ES150L Political Representation

Dr Jonna Pettersson
Postdoctoral fellow in Political Science
Dept. of Global Political Studies
 § Usually one sovereign state in each territory, which is
generally sovereign (within international law) in
determining its own criteria for citizenship.

§ Citizenship ‘creates a legal bond between individuals and a

state and endows these individuals with certain rights and
obligations.’ – Vink & Bauböck 2013

§ But the boundaries between territory and citizens may be

blurred by
§ International migration
§ Shifting borders
§ ‘2nd generation’ citizenship outside territory (ius
sanguinis)

§ Post-national citizenship – but derivative, still tied to national

citizenship.
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§ Citizenship differs from other types of membership because it is about
membership of a political community. (Bauböck 2017)
§ Why do states attribute citizenship?

§ To secure stability of population & territory

§ Democratic accountability

§ Political community
§ horizontal relations between members

§ Polity
§ vertical relations between the political institutions and those whom they govern.
§ Citizenship generally endowed non-
voluntarily at birth by
§ Ius sanguinis (descent)
§ Ius soli (birth in the territory)

§ Can also be derivative (e.g., EU

membership).
§ Defines the relationship between an
individual and a country/polity.
Ascriptive vs • Birthright citizenship (ius soli
voluntary and ius sanguinis)
membership • Naturalisation (and
conceptions loss/renunciation)

• Rules for acquisition

Acquisition &
loss • Rules about loss/renunciation
(e.g. as dual citizens)

• Political, economic and social

rights.
Consequences
• Political rights more often
associated with citizenship.
§ TFEU Art. 20.1. ‘Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the
nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be
additional to and not replace national citizenship.’
§ Interlinked because one (national) gives access to the other (EU).
§ Primarily invoked through transnationality.

§ ‘Contemporary developments at supranational, subnational, and transnational levels

mean that citizenship is returning to the historical norm of a patchwork of different
statuses operating simultaneously. This is evident in the rise of supranational
citizenship in the European Union, Unasur, and elsewhere, devolution to regional
authorities, and the re-emergence of cities as key venues of citizenship.’ – Maas 2017:
644
§ Abel, G.J. and Sander, N. (2014) ‘Quantifying Global International Migration Flows’,
Science, 343(6178), p. 1520-22.
§ Bauböck, Rainer (2017), Democratic Inclusion (Manchester: Manchester University
Press) [available as e-book -
https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526105257/9781526105257.xml]
§ Maas, W. (2017), ‘Multilevel Citizenship’ in Shachar, A., Bauböck, R., Bloemraad, I. and
Vink, M., The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
§ Vink, M. (2017), ‘Comparing Citizenship Regimes’, in Shachar, A., Bauböck, R.,
Bloemraad, I. and Vink, M., The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford
University Press).
§ Vink, M. P. and Bauböck, R. (2013) ‘Citizenship configurations: Analysing the multiple
purposes of citizenship regimes in Europe’, Comparative European Politics, 11(5), pp.
621–648. doi: 10.1057/cep.2013.14.
ES150L Political Representation
Dr Jonna Pettersson
Postdoctoral fellow in Political Science
Dept. of Global Political Studies
§ Democracy = the rule of the people

§ Citizenship = ‘metechei tēs polēos’ (‘to share in

the polis’) à collective nature of demos (Ober
2008).
§ ‘Everyone has the right to take part in the
government of his country, directly or through
freely chosen representatives’ (UDHR, Article
21)
§ But
§ who is ‘everyone’?
§ which country is ‘his’ (or hers)?
§ what about supranational polities?
 § ‘Disaggregated’ and ‘transnational’ citizenship

§ Grounds for political voice not inseparably

PLURALIST, linked to formal membership.

DISAGGREGATED § Societies are static, nomadic, mobile or

sedentary (Bauböck 2017)
CITIZENSHIP
§ Sedentary societies are structured around
residence in a territory:
§ residents and non-residents
§ immigrants, emigrants and natives
§ inter-state mobility (state to state) cf. intra-state
mobility (municipality to municipality)
a. Citizenship principle • The ‘people’ = the citizens

b. ‘All-contributing’ • Voting rights for those who contribute to the polity?

principle
c. ‘All-affected’ • all who are affected by government decisions (Whelan,
principle 1983; Goodin, 2007)

d. ‘All-subjected’ • those who are subject to/coerced by the authority of

principle government (Dahl 1989)

e. ‘Stakeholder’ • ‘individuals whose circumstances of life link their future well-being

principle to the flourishing of a particular polity’ (Bauböck 2007: 2423).
o Demos = the constitutive body of people who participate in governing the polity.
o Not synonymous with citizens.

Non- Resident Resident

Citizens Residents
resident citizens non-
citizens (RC) citizens
(NR) (NC)
 Citizen residents Non-resident Non-citizen Excluded in Others potentially
Model
(RC) Citizens (NR) residents (NC) principle included

Citizenship status Yes (>18) Yes – still citizens No Non-citizens None

Most people not

Non-
resident in the state,
residents/citizens
All-affected except those
Yes Yes – if still affected Yes who are significantly
interests (AAI) bordering, but
affected by state’s
depends on the
policies.
issue
Most people not
Non-resident non-
All-subjected Only when issues of Yes – residents are resident in the state,
Yes citizens subject to
citizens (ASC) direct interest arise. subject to the laws except those subject
law
to law

Second-generation
Yes – all residents
Yes –all citizen Yes – but only for emigrants; former
All citizenship have a current stake, Those with no stake
residents have a those with residents without
stakeholders (ACS) regardless of in the polity.
stake in the polity. present/future stake family or intention
citizenship.
to return

Developed from Iseult Honohan and Derek S. Hutcheson (2016), ‘Transnational Citizenship and Access to Electoral Rights: Defining the Demos
in European States’, in Johan A. Elkink and David Farrell, The Act of Voting (Routledge).
§ All claims not to membership in a demos! Still, not an issue of different demoi.
(Bauböck 2018)

§ All-affected interests: A claim to representation of affected interests

§ All-subjected principle: Equal legal rights and protection and right to contest
decisions

§ All citizenship stakeholders: Citizenship and full inclusion as members of a self-

governing polity.
§ Derivative of national citizenship
§ TFEU Art. 20.1. ‘Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the
nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall
be additional to and not replace national citizenship.’
§ à citizenship still key to voting rights

§ Rights include (TFEU Art 20.2):

(a) the right to move and reside freely in EU territory
(b) voting rights in European Parliament and municipal elections (14.3 million voters)
(c) diplomatic protection/consular services
(d) the right to petition EU bodies

§ Rights don’t include:

§ Voting in national elections in country of residence (as non-citizen residents) or origin (as
non-resident citizens/external citizens).
Residents
MOBILE EU CITIZENS IN EP/MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS
Citizens

Municipal elections
Resident Directive 94/80/EC EU citizens can vote on same
non-citizens conditions as nationals
(EU citizens
only)
(e.g. Danes in
Directive 93/108/EC European Parliament
Sweden)
elections
Resident
citizens EU citizens can vote in state of
(e.g. Swedes
in Sweden)
residence (if fulfilling same
conditions as nationals).

Or in state of citizenship (if

Non-resident allowed by home MS).
citizens At each state’s own discretion
(e.g. Swedes in
Germany) Can only vote in 1 country.
§ Bauböck, Rainer (2017), Democratic Inclusion (Manchester: Manchester University
Press) [available as e-book -
https://www.manchesteropenhive.com/view/9781526105257/9781526105257.xml]
§ Dahl, Robert (1989), Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press).
§ Goodin, Robert (2007), ‘Enfranchising All Affected Interests, and Its Alternatives’,
Philosophy and Public Affairs 35 (1): 40–68.
§ Hirschman, Albert O. (1970), Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (Cambridge: Harvard University
Press).
§ Honohan, I. and Hutcheson, D. (2015), Transnational Citizenship and Access to Electoral
Rights: Defining the Demos in European States, in Johan A. Elkink and David M. Farrell
(eds) (2015). The Act of Voting: Identities, Institutions and Locale. London/New York:
Routledge. pp.59-79
§ Ober, J. (2008) ‘The Original Meaning of “Democracy”: Capacity to Do Things, not
Majority Rule’, Constellations: An International Journal of Critical & Democratic Theory,
15(1), pp. 3–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00471.x.
QUESTIONS FOR
DISCUSSION
§ Should all groups of voters be equally
facilitated and/or represented?
§ Does this ‘representation gap’ matter
democratically?
§ How can the question of ‘political
boundaries’ be of use in your
research?
THINK ABOUT THE JUSTIFICATION FOR
AND/OR UPTAKE OF VOTING RIGHTS FOR
THE FOLLOWING GROUPS:

§ Resident citizens in national elections

§ Resident non-citizens (especially EU
citizens) in national, European
Parliament and local elections
§ Non-resident citizens in national,
European Parliament and local
elections
§ Referendums?

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