Past

1.1. Simple past

They are actions or states that began and ended at a certain time of time. It is formed as follows:

Affirmative: Subject + verb in the past + complement = You closed the door.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary did + not + infinitive verb + complement = You did not close the door.

Interrogative: Auxiliary did + Subject + verb in infinitive + complement = Did you close the door?

1.2. past continuous

It is used to declare actions that take place in the past. Its structure is the following:

Affirmative: Subject + verb to be in past tense + verb in gerund + complement = You were playing
football.

Negative: Subject + verb to be in past tense + not + gerund verb + complement = You were not
playing football.

Interrogative: Verb to be in past tense + Subject + gerund verb + complement = Were you playing
football?

1.3. past perfect simple

It is used to express sequences of events in the past and to identify what happened first. It is
formed as follows:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary had + verb in participle + complement = They had done their
homework before they went out.
Negative: Subject + auxiliary had + not + verb in participle + complement = They had not done
their homework before they went out.

Interrogative: Auxiliary had + Subject + verb in participle + complement = Had they done their
homework before they went out?

1.4. past perfect continuous

This tense is useful to define a continuous action in the past that happened before another. This is
its structure:

•Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary had + verb to be in participle (been) + verb in gerund +

complement = You had been playing video games when I asked you to help me.

•Negative: Subject + auxiliary had + not + verb to be in participle (been) + verb in gerund +
complement = You had not been playing video games when I asked you to help me.

• Interrogative: Auxiliary had + subject + verb to be in participle (been) + verb in gerund +

complement = Had you been playing video games when I asked you to help me?

1.5. Perfect conditiontal

It is used to express actions that could have occurred, but did not happen for some reason. It is
formed like this:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary would + have/has + verb in participle + complement = I would have
gone to the doctor if I was feeling sick.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary would + not + have/has + verb in participle + complement = I would
not have gone to the doctor if I felt well.

Interrogative: Auxiliary would + subject + have/has + verb in participle + complement = Would I

have gone to the doctor if I was feeling well?

1.6. Conditional Perfect Continuous

Like the conditional perfect, it expresses situations that would have occurred, but have a longer
duration. They are formed as follows:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary would + have/has been + complement = Her high school love would
have been waiting for her all his life.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary would + not + have/has been + complement = Her high school love
would not have been waiting for her all his life.

Interrogative: Auxiliary would + subject + have/has been + complement = Would her high school
love been waiting for her all his life?

Present

2.1. Simple present

This tense is used to talk about actions that happen frequently, whether they are daily or with a
specific periodicity. It is formed like this:

Affirmative: Subject + verb + complement = I write poems

Negative: Subject + auxiliary do/does + not + verb + complement = I do not write poems

Interrogative: Auxiliary do/does + subject + verb + complement = Do I write poems?

2.2. Present continuous

They are actions or states that happen continuously or that are carried out just at the moment in
which it is spoken.

Affirmative: Subject + verb to be in the present + verb in gerund + complement = She is eating
cookies.
Negative: Subject + verb to be in present + not + gerund verb + complement = She is not eating
cookies.

Interrogative: Verb to be in present + subject + verb in gerund + complement = Is she eating

cookies?

23. Present perfect

They are actions or states that began at some point in the past and continue up to the moment of
speaking. Its structure is the following:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary have/has + verb in participle + complement = He has cried all day.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary have/has + not + verb in participle + complement = He has not cried
all day.

Interrogative: Auxiliary have/has + subject + verb in participle + complement = Has he cried all
day?

2.4. Present perfect continous

This tense in English is for actions or states that have developed for a certain time that began in
the past and continues at the time it is expressed. It is formed with the following structure:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary have/has + been + gerund verb + complement = Your dog has been
playing with her all morning.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary have/has + not + been + gerund verb + complement = Your dog has
not been playing with her all morning.

Interrogative: Auxiliary have + subject + been + gerund verb + complement = Has your dog been
playing with her all morning?
2.5. Simple conditional

It expresses hypothetical situations in the present that would happen if it were not for a situation
that prevents it. Its structure is this:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary would + verb in infinitive + complement = I would have a

hamburger if I wasn't vegetarian.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary would + not + verb in infinitive + complement = I would not have a
hamburger if I was vegetarian.

Interrogative: Auxiliary would + subject + verb in infinitive + complement = Would I have a

hamburger if I was vegetarian?

Future

3.1. Simple future

With this time, actions or states are expressed that are thought spontaneously and will happen in
the future. It is formed like this:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary will + verb in infinitive + complement = I will sleep all weekend.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary will + not + verb in infinitive + complement = I will not sleep all
weekend.

Interrogative: Auxiliary will + Subject + verb in infinitive + complement = Will I sleep all weekend?

3.2. Future simple (going to)

With this tense, actions or states that will surely be carried out in the future are declared. Its
structure is this:
Affirmative: Subject + verb to be + going to + verb in infinitive + complement = She is going to
swim at the beach.

Negative: Subject + verb to be + not + going to + verb in infinitive + complement = She is not going
to swim at the beach.

Interrogative: Verb to be + subject + going to + verb in infinitive + complement = Is she going to

swim at the beach?

3.3. Future continuous

They are states or actions that will progress in the future. It is formed like this:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary will be + gerund verb + complement = I will be watching my favorite
series all day tomorrow.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary will + not be + + gerund verb + complement = I will not be watching
my favorite series all day tomorrow.

Interrogative: Auxiliary will + subject + be + gerund verb + complement = Will I be watching my

favorite series all day tomorrow?

3.4. Perfect future

These are states or actions that will be completed at some point in the future. Its structure is this:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary will + have/has + verb in participle + complement = We will have
finished university by next year.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary will + not + have/has + verb in participle + complement = We will not
have finished university by next year.
Interrogative: Auxiliary will + subject + have/has + verb in participle + complement = Will we have
finished university by next year?

3.5. future perfect continuous

It is used to express actions or states that will occur in the future, as well as its conclusion. It is
formed as follows:

Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary will + have/has been + gerund verb + complement = They will have
been dancing until sunrise.

Negative: Subject + auxiliary will + not + have/has been + gerund verb + complement = They will
not have been dancing until sunrise.

Interrogative: Auxiliary will + subject + have/has been + gerund verb + complement = Will they
have been dancing until sunrise?