt in UK collapsed.
 New coalition govt was less interested to solve Indian issues.
 It wanted to solve their own internal issues.

Why was the Govt of India Act 1935 so important?

Enhanced Representation For Indians:

 There was more say for Indians.
 Govt: of India Act increased Indians in councils for legislation.
 It provided base for negotiations b/w British & Indians.
 It provided a channel for Indians to convey their demands to the British govt.

Provincial Autonomy:
 This act granted provincial autonomy to provinces.
 It abolished Diarchy.
 Thus the provinces were given more rights carry their developmental projects.
 New provinces were created such as Sindh, Orissa & NWFP.

Vote Casting Right:

 This also increased vote casting for Indians from 5 to 25 %.
 Thus provided a platform for Indians to take part in elections and to elect their
members.
 It also announced elections for provincial assemblies as well.
Why was Congress rule hated by Indian Muslims?

Band e Mataram
 This was a nationalist song of Hindus written by a Bengali novelist Benkim Chatter Jee.
 In this song the Hindus were encouraged to expel Muslims from Hindustan.
 It was made compulsory to be sing this song at the beginning of every official day.

Wardha Scheme
 It was an educational scheme by congress .
 Its aim was to divert Muslims students from Islam.
 Students were told to bow in front of Gandhi’s picture which was against Islamic
teachings.
 Hindus ancestors were presented as heroes.
 Students were told to adopt Hindus culture & ideology.
 Muslims saw it as threat for Islam.

Congress Tyranny
 During Congress rule, Muslims were subjected to all sort cruelties.
 Muslims were forbidden to eat beef.
 Punishment was given on slaughtering of cow.
 Azan was banned & pigs were thrown into mosques.
 Noisy processions were made at prayer time.
 Muslim women & children were abducted.
The reasons for partition of Bengal (1905) were more important than the reasons for its
reversal (1911). Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Reasons for Partition

Administrative problems
 It was large and densely populated province.
 10 times greater in population than UK.
 Created administrative problems
 So Bengal was divided into two parts.

Geographical problems
 Bengal was composed of East and west.
 East was dominated by Muslims and it was not developed.
 West was donated by Hindus and was developed with industries and sea port.
 Disparity encouraged British to divide Bengal.

To reduce the strength of congress

 Congress was set up in 1885.
 It got popularity in India.
 British took it as political threat
 So applied its policy of “divide and Rule” to reduce the strength of congress.

Reaction of Indians
 Muslims were happy as they were in majority in East Bengal.
 Hindus could not digest and started protest.

Reasons for Reversal

Swadeshi Movement
 It was non-cooperation movement.
 Hindus boycotted British goods like cotton and salt.
 Refused to serve in army and police.
 Wanted to damage economy of British.

Assassination Attempt
 Attempt was made to kill lord Minto a future viceroy.
 He survived in that attempt.
 It pressurized British to reverse the partition of Bengal.
The introduction of Rowlett Act was the sole reason for the creation of violence in India
during 1919. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Rowlatt Act 1919

 It was proposed by Justice Rowlatt.

 This act proposed arrest without warrant,
 Detention without bail
 And to expel any person from respective province by provincial governor.
 This caused uproar in India because it violated basic human rights.
 This act was contradictory to the British judicial system.
 Indians called it Black Law and as protest,
 Quaid and Gandhi resigned from legislative councils.

MF Reforms

 Indians were expecting self-rule by these constitutional reforms as Indians helped

British during WW II but self-rule was not granted so Indians protested against this.
 MF Reforms also gave too much power to G.G such as to appoint or dismiss any
minister and to approve or discard any law which was objected by the Indians.
 MF Reforms enhanced grievances amongst Indians so they started protests, strikes
and demonstrations.

Amritsar Massacre

 In 1919, Indians gathered at Jaliyan wala Bagh for peaceful demonstration against
Rowlatt Act and MF Reforms.
 General Dyer ordered firing against this illegal meeting. In this incident, 400 people
died and 1200 injured including women and children.
 General Dyer was removed from post.
 This incident also enhanced the grievances of Indians and resulted in further violence
in India.
How successful were negotiations during WWII aimed towards independence
within the SC? Explain your answer.
Pakistan Resolution 1940
 This Resolution was passed by Muslim League in 1940.
 Indian Muslims demanded that Eastern and Western zones of India where Muslim are
in majority should be group together to form an independent state for Indian Muslims.
 It was initially known as Lahore Resolution but Hindus called it Pak Resolution.
 This resolution provided a hope for Muslims to get independence.
 this was rejected by Congress and British govt as congress did not want the partition of
India.

Cripps Proposal 1942

 Cripps arrived in India to get the support of Indians in WWII.
 He offered dominion status for India.
 He gave an option for princely states to opt Indian union or remain independent states
which was first positive devilment from British govt towards independent.
 Cripps Mission failed as Indians wanted a complete transfer of power.
 Congress rejected option for princely states.

Quit India Resolution 1942

 It was passed by congress.
 Congress demanded that British should leave this area as soon as possible.
 They also started non-cooperation movement which became violent.
 This exerted an immense pressure on British govt.
 This movement came to end with failure results as British used their army to curtail
violence in India.

Gandhi Jinnah Talks 1944

 G J Talks were conducted at Bombay.
 Gandhi wanted an immediate support of M.L to expel British.
 Gandhi also wanted a strong central govt in India.
 These points were rejected by Jinnah.
 M.L wanted partition in presence of British and was in favor of Provincial autonomy.
 These talks failed because of different opinion.
 M.L became a political force of India and it was certain that independence was not
possible without the support of M.L.

Simla Conference 1945

 Lord Wavell conducted a conference of all Indian parties.
 British wanted to leave India at the end of WWII.
 Lord Wavell suggested formation of executive council with equal number of Hindus and
Muslim to run the affairs of India.
 This conference also came to end with zero result as there was dead lock between
congress and M.L on representation of Muslims in executive council.

Although all developments came to an end with failure results but I can conclude that
independence was much nearer at the end of WWII as British wanted to leave this area.
Allama Iqbal played the most important role in Pakistan Movement than Cahudary
Rehmat Ali. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Allama Iqbal

Literary Services:
 Iqbal was a great poet of his age.
 He was known as the “Poet of East”.
 His poetry injected a new spirit of nationalism amongst Indians.
 His poetry encouraged Muslims to put their efforts to get independence.
 His important writings were Bang-e-Dara, Bal-e-Jibreal, Zarb-e-Kaleem, Zaboor-e-Ajam,
Shikwa and Jawab-e-Shikwa.

Political Services:
 Iqbal was very influential in Indian politics.
 He became the member of All India Muslim League.
 He was also elected as a member of Punjab Provincial assembly.
 In 1930, Iqbal presided an annual meeting of AIML at Allahabad.
 He gave an idea of separate state for Indian Muslims for the first time in Indo-Pak history.
 His speech gave a target for Indian Muslims to be achieved.
 he was given the title of “Mufakkir-e-Pakistan” the thinker of Pakistan.

Chaudry Rehmat Ali

Now or Never
 He attended the RTCs but he was totally disappointed by the attitude of Muslim politicians.
 He denied the idea of federal India.
 He gave the idea of complete independent state for Muslims.
 In 1933 he wrote a pamphlet" Now & Never" in which he gave the idea of independent
state.

Name of Pakistan:
 He proposed the name of PAKISTAN which means a land of Pak people.
 In Paistan (P= Punjab, A= Afghania, K= Kashmir, I= Iran, S= Sindh & Tan= Baluchistan).
 He formed Pakistan National Movement to fight for idea of Pakistan.
 He collected all his articles & interviews in booklet named “Pakistan the father land of Pak
people ".

Unity of Muslim World:

He also suggested federation of Muslim states.
He wanted an economic bloc of Muslim countries to enhance trade amongst each other.